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SG Embryo > Exam III > Flashcards

Exam III Flashcards

1
Q

Riddle found that treating the anterior part of a chick wing with RA caused cells in that region to behave like cells in the posterior organizing region. These cells began to express the RNA produce of what gene?

A

Shh

So RA is not the morphogen, but Shh is

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2
Q

The region of a limb expressing Shh is also known as the what?

A

ZPA

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3
Q

What are the 3 axes defining the vertebrate limb?

A

Dorsoventral
Anterior-posterior
Proximodistal

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4
Q

Transplantation experiments have allowed researchers to reverse one or more of the limb axes. What was the result of transplanting the limb disc to the opposite side in terms of axis and limb formation?

A

AP axis is reverse but not the DV axis

A normal limb forms but AP axis is reversed

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5
Q

Transplantation experiments have allowed researchers to reverse one or more of the limb axes. What was the result of rotating a limb disc 180 degrees in terms of axis and limb formation?

A

Both the AP axis and DV axis will be reversed

A normal limb will form but only its AP axis is reversed (suggests that AP is established earlier than DV)

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6
Q

Paraxial mesoderm signals via retinoic acid based on a _________ code

A

Hox

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7
Q

Expression of _______ initiates the future forelimb

A

Tbx5

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8
Q

Expression of _____ and _______ initiate future hindlimb

A

Tbx4 and Pitx-1

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9
Q

What are the initial initiators of limb development?

A

Tbx5 and Tbx4

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10
Q

What is the effect of Gli-3 and Hand-2 in terms of limb axes?

A

Expression of Gli-3 anterior and Hand-2 posterior fix the AP axis

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11
Q

What component of the limb interacts with the underlying limb bud mesoderm and promotes continued outgrowth of the limb bud?

A

Apical ectodermal ridge

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12
Q

Cells in the posterior part of the limb bud are under the influence of ______________ and differentiate into proximal limb components

A

RA

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13
Q

What germ layer of the limb bud is involved in dermination of actual limb morphology?

A

Limb bud mesoderm (it is limb-specific)

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14
Q

What happens to the limb when AER is removed?

A

There is no further outgrowth of the limb bud

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15
Q

What gene is involved in pattern formation of the proximodistal limb axis in chick limb buds?

A

Hoxd

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16
Q

What cellular process is responsible for “carving” the shape of the limb?

A

Apoptosis

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17
Q

If the cells from the potential necrotic (apoptotic) region of a developing limb are removed and cultured in vitro, what happens to the cells?

A

They die on cue

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18
Q

Apoptosis is a mechanism for ____________

A

Morphogenesis

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19
Q

What are 2 specific zones of the limbs that are found to be shaped by apoptosis?

A

Posterior necrotic zone becomes axilla

Areas between future digits (so humans do not have webbed fingers/toes)

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20
Q

In motor axon guidance studies, an eye was transplanted to the side of an embryo after forelimb rudiment was removed. What happened to the brachial nerves in this area?

A

The nerves deflected from their normal path and grew towards transplanted eye, but failed to penetrate into it and establish a connection

Outgrowing nerves are non-specific, so any tissue will attract nerves, but connections are only made between corresponding tissues!

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21
Q

What happened in the motor axon guidance study where a forelimb rudiment of a salamander embryo was removed so that the limb failed to develop? (In terms of brachial plexus nerves)

A

Brachial plexus nerves remain smaller than they would if limb were still there.

Spinal ganglia 3, 4, and 5 (associated with brachial plexus in salamander) are also smaller

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22
Q

What happened in the motor axon guidance study where an additional limb rudiment was transplanted to the flank of a salamander embryo (in terms of local spinal nerves)

A

Local spinal nerves supply the innervation to the transplanted limb and these local nerves increase in thickness

Ganglia associated with these nerves increase in size; the increase in number of cells may be as much as 40%

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23
Q

Proximal cells of limb bud produce _________ _________

A

Scatter factor

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24
Q

Premuscle cells in the somite express _______ which is the receptor for scatter factor

A

C-met

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25
Q

Migrating pre-muscle cells express _______ and ________

A

Pax-3 and N-cadherin

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26
Q

Differentiation of premuscle cells into muscle within the limb bud depend on ______ expressed by limb bud ectoderm

A

Wnt-6

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27
Q

After skeletal element condensations form, myogenic cells condense into 2 muscle masses:

A

Flexors and extensors

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28
Q

What inhibits BMP in the region of the future joint cavity?

