Exam III Flashcards

Question

Ectopic pregnancy

Answer 1

(Greek, “out of place”). A pregnancy implanted anywhere outside of the uterus. The uterine tube (Fallopian tube) is the most common location, also called a “tubal pregnancy”. The abdominal cavity is the least common location. Occurs in about 2% of pregnancies. When it occurs, it is a surgical emergency, because the uterine tube cannot sustain tremendous expansion like the uterus. Eventually, the uterine tube will rupture with severe, possibly fatal, hemorrhaging.

Answer 2

bone marrow

Answer 3

Bursa, “bag”, (shock absorber between tendons and bones)

Answer 4

weakness, loss of strength

Answer 5

Development, stimulation, maintenance

Answer 6

As we age, our joint tissues become less resilient to wear and tear and start to degenerate manifesting as swelling, pain, and oftentimes, loss of mobility of joints. Changes occur in both joint soft tissues and the opposing bones, a condition called osteoarthritis. A more serious form of disease is called rheumatoid arthritis. The latter is an autoimmune disease wherein the body produces antibodies against joint tissues causing chronic inflammation resulting in severe joint damage, pain and immobility.

Answer 7

“Porous bone.” The bane of the old, especially, women. The hard, rock-like quality of bone is dependent upon calcium. When too much calcium is dissolved from bones or not enough replaced, bones lose density and are easily fractured. Estrogen, the female sex hormone, helps maintain proper calcium levels in bones. Once the ovaries stop producing the hormone, women are at higher risk of developing osteoporosis. A collapse of bony vertebrae of the spinal column results in loss of height and stooped posture. Hip fractures are a common occurrence.

Answer 8

“Soft bones.” If not enough calcium is deposited during early childhood development, the bones do not become rock-hard, but rubbery. Both adequate calcium in the diet and vitamin D, primarily, from normal sunlight exposure or supplementation, are necessary for normal bone development. Before vitamin supplementation to milk, “rickets,” another name for osteomalacia in children, was common resulting in the classic bowed legs of the afflicted child.

Answer 9

People whose job involves repeated flexing of their wrist (typing, house painting) may develop tingling and/or pain in their thumb, index and middle fingers along with weakness of movements of the thumb, especially, grasping an object. The main nerve for finely controlled thumb movements passes through a bony/ligamentous canal on the bottom of the wrist. Repetitive flexing movements may inflame and thicken the ligament over the “tunnel” through the carpal (wrist) bones trapping and compressing the nerve.

Answer 10

Repeated strain on a tendon, attachment of a muscle to bone, can inflame the tendon resulting in pain and difficulty with movement involving the muscle. Tendons have a poor blood supply; therefore, they typically take a long time to heal on the order of six weeks or more.

Answer 11

Muscles surrounding the shoulder joint are involved in rotating the shoulder with upper arm and hand forward and backward, among other movements. The tendons of these muscles also contribute to the structural strength of the shoulder joint. Hard, fast movements, such as in tennis and baseball can tear one of these tendons resulting in pain and decreased mobility of the shoulder. Surgery may be needed to repair a torn tendon.

Answer 12

A bursa is a small, closed bag with a minimum amount of lubricatory fluid that serves as a shock absorber where bones make close contact and to minimize trauma and friction where tendons cross bones and joints. Inflammation leads to pain and immobility in a joint area.

Answer 13

Muscular dystrophy is a group of inherited diseases in which the muscles that control movement progressively weaken. The prefix, dys-, means abnormal. The root, -trophy, refers to maintaining normal nourishment, structure and function. The most common form in children is called Duchenne muscular dystrophy and affects only males. It usually appears between the ages of 2 to 6 and the afflicted live typically into late teens to early 20s.

Answer 14

“Muscular weakness, profound”. This is an autoimmune disease that involves production of antibodies that interfere with nerves stimulating muscle contractions. Face and neck muscles are the most obviously affected, manifesting as drooping eyelids, double vision, difficulty swallowing and general fatigue. There is no actual paralysis of muscles involved, but a rapid fatiguing of function.

Answer 15

An autoimmune disease wherein the body produces antibodies against a variety of organs, especially connective tissues of skin and joints. Mild Lupus may involve a distinctive butterfly-shaped rash over the nose and cheeks. Mild lupus may also involve myalgia and arthralgia (remember these words?) Severe or systemic lupus (SLE) involves inflammation of multiple organ systems such as the heart, lungs, or kidneys. By the way, lupus means “wolf” in Latin. Maybe a reference to the facial rash that might give a patient a wolf-like appearance.

