Exam III Taxonomy

Question 1

Subfamily Chrysotrichinae

Answer 1

(a) Squirrel monkeys, genus Saimiri (b) occupy a variety of rain forest habitats (c) preference for lower levels of riverine and secondary forests (d) eat large fruits and insects (e) groups of more than 100 sometimes (f) hierarchy of adult females i) males put on extra fat in the mating season ii) infants are cared for by several females

Question 2

Family Dasyproctidae

Answer 2

a) Agoutis and acouchis b) Medium to moderately large diurnal forest rodents with elongated hind limbs and short tail. c) Pelage coarse. d) Four functional toes on front foot; cursorial. e) Three or five functional toes on hind foot. f) Mexico to Argentina. g) 9 species in two genera.

Question 3

Family Megalonychidae

Answer 3

Two toed sloth

Question 4

Family Leporidae

Answer 4

1. Hares and rabbits 2. Medium to large-sized 3. Mainly crepuscular or nocturnal 4. Short, usually well-furred, tail 5. Ears elongated 6. Scent glands for mate attraction and territory marking 7. 49 species 8. Hind legs markedly larger than forelegs 9. Cursorial ability depends on habitat a) species occupying more open habitats are more cursorial 10. Hares a) precocial, furred young b) don’t burrow c) superfoetation in some 11. Rabbits a) altricial, naked young b) some burrow c) up to 6 litters per year

Question 5

Family Nyctipithecidae

Answer 5

(1) Night monkeys, genus Aotus (2) Also called owl monkey or douroucouli (3) only nocturnal higher primate (4) eat mainly fruit but also insects, leaves, and sometimes bats

Question 6

Family Manidae

Answer 6

A. Pangolins or scally anteaters B. Medium-sized C. Imbricate scales covering dorsal surface of head, body, and tail as well as outer surface of legs D. Anteater characteristics 1. head very elongate 2. teeth absent 3. long claws 4. extremely long tongue a) muscles of tongue are attached to special spatulate ribs that terminate near the kidneys 5. Tail makes up about half of total length a) used for balance when the animal walks bipedially 6. Gizzard-like stomach with small stones helps break up food 7. Formic acid needed in diet 8. Some terrestrial and make burrows 9. Some arboreal and have prehensile tails 10. Most nocturnal and solitary 11. Single young a) carried on base of the mother’s tail 12. Tropical and subtropical parts of southern Africa and southeast Asia 13. Eight species in single genus, Manis

Question 7

Family Chinchillidae

Answer 7

a) Chinchillas and Viscachas b) Moderately small to fairly large (up to 9 kg) rodents with long, fine fur and a well-haired tail c) Four toes on front foot; three to four toes on hind foot; cursorial. d) Those living in open plains are the most cursorial. e) Mountain species have long ears while plains species have short, rounded ears. f) Plains and brushlands to rocky slopes at high altitude. g) The chinchilla and plains viscachas are nocturnal while the mountain viscachas are diurnal. h) Plains viscachas are colonial with males twice the size of females. i) Central and southern Andes and the pampas of Argentina. j) 8 species in three genera.

Question 8

Subfamily Cercopithecinae

Answer 8

(a) macaques, guenons, baboons, patas monkeys, mangabeys (b) cheek pouches present (c) predominantly frugivorous (d) broad incisors (e) low-cusped molars (f) long thumb; short fingers (g) arms and legs nearly equal (h) tail short to medium; nearly absent in some

Question 9

Family Hominidae

Answer 9

(1) great apes (2) large to very large, herbivorous, forest primates (3) not as arboreal as lesser apes (4) build sleeping nests (5) Pongo, Gorilla, Pan, Homo

Question 10

Family Muridae

Answer 10

a) Old World rats and mice b) Small to medium-sized (up to 1 kg) c) Usually possess a rather long, naked, scaly tail d) Soles of feet naked e) Lacking external, fur-lined cheek pouches f) Premolars absent. g) Terrestrial, saltatorial, aquatic, arboreal, and semifossorial h) Most are nocturnal i) Some omnivorous or insectivorous j) Native to Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia, and Micronesia k) 457 species in 100 genera; two genera, Mus and Rattus, widely distributed over the world by man

Question 11

Subfamily Cebinae

Answer 11

(a) Capuchins, genus Cebus (b) relatively short, prehensile tail (c) found in all types of forest, preferring the main canopy levels (d) eat mainly fruit and some animal matter (e) social groups of about 12 individuals i) includes adult males, females, and offspring (f) males generally larger than females