A

Noggin

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29
Q

What malformation is characterized by reduced number of digits and wide separation between anterior and posterior digits and is often due to disruption ot middle portion of AER in late limb formation?

A

Split hand-foot malformation

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30
Q

what condition is associated with persistent mechanical pressures of the uterine wall of the fetus, particularly in cases of oligohydramnios?

A

Talipes equinovarus = club foot

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31
Q

The notochord induces formation of the floor plate of the neural tube via __________

A

Shh - when produced by the floor plate this induces formation of motor neurons

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32
Q

Note that the ectoderm flanking the nerual plate uses _____ to induce Snail-2 in the future neural crest and later to maintain ______ and ______ to create a dorsalizing effect

A

BMPs

Pax-3 and Pax-7

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33
Q

What suppresses Pax-3 and Pax-7 from the floor plate to suppress the dorsalizing effect from occuring in the basal plate?

A

Shh

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34
Q

Motor axons grow out of motor neuroblasts located in what location of the spinal cord?

A

Basal plate (Shh)

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35
Q

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are derived from what type of cells?

A

Neural crest

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36
Q

Cell bodies of sensory neurons form _________ _________ ________

A

Sensory spinal ganglia

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37
Q

Axons grow from sensory neuron cell bodies in how many directions?

A

2 - toward spinal cord and periphery. So it is harder for sensory neurons than motor

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38
Q

Growth cones adhere strongly to a substrate containing _______

A

Laminin

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39
Q

Attractant or repulsive? Netrins vs. semaphorins

A 
Netrins = attractant
Semaphorins = repulsive
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40
Q

What determines whether migrating neural crest cells differentiate into autonomic neurons or other neural crest derivatives?

A

BMPs

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41
Q

Postganglionic sympathetic cells are typically __________

A

Adrenergic

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42
Q

How are adrenergic postganglionic sympathetic nerves converted to cholinergic neurons when they innervate sweat glands?

A

Via cholinergic differentiation factor

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43
Q

Are postganglionic parasympathetic cells typically cholinergic or adrenergic?

A

Cholinergic

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44
Q

Primary neural inductors (2)

A

Primitive node

Notochordal process

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45
Q

Cranial end of neural tube divides into _________ brain. caudal part of early brain becomes subdivided into neuromeres, of which _________ are most prominent

A

Tripartite

Rhombomeres

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46
Q

What type of genes are expressed in regular order in the rhombomeres?

A

Homeobox genes

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47
Q

The isthmic organizer is located at the junction between midbrain and hindbrain and acts by production of ______ anteriorly and ______ posteriorly

A

Wnt-1

FGF-8

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48
Q

CN V = arch 1 = rhombomere _____
CNVII = arch 2 = rhombomere ______
CN IX = arch 3 = rhombomere ______

A

2
4
6

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49
Q

Midbrain dorsoventral patterning is due to ______ located ventrally

A

Shh

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50
Q

Shh restricts expression of _____and similar molecules in the midbrain

A

Pax-7

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51
Q

Pax-7 is related to formation of the alar plate

______ is expressed in alar plate of diencephalon and is “master gene” of eye formation

A

Pax-6

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52
Q

During midbrain DV formation, Pax-6 inhibits _____ and vice versa. This reciprocal inhibition results in the formation of the diencephalic mesencephalic border

A

En-1

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53
Q

What are the 3 patterning centers of the forebrain?

A

Rostral (FGF-8)
Dorsal (BMPs and Wnts)
Ventral (Shh)

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54
Q

_______ genes seem responsible for the differentiation of specific nuclei in the myelencephalon

A

Hox

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55
Q

What is the major topographical change from the myelencephalon to the spinal cord?

A

Expansion of the roof plate to form thin roof over 4th ventricle

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56
Q

What cells are primarily responsible for building up the gray cortical areas?

A

Radial glial cells

57
Q

Mutations in weaver and reeler result in what regarding cortical development?

A

You don’t get a cortex - not a viable embryo

58
Q

Where do neural crest cells originate?