Answer 16

“To straighten up children.” Orthopaedics is a surgical subspecialty that in the past devoted much of its time to treating musculoskeletal deformities in children. Now with improved prenatal diagnosis and better nutrition, orthopaedists still treat children with spine and limb deformities but also adults with complicated bone fractures, damaged tendons or ligaments, or needing surgery to replace a damaged hip or knee joint.

Answer 17

“To study the flux of fluids.” Say, what? Rheuma is an old medical term for a watery discharge. Among other diseases, rheumatologists treat joint diseases such as the various forms of arthritis including rheumatoid arthritis. Inflamed joints accumulate “fluid” and swell among other signs and symptoms. This medical subspecialty also evaluates and treats osteoporosis, tendonitis, gout and lupus among many other chronic musculoskeletal pain disorders.

Answer 18

The name sounds like a specialty limited to bone disease, but actually, osteopathic physicians are one of two arms of the medical profession that differ in history and philosophy. At one time there were many kinds of medical schools originating from various philosophies; allopathic, osteopathic, homeopathic. Osteopathy originated in the 1890s in response to despair at the lack of effectiveness of many forms of then primitive treatments. Osteopathy developed an emphasis on the influence of the musculoskeletal system and its interrelationship to other body systems. D.O.s make use of osteopathic manipulation (bones, ligaments, joints) along with medication, surgery and all other medical treatments used by M.D. physicians. Also, preventive care has always been a major emphasis of osteopathic care. M.D.s and D.O.s are licensed by all state medical boards. Learn about the doctor of osteopathic medicine program at Des Moines University.

Answer 19

traditionally known as “foot doctors,” are surgical subspecialists in diseases and structural problems of the feet. They not only provide care for corns, calluses, ingrown toenails and heel spurs, but also treat foot and ankle injuries, deformities and diseases. Many systemic diseases manifest signs and symptoms in appearance of the feet such as poor wound healing in diabetes. They also can prescribe special shoes and inserts to treat chronic foot pain and walking problems. Podiatrists may further specialize in sports medicine, geriatrics or diabetic foot care. Learn about the doctor of podiatric medicine program at Des Moines University.

Answer 20

This health care professional has at least two years of specialized training beyond a college degree. PTs are rehabilitation specialists treating a multitude of medical problems including patients recovering from joint surgery, limb amputation, a stroke, heart attack and suffering with chronic neuromuscular diseases. In addition to other treatment modalities, they teach patients exercises to strengthen their body, increase mobility and how to prevent recurrence of injury. Learn about the doctor of physical therapy program at Des Moines University.

Answer 21

A fiberoptic instrument is introduced into a joint cavity in order to visualize surfaces of bones entering into a joint, find tears in internal joint structures and evaluate sources of inflammation.

Answer 22

A radioactive element in very small amounts, not enough to cause any radiation injury to the patient, is introduced into the blood stream. The specially selected element accumulates in bone and using a much more sophisticated version of the old Geiger Counter instrument, the distribution of the element is used to diagnose potential bone tumors among other bone pathologies.

Answer 23

A big, scary word! But, you are experienced by now in taking them apart. I like to start at the end and work backward: “a recording of muscle electrical activity.” Fine needles are introduced into muscles in order to make recordings of contractile activity. This procedure is useful in evaluating causes of paralysis, diagnosing muscular dystrophy and other neuromuscular disorders.

Answer 24

Cutting out a small tissue sample of muscle in order to examine it under a microscope. This procedure can be useful in diagnosing muscular dystrophy and other neuromuscular disorders.

Answer 25

Carcinoma is the most common form of cancer. Carcinoma develops from sheets of cells that cover a surface (example: skin) or line a body cavity (example: glandular lining of stomach). Some names for tumors of this type would be: adenocarcinoma of the prostate, adenocarcinoma of the lung, gastric adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (what organ is involved?). Note that the term carcinoma typically appears in the name.

Answer 26

A rare form of cancer arises from connective and supportive tissues, examples: bone, fat, muscle, and other connective tissues. Some names of this type of tumor would be: osteosarcoma (malignancy of bone), liposarcoma (fat) and gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Note that the term sarcoma does not always appear in the name.