Question 12

Family Phyllostomatidae

Answer 12

Subfamily Desmodontinae a) Vampire Bats b) Bladelike incisors and canines c) Eat bird blood, mammal blood d) Lap blood (1) anticoagulant in saliva (2) specialized kidneys

Question 13

Family Loridae

Answer 13

a) potto and lorises b) small c) utilize a slow, hand-over-hand style of climbing d) tail is very short or absent e) Africa and Asia

Question 14

Subfamily Hapalinae

Answer 14

(a) tamarins (Saquinus, Leontopithecus) (b) marmosets (Callithrix, Callimico) (c) small, squirrel-like (d) long, nonprehensile tail (e) ears, head, or shoulders often adorned with tufts of long hair (f) hind limbs longer than forelimbs (g) pollex not opposable (h) twins produced

Question 15

Family Tarsiidae

Answer 15

a) Tarsiers b) very small c) long, naked tail d) extremely large eyes e) nocturnal but lack tapetum lucidum f) ears moderately large and membranous g) hind limbs very long h) elongated tarsal bones i) retain grasping ability of foot j) digits terminating in disklike pads k) insectivorous l) some of the Philippine Islands, Borneo, Celebes, and certain other Indonesian islands

Question 16

Family Indriidae

Answer 16

(1) indri, sifakas, woolly lemur (2) specialized leapers (a) hind limbs longer than forelimbs (b) feet modified for grasping branches (3) small to large lemurs with bare face and woolly pelage (4) eat fruit and leaves

Question 17

Family Dasypodidae

Answer 17

1. Armadillos 2. Small to medium-sized 3. Horny shields (scutes) on the dorsal surface of the body a) roll into a ball or grip the ground for protection 4. Snout moderately long 5. Powerful claws for digging 6. Forest and open country of South and Central America and south central U.S. as far north as Kansas 7. 21 species in nine genera 8. Teeth peglike, evergrowing, and varying from 7-9/7-9 to 25/25 9. Diet a) eat primarily insects but will also eat other invertebrates, small vertebrates, plant matter, and some will eat carrion 10. Reproductive specializations a) Delayed implantation (1) allows mating and parturition to occur at the best times (2) in armadillos, delay up to 12 months b) Polyembryony (1) embryo splits into up to 12 identical embryos

Question 18

Superfamily Hominoidea

Answer 18

a) apes b) lack tail c) short lumbar region and broad thorax d) dorsally positioned scapula e) ears and face essentially hairless f) broad nasal region g) large brain h) Central Africa, southeastern Asia, Java, Sumatra, and Borneo plus worldwide in man

Question 19

Suborder Strepsirrhini

Answer 19

A. Evolved to fill nocturnal niches B. Insect catching with hands 1. important to evolution of primate characteristics C. Characteristics 1. large eyes 2. tapetum lucidum 3. large, independently movable ears 4. elaborate vibrissae 5. well-developed sense of smell 6. tooth comb a) procumbent lower incisors 7. small upper incisors 8. grooming claw on the second digit of the foot 9. well-developed nasal rhinarium 10. at least two pairs of nipples 11. bicornuate uterus

Question 20

Family Vespertilionidae

Answer 20

Vesper (evening) bats Most species eat insects; some eat fish, birds Worldwide except Antarctica 300 species

Question 21

Family Cercopithecidae

Answer 21

(1) medium to large (2) very short to long, nonprehensile tail (3) face essentially naked (4) ears rounded (5) pollex and hallux both opposable (6) temperate to tropical parts of Africa and Asia; east to Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Indonesia

Question 22

Family Hydrochoeridae

Answer 22

a) Capybaras b) largest living rodents (up to 50 kg) c) Muzzle truncate, ears short, and tail very short d) Pelage sparse and coarse. e) Four toes on front foot and three on hind foot. f) Incisors grooved on anterior surface g) Crepuscular grazers h) Found near water (streams and marshes) (1) seeking shelter in the water (2) swim and dive well (3) can remain submerged with just nostrils exposed i) Live in family groups with male hierarchies during the breeding season. j) Panama and northern half of South America east of the Andes. k) 2 species in one genus, Hydrochoerus

Question 23

Family Cebidae

Answer 23

(1) marmosets, tamarins, New World Monkeys (2) small to medium-sized (3) long tail, prehensile in some (4) brachiation (5) lack ischial callosities and cheek pouches (6) pollex not or only slightly opposable (7) mainly herbivorous-frugivorous (8) Southern Mexico to Argentina

Question 24

Family Hystricidae

Answer 24

a) Old World Porcupines b) Medium to large c) Some hairs of upper surface of body modified as quills for protection d) Quills are hollow and are rattled as a warning e) Body heavy-set f) Muzzle blunt g) Front and hind feet with five toes each h) Dig burrows i) Nocturnal j) Southern Europe to Africa and eastern Asia and the Philippines k) 15 species in four genera

Question 25

Family Bathyergidae

Answer 25

a) Naked Mole-Rats b) Small to medium-sized fossorial rodents with minute eyes and very short tail. c) External pinna of ear absent. d) Skin hairless around opening of external auditory canal. e) Limbs short and stout with five toes on each foot. f) 20 species in 5 genera.