A

Lateral margins of neural plate

59
Q

Induction of neural crest tissue comes from non-neural ectoderm using ______ and ______

A

BMPs and Wnts

60
Q

Inductions from mesoderm on neural crest tussue comes from ______

A

FGF-8

61
Q

Robo/Slit
Neurophilin/semaphorin
ephrin/eph

Are used as ligand/receptor pair guidance molecules for what/

A

Neural crest cells

62
Q

Describe early, later, and late migratory neural crest cells in terms of their potential for differentiation

A 
Early = most potential
Later = can only be cels of dorsal locations (spinal ganglia)
Late = can only form melanoblasts
63
Q

While in neural tube, neural crest cells are epithelial. CAMs are lost, and Snail-1, Snail-2, and Foxd3 are important for the cells to break free. What factor maintains the competence of neural crest cells to differentiate into autonomic neurons?

A

Mash-1

64
Q

What are the 3 major lineages of trunk neural crest?

A 
Sympathoadrenal lineage
Sensory lineage (VL path)
Melanocyte lineage (DL path)
65
Q

Sensory lineage of trunk neural crest gives rise to what to cell types?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

Schwann cells

66
Q

What trunk neural crest lineage do adrenal chromaffin cells, adrenergic sympathetic neurons, and cholinergic sympathetic neurons come from?

A

Sympathoadrenal

67
Q

________ is expressed in the mesentery near the gut and prevents neurons from crossing the midline of the CNS

A

Slit-2

68
Q

Trunk neural crest cells express ________, the Slit receptor and avoid cels that express Slit-2. Vagal crest cells do not express this receptor and are able to cross to the gut wall

A

Robo

69
Q

The ________ is a lateral evagination of the diencephalon which enlarges distally to form the optic vesicle

A

Optic stalk

70
Q

The groove in the asymmetrical invagination of the optic vesicle is called the ______ ________

A

Choroid fissure

71
Q

Failure of the choroid fissure to close leads to ________

A

Colobomo

72
Q

What artery uses the choroid fissue and optic stalk to pass into the posterior chamber of the eye?

A

Hyaloid artery - this artery degenerates in adult

73
Q

High concentrations of Shh inhibit Pax-6. Low concentrations of Shh in distal optic stalk permit expression of Pax 6 so that the ______ can form

A

Retina

74
Q

High concentrations of Shh in the proximal stalk decrease expression of Pax6 and induce expression of _______ to provide guidance of axons of ganglion cells from retina

A

Pax2

75
Q

Where is the cornea derived from?

A

Neural crest

76
Q

What factor is necessary for corneal induction?

A

Pax6

77
Q

Absence of pax 6 acting on the optic vesicle would lead to formation of what?

A

Lens placode

78
Q

What factor is responsible for establishing the nasotemporal axis of the eye?

A

Ephrins

79
Q

How does ventropin influence the DV axis of the eye?

A

Inhibits BMP-4

80
Q

What separates the stomodeum from the cranial end of the gut tube?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane

81
Q

What is the earliest representation of the facial region is the stomodeum and what is this derived from?

A

Stomodeum - derived from ectoderm

82
Q

What genes influence DV patterning in craniofacial development?

A

Dlx genes

83
Q

Arch 1 ectoderm uses _____ to signal migrating neural crest cells and heavily influences development of arch 1

A

Edn-1

84
Q

Signaling from what center is necessary for development of neural crest derivatives involved in lower facial morphogenesis?

A

Cranial ectoderm

85
Q

Cranial ectoderm is prepatterned by ______ signals from pharyngeal endoderm

A

FGF-8

86
Q

The frontonasal ectodermal zone is an ectodermal signaling center involving establishment of FGF-8 dorsally and Shh ventrally, resulting in shaping of the ____

A

Tip of the snout

87
Q

Segmentation of the cranial neural tube during facial development occurs as a result of what genes?

A

Hox

88
Q

True or false: pharyngeal arch patterning is dependent on neural crest

A

False

89
Q

What stage of tooth development is the first time enamel organ and dental papilla come together?

A

Bell stage

90
Q

What tooth component is a condensation of mesenchymal cells around the developing tooth which will form the cementum and periodontal ligament?

A

Dental sac

91
Q

What factor is necessary for tooth formation to continue past bud stage?

A

Pax-9

92
Q

Cleft lip results from lack of fusion of _______ and _______ processes

A

Nasomedial

Maxillary

93
Q

Meckel’s cartilage is derived from pharyngeal arch 1 and is the main component of what embryonic structure?

A

The lower jaw

94
Q

Differentiation of pharyngeal arch 1 is associated with what factor

A

Otx-2

95
Q

Reichert’s cartilage is associated with what pharyngeal arch?

A

Second

96
Q

Development of the second pharyngeal arch is dependent on what factor (this is necessary to prevent arch 2 from differentiating into arch 1)

A

Hoxa2

97
Q

What process is a ventral downgrowth from the floor of the diencephalon and forms the neurohypophysis?

A

Infundibular process

98
Q

What is a midline upgrowth from the roof of the stomodeum and is stimulated by BMP-4 followed by FGF-8 from the floor of diencephalon?

A

rathke’s pouch

99
Q

What part of rathkes pouch forms the pars intermedia?

A

Inner layer of cup

100
Q

What layer of rathke’s pouch forms the anterior pituitary?

A

Outer layer of cup

101
Q

Derivatives of pouch 1

A

Tympanic cavity

Auditory tube

102
Q

Derivatives of pouch 2

A

Fossa for palatine tonsils

103
Q

Derivatives of pouch 3

A 
Inferior parathyroids (Shh)
Thymus (BMP-4)
104
Q

Derivatives of pouch 4

A 
Superior parathyroids
Postbranchial body (becomes associated with cells that secrete calcitonin)
105
Q

What begins as node between pharyngeal arches 1 and 2 and expresses TFs Hhex, Nkx-21, Pax8, and Foxe1?

A

Thyroid

106
Q

The opening of the thyroid diverticulumd of thyroid anlage persists as a small pit at the base of the tongue called the :

A

Foramen cecum

107
Q

What kidney structure gives rise to adult ureter, renal pelvis, and collecting tubules?

A

Metanephric diverticulum

108
Q

Each mesonephric duct forms an evagination called

A

The ureteric bud or metanephric diverticulum

109
Q

Metanephrogenic blastemata form the ____ of the adult kidney

A

Renal tubules

110
Q

Ureteric diverticula forms what type of structures?

A

Hollow

111
Q

What represses GDNF in anterior regions of metanephros?

A

Slit-2/Robo2

112
Q

What reduces sensitivity to GDNF in anterior mesonephric duct?

A

Sprouty

113
Q

What makes the ureter epithelium impermeable to water?

A

Uroplakins

114
Q

What inhibits BMP in the region of the metanephrogenic blastema?

A

Gremlin

115
Q

What forms epididymis, seminal vesicle, and vas deferens in male?

A

Mesonephric ducts

116
Q

What forms efferent ductules in male?

A

Mesonephric tubules

117
Q

Rete cords form what?

A

Rete testis

118
Q

What forms seminiferous tubules with sertoli and interstitial cells?

A

Sex cords

119
Q

What forms glans penis or clitoris?

A

Genital tubercle

120
Q

What forms shaft of penis or labia minora?

A

Genital folds

121
Q

What forms scrotum or labia majora?

A

Genital swellings

122
Q

What factor is necessary to make primordial germ cells meiosis competent cells?

A

Dazl

123
Q

Aortic arches 1 and 2

A

Degenerate

124
Q

What aortic arch forms internal carotid?

A

3rd pair

125
Q

Common carotids are derived from

A

Ventral aorta between 3rd and 4rth aa’s

126
Q

What forms right subclavian a.?

A

Right 4th arch

127
Q

What forms the aortic arch?

A

Left 4th aortic arch

128
Q

What aortic arches become associated with pulmonary system?

A

Sixth pair

129
Q

the dorsal part of left 6th aortic arch remains connected to dorsal aorta as a fetal shunt; it closes but remains as what structure in adults?

A

Ligamentum arteriosus

130
Q

Initial formation of cardiac tube is guided by

A

Tbx2

131
Q

Chamber myocardium formation is guided by

A

Tbx5

132
Q

Does chamber myocardium have strong or slow contraction?

A

Strong

133
Q

Does primary myocardium have strong or slow contraction?

A

Slow

134
Q

Absence of hand 1

A

Defective L ventricle

135
Q

Absence of Hand 2

A

Absence of right ventricle

136
Q

What forms outflow tract of heart?

A

Secondary heart field, endothelial components of cephalic paraxial, and lateral mesoderm near otic placode, neural crest

137
Q

What gives rise to coronary vasculature and vasculature of smooth muscle?

A

Proepicardium

138
Q

What space is formed within the septum secundum?

A

Foramen ovale

SG Embryo (1 decks)

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