Answer 27

Tumor markers are substances that are produced by tumors or the body’s response to presence of a tumor. Tumor markers found in various body fluids, such as the blood, can be useful in the detection and response to treatment of certain cancers. However, most tumor markers are not specific for cancer and they may be present or even elevated with benign diseases. The absence of a tumor marker can also be useful in confirming successful cancer treatment; whereas an increase in the tumor marker level may indicate recurrence. Two well known markers are Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) for prostate cancer and CA-125 for ovarian cancer.

Answer 28

It is ironic that the same agent that can cause cancer can be used to destroy cancer, but a common mechanism is at work. Fairly low to moderate doses of radiation can cause DNA damage, which may result in the malignant transformation of normal cells into cancer cells. But, high dose radiation focused on cells can destroy the cancerous cells. However, even with highly focused radiation treatment, normal surrounding tissues are exposed to the radiation and may lead to secondary cancers. Some terms you will hear about are: Radiosensitive – cancer degenerates in response to radiation Radioresistant – the cancer may have a partial response or doesn’t respond at all Fractionation – a treatment radiation dose is broken down into multiple exposures over several weeks to minimize side effects

Answer 29

``` pain pills for headaches, muscle aches, and pains Ex. Aleve (naproxen) Aspirin Celebrex (celecoxib) Codeine Motrin (ibuprofen) Tylenol (acetaminophen) ```

Answer 30

``` indigestion pills for heartburn Prevacid (lansoprazole) Prilosec (omeprazole)-OTC Tums Zantac (ranitidine) ```

Answer 31

``` rheumatism pills for rheumatoid arthritis Aspirin Aleve (naproxin) Celebrex (celecoxib) Humira (adalimumab) Remicade (infliximab) ```

Answer 32

``` bug killers for microbial infections Amoxil (amoxicillin) Erythromycin Keflex (cephalexin) Pen-Vee (Penicillin) Septra (sulfamethoxazole) Vibramycin (doxycycline) ```

Answer 33

blood thinners to prevent blood clots Coumadin (warfarin) Heparin Plavix (clopidogrel)

Answer 34

destroying malignant tissue by freezing it with a cold probe. Often used for soft tissues like liver or kidney.

Answer 35

“Lightning” in Latin. Malignant tissue is destroyed with an electrocautery instrument (electric current).

Answer 36

simultaneous tissue sampling and removal of a tumor with a safe margin of normal tissue. Frequently done with suspicious skin lesions; example, malignant melanoma.

Answer 37

to cut and remove a segment of an organ containing a tumor.

Answer 38

removal of the tumor and any surrounding organs or tissues that may be involved. This is often necessary for large abdominal sarcomas.

Answer 39

well differentiated is good news and poorly differentiated is bad news

Answer 40

``` prevent seizures Dilantin (phenytoin) Phenobarbital Neurontin (gabapentin) ```

Answer 41

relieve depression Elavil (amitriptyline) Prozac (fluoxetine) Zoloft (sertraline)

Answer 42

stops runny nose, wheezing and itchiness Allegra (fexofenadine) Benadryl (diphenhydramine) Claritin (loratadine)

Answer 43

``` lowers cholesterol levels Lipitor (atorvastatin) Niaspan (Niacin) Pravachol (pravastatin) Questran (cholestyramine) Zocor (simvastatin) ```

Answer 44

``` lowers high blood pressure Norvasc (amlodipine besylate) Captopen (captopril) Inderal (propranolol) Lotensin (benazepril) Tenormin (atenolol) Zestril (lisinopril) ```

Answer 45

``` treats abnormal heart rhythms, heart failure, angina pain Cardizem (diltiazem) Cordarone (amiodarone) Inderal (propranolol) Lanoxin (digoxin) Nitrostat (nitroglycerin) ```

Answer 46

lowers high blood pressure, treat congestive heart failure Hydrodiuril (hydrochlorothiazide) Lasix (furosemide)

Answer 47

impotency Cialis (tadalafil) Levitra(vardenafil) Viagra (sildenafil)

Answer 48

insomnia Ambien (zolpidemtartrate) Lunesta (eszopiclone) Sonata (zaleplon)

Answer 49

``` lowers high blood sugar Diabeta (Glyburide) Glucophage (metformin) Glucotrol (glipizide) Insulin ```

Answer 50

strengthens bones Actonel (risendronate) Boniva (ibandronate) Fosamax (alendronate

Answer 51

anxiety Valium (diazepam) Xanax (alprazolam)