Question 26

Family Caviidae

Answer 26

a) Cavies and guinea pig b) Moderately short, stout-bodied rodents with tail either lacking or very short c) Four toes on front and three on hind foot. d) Social, often large colonies e) Most nocturnal or crepuscular. f) Burrow. g) Pelage coarse but thick. h) Range of habitats from open grassland to forest in most of South America. i) 19 species in five genera. j) Have several cursorial adaptations: (1) reduced number of toes (2) partial fusion of leg bones (3) clavicle vestigial.

Question 27

Family Myrmecophagidae

Answer 27

(1) Anteaters (2) Small to moderately large (3) Specialized to feed on ants and termites (a) elongated snout (b) long tongue covered with sticky mucus (c) claws of powerful front foot greatly enlarged (d) teeth lacking (4) Tail long (prehensile in one species) (5) Tropical forests of southern Mexico to Paraguay (6) Three species in two genera

Question 28

Family Daubentoniidae

Answer 28

a) Aye-Aye, Daubentonia madagascariensis b) long, bushy tail c) face short d) ears large and membranous e) coarse, shaggy black fur f) third finger extremely slender g) incisors large, laterally compressed, ever-growing, rodent-like with enamel on the anterior surface h) Solitary and nocturnal

Question 29

Family Lemuridae

Answer 29

(1) Lemurs (2) small to medium-sized (3) long, heavily furred tail (4) fox-like head (5) hind limbs larger than forelimbs (6) diurnal (7) may be omnivorous, insectivorous, or herbivorous-frugivorous

Question 30

Family Cyclopedidae

Answer 30

(1) silky anteater, Cyclopes didactylus (2) small, arboreal anteater with partially prehensile tail (3) southern Mexico to Brazil

Question 31

Family Atelidae

Answer 31

(1) small to medium in size (2) long, prehensile tail with sensitive pad on underside (3) eat fruit and leaves primarily (4) forests of Central and South America

Question 32

Infraorder Loriformes

Answer 32

1. potto, lorises, bushbabies 2. insectivorous or carnivorous 3. nocturnal and arboreal 4. large, forward-facing eyes

Question 33

Suborder Folivora

Answer 33

a) tree sloths b) Medium-sized c) Rounded head with small ears d) No more than three syndactylous digits e) Highly arboreal (1) have difficulty moving on ground, but swim well (2) forward-facing eyes (3) short rostrum (4) hook-like feet with laterally compressed claws (a) 3 digits on hindfeet (b) 2-3 digits on forefeet f) forelimbs longer than hindlimbs g) often hang inverted, sometimes sleeping that way h) only come to ground once every 6 days to defecate, always in same spot—co-evolution i) six or nine cervical vertebrae j) tail very short k) 4–5 evergrowing cheek teeth present (1) herbivorous (a) leaves mainly (b) multi-chambered stomach l) somewhat heterothermic (82.4-95°F) and adapted for cold (1) long fur (2) countercurrent blood flow m) single young produced after gestation of 6-12 months n) tropical rain forests from Central America to northern Argentina o) six species in two genera, Choloepus and Bradypus

Question 34

Family Galagonidae

Answer 34

a) bushbabies b) small c) long, strong hind limbs d) long, bushy tail e) Africa

Question 35

Family Erethizontidae

Answer 35

a) New World Porcupines b) Medium to large, heavy rodents c) blunt muzzle d) some hairs on upper surface of body, outer parts of legs, and usually top of tail modified as stiff, protective quills e) Quills are not as long as in some Old World porcupines f) Limbs short; four functional digits on front feet and three on hind feet. g) Arboreal—1 species has a prehensile tail. h) Eat bark and cambium layer of trees. i) North and South America. j) 8 species in four genera.

Question 36

Family Megaladapidae

Answer 36

(1) sportive lemurs (2) small, nocturnal, folivores (3) no upper incisors (4) cellulose is broken down by bacteria in caecum then feces are reingested

Question 37

Family Sciuridae

Answer 37

a) Squirrels, prairie dogs, marmots b) Small to medium-sized c) Usually possessing a moderately long tail and fur that is short and dense d) Eyes large and ears fairly small e) Front limbs smaller than hind limbs f) Sharp claws for climbing g) Color vision h) Most species diurnal i) Flying squirrels are nocturnal j) Some omnivorous k) Species which eat nuts and fruits tend to be territorial l) Grass-eating species tend to be colonial m) Worldwide except Australia and Madagascar n) 261 species in 50 genera

Question 38

Family Cheirogaleidae

Answer 38

(1) mouse lemurs, dwarf lemurs, forked lemur (2) small, nocturnal, nest-building (3) weigh less than 1 kg (4) main diet is fruits, flowers, buds, and leaves (5) also eat insects and small vertebrates, caught by hand (6) nocturnal and solitary

Question 39

Subfamily Colobinae

Answer 39

(a) No cheek pouches (b) Predominantly leaf and seed eating (c) Stomach large and complex (three-chambered) (d) Incisors narrow; high-cusped molars (e) Long fingers; pollex reduced or absent (f) Legs longer than arms (g) Tail long

Question 40

Order Rodentia

Answer 40

A. very small to medium-sized B. teeth 1. only two incisors above and two below 2. incisors ever-growing a) outer surface harder than inner surface 3. canines absent 4. premolars sometimes absent 5. molars usually 3/3 C. largest mammalian order 1. 1700 species in 32 families 2. adapted to practically all possible terrestrial and freshwater habitats 3. many species hibernate 4. Worldwide D. important and abundant 1. extremely important as prey for many species 2. competitors of man 3. usually very abundant a) high reproductive rate 4. usually short life span

Question 41

Family Pedetidae

Answer 41

a) Spring hare or springhass b) Medium-sized c) Hind legs greatly enlarged for jumping. d) Tail long and bushy e) Eyes and ears proportionately large f) Central and southern Africa; one species, Pedetes capensis

Question 42

Family Pitheciidae

Answer 42

(1) titi monkeys, saki monkeys, and uakaris (2) small to medium in size (3) medium to long fur often with contrasting patches of color on the face

Question 43

Family Bradypodidae

Answer 43

Three toed sloth

Question 44

Family Hylobatidae

Answer 44

(1) lesser apes—gibbons (genus Hylobates) (2) specialized for arboreal lifestyle (brachiation) (3) relatively small; no sexual dimorphism in size (4) longest forelimbs relative to body size (5) ischial callosities (6) eat ripe fruit and leaves (7) monogamous pairs (8) evergreen forests from eastern India to southern China, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, nearby islands

Question 45

Family Castoridae

Answer 45

a) Beaver b) Large c) Aquatic (1) dense underfur (2) webbed hind feet (3) nostrils and ears can be closed (4) nictitating membrane covers eyes (5) broad, paddle-like tail covered with scales

Question 46

Order Lagomorpha

Answer 46

Pikas, hares, and rabbits A. Fairly small with very short or vestigial tail B. Teeth C. Four upper incisors 1. large pair in front 2. very small pair directly behind front pair D. All teeth evergrowing E. Diastema between incisors and premolars F. Ear pinna medium to large G. Soles of feet haired H. Cursorial I. Worldwide except Australia, Antarctica, and most islands J. Two families K. Family Ochotonidae 1. Pikas 2. Diurnal 3. Short, rounded ears 4. Vestigial tail 5. Hind limbs not markedly longer than front limbs 6. Eurasia and northern North America 7. 14 species in one genus, Ochotona 8. Live on talus slopes 9. Eat grass a) dried grass utilized for winter food 10. Territories marked with scent from cheek glands and feces

Question 47

Superorder Xenarthra

Answer 47

A. sometimes called Edentates based on previous order name B. xenarthric processes—extra articulations between vertebrae in the lumbar region 1. superorder name means strange joints C. incisors and canines always absent 1. all teeth absent in some species 2. teeth lack enamel D. small to moderately large E. at least some of the front claws greatly enlarged 1. either for digging or for hanging F. originated in North America G. Southern United States, south through most of South America

Question 48

Infraorder Lemuriformes

Answer 48

1. Restricted to Madagascar and Comoro Islands 2. Females are generally dominant to males

Question 49

Suborder Haplorrhini

Answer 49

A. Tarsiers, monkeys and apes B. short rostrums C. less dependence on smell than prosimians D. forward-facing eyes E. almost all diurnal F. color vision G. bony cup surrounding eye