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EXAM III Flashcards

1
Q

Critical transcription factor for driving definitive endoderm differentiation

A

Sox17

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2
Q

Process that involves embryonic disk/ectoderm edges moving ventrally with the amnion and fusing

A

Embryonic folding

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3
Q

Critical transcription factor for lung bud specification

A

Nkx2.1

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4
Q

Function of Surfactant in the lungs

A

Reduces surface tension at the air/liquid interface

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5
Q

Condition occurring in premature births caused by insufficient levels of surfactant

A

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome

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6
Q

Structure that arises from ventral outgrowth of the distal foregut (Hepatic diverticulum)

A

Liver and biliary system

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7
Q

Pancreatic fate determination factor

A

PDX1

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8
Q

Amount of enteric neurons in the human ENS

A

400-600 million

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9
Q

Neural crest populations which contribute to the Enteric Nervous System

A

Vagal and Sacral

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10
Q

Protein expressed by the dorsal Mesoderm leading to esophageal fate determination

A

Barx

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11
Q

Process responsible for lung development through growth from the center outward

A

Branching morphogenisis

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12
Q

Important regulators of enteric nervous system development

A

GDNF and Endothelins

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13
Q

% of familial cases of Hirschsprung’s dz linked to RET mutations

A

50

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14
Q

Tissue that surrounds the gut tube and forms smooth muscle

A

Mesoderm

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15
Q

Produced by pancreas to break down carbs and proteins

A

Digestive enzymes

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16
Q

Condition resulting in herniation of abdominal contents with a smaller abdominal cavity

A

Congenital Omphalocele

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17
Q

Process controlled by neurons in enteric ganglia along the gut tube

A

Peristalsis

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18
Q

Factor required from cardiac mesoderm for liver specification

A

FGF

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19
Q

Result of insufficient ENS development in Hirschsprung’s dz

A

Megacolon

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20
Q

Process in which Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are specified in mammals

A

Inductive interactions between cells

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21
Q

Proteins responsible for inducing mammalian PGCs

A

Bone Morphogenic Proteins (BMP4 and BMP8b)

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22
Q

Receptor expressed by PGCs that helps guide their migration

A

CXCR4

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23
Q

Function of sertoli cells in male development

A

They secrete anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)

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24
Q

Cells in the developing testis that produce testosterone

A

Leydig cells

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25
Q

Structure that develops from Wolffian duct in males

A

Epididymis and vas deferens

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26
Q

Induces Miosis in developing germ cells

A

Retinoic Acid

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27
Q

Develops from Mullerian duct in females

A

Fallopian tubes, uterus, upper vagina

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28
Q

Origin of granulosa cells in the ovary

A

Cortical Cords

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29
Q

What happened to chromosomes during early development in Boveri’s observations of Parascaris

A

They fragmented in all cells except for the germ cell progenitor

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30
Q

Structure formed at level of mesonephric tubules to become the gonads

A

Genital Ridges

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31
Q

Number of PGCs in mammals

A

10-100 cells

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32
Q

Factor necessary for maintenance of PGCs during migration

A

Stem cell factor (SCF)

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33
Q

Embryonic origin of theca cells

A

Mesenchymal cells

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34
Q

Hormone responsible for scrotum and penis development

A

Dihydrotestosterone

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35
Q

Gene necessary for development of Mullerian and Wolffian ducts

A

Wnt4

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36
Q

When PGCs enter the developing gonad in mammals

A

E11.5

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37
Q

Function of CXCR7B in zebrafish PGC migration

A

Internalizes and degrades SDF1 to repel PGCs

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38
Q

In the developing ovary, oocytes…

A

Stop at diplotene I

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39
Q

Structure that develops urogenital sinus

A

Lower Vagina

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40
Q

3 Main mechanisms of sex determination

A

Environmental Action
Chromosomal Action
Hormonal Action

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41
Q

The gene that is the testis determining factor in temperature-dependent sex determination

A

Dmrt1

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42
Q

Sex determinator in Drosophila

A

Ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes

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43
Q

Chromosomal sex determination pattern in birds

A

ZZ male; ZW female

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44
Q

Testis determining factor gene in mammals

A

SRY

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45
Q

Sox9 Knockout in mice causes

A

Complete sex reversal of XY males

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46
Q

Role of Wnt4 and R-spondin 1 in sex determination

A

They activate beta-catenin and initiate ovary differentiation

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47
Q

Primary function of AMH during development

A

Indues degeneration of the Mullerian duct

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48
Q

Effect of 5a-reductase deficiency in XY individuals

A

Appear female at birth but masculine at puberty

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49
Q

Role of FGF9 in sex determination

A

Necessary for Leydig cell proliferation and Sertoli cell differentiation

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50
Q

Phenotype of XY individuals with androgen sensitivity syndrome

A

Female appearance with internal testis and no uterus

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51
Q

Regulator of sex determination in Drosophila at the molecular level

A

The sex-lethal gene

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52
Q

Role of aromatase in temperature-dependent sex determination

A

High activity leads to ovary formation

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53
Q

Function of Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1)

A

Works with SOX9 to regulate AMH expression in Sertoli cells

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54
Q

Associated with Campomelic dysplasia

A

Only one functional copy of Sox9

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55
Q

Role of dihydrotestosterone in male development

A

Induces development of scrotum and penis

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56
Q

Wnt4 Knockout in Mice

A

Ovary not properly formed and cells express testis specific genes

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57
Q

Main characteristic of 21-hyroxylase deficiency

A

Excess androgen production by adrenal glands

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58
Q

Role of pSTAT3 in temp-dependent sex determination

A

It is elevated at female promoting temperatures

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59
Q

Effect of XX individuals with RSPO1 mutations

A

Develop phenotypically as male

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60
Q

Type of cell division that generates 2 stem cells

A

Symmetric self-renewing division

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61
Q

Major challenge in translating basic or pre-clinical discoveries to human tx

A

Over 95% of drugs entering human clinical trials fails

62
Q

Basic technical themes for creating organoids

A

Collect and culture stem cells in specific media formulations
Activate key signaling pathways with morphogens
Grow cultures in 3 dimensions using specific matrices

63
Q

Advantage of organoids

A

Genetically accessible
Human derived
Rapidly established

64
Q

Defining aspect of human evolution regarding brain development

A

Relatively large brain to body weight ratio

65
Q

Amount of cortical neurons generated in the human neocortex

A

> 15 billion

66
Q

Protein localized on the ventricular side of NEP/radial glia soma

67
Q

Copies of NOTCH2NL in humans

68
Q

Observations in NOTCH3NL-deleted organoids

A

They are smaller than normal

69
Q

Condition associated with chr1q21.1 microdeletions

A

Microcephaly

70
Q

Technique used for NOTCH2NL deletions in human ES cells

A

CRISPR/Cas9

71
Q

% of total forebrain mass represented by cortical neurons and glia

72
Q

Clinical definition of microcephaly

A

head circumference >2 SDs below means

73
Q

Protein evolved amino acid substitution not seen in Neanderthals

74
Q

Happens inNotch2nl-deleted organoids regarding neuronal differentiation

A

Premature neuronal differentiation

75
Q

Hox gene paralogs that are involved in patterning of limbs

76
Q

Role of FGF10 in limb development

A

Expressed in the lateral plate mesoderm at sites of limb bud formation

77
Q

Protein expressed in the Zone of Polarizing Activity (ZPA)

78
Q

Structure required for limb bud outgrowth

A

Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER)

79
Q

Gene specifically expressed in forelimbs but not hindlimbs

80
Q

Determinator of dorsal identity of the limb

81
Q

Effect if AER is removed during limb bud development

A

Distal outgrowth of the limb halts

82
Q

Protein that induces Engrailed 1 expression in the ventral ectoderm

83
Q

Result of ectopic SHH expression in the rostral/anterior limb bud

A

Polydactyly

84
Q

Syndrome caused by mutations in LMX1B

A

Nail-Patella syndrome

85
Q

Role of Retinoic Acid (RA) in forelimb development

A

Induces TBX5 expression

86
Q

Structure that contains highly proliferative mesodermal cells right under the AER

A

Progress zone

87
Q

Determinator of the type of limb formed when leg mesenchyme is inserted under the AER in the forelimb

A

The mesenchyme

88
Q

Effect of Wnt7a knockout in mice

A

Ventral footpads on both sides

89
Q

Signaling molecule in the AER is sufficient to induce underlying mesenchyme growth

90
Q

Function of Zone of Polarizing activity (ZPA)

A

Patterns the anterior-posterior axis

91
Q

Digits that require SHH for specification

A

Digits 4 and 5

92
Q

Occurs in Split-foot anomaly

A

Loss of normal AER function

93
Q

Competence of limb development

A

There is a specific competency window for responding to signals

94
Q

Relationship between RA and FGF8 in limb development

A

RA inhibits FGF8 expression

95
Q

Regeneration

A

The regrowth of amputated body parts or nonfunctioning organs

96
Q

4 Mechanisms of Regeneration

A

Compensatory
Epimorphic
Stem-cell mediated

97
Q

Key characteristic of compensatory regeneration

A

Differentiated cells divide while maintaining their functions

98
Q

Zebrafish heart regeneration, day 3 post-injury

A

Proliferation and migration of endocardial and epicardial cells

99
Q

What age can mouse hearts regenerate after damage

100
Q

Undifferentiated mass of cells formed during epimorphic regeneration

101
Q

1st Step of epimorphic limb regeneration

A

Epidermal cells migrate to cover wound surface

102
Q

Organism that is a classic model of morphallactic regeneration

103
Q

Name of pluripotent stem cells in the planaria

104
Q

Signaling pathway that promotes tail development and represses head development in planaria

A

Wnt signaling

105
Q

Role of Notum in planarian regeneration

A

Inhibits Wnt signaling and forms head

106
Q

Protein necessary in zebrafish for spinal cord

107
Q

Repair in context of tissue recovery

A

Process of replacement of a singular type of cell tissue

108
Q

In morphallactic regeneration of hydra, the size of the regenerated organism…

A

Becomes smaller than the original

109
Q

Head inducing signal in hydra

110
Q

By day 7, cardiomyocytes in zebrafish heart regeneration…

A

Begin to proliferate at the edge of the injury

111
Q

Similar structure in epimorphic regeneration to the AER in embryonic development

A

Apical Ectodermal Cap

112
Q

Unique about ependymal cells in zebrafish spinal cord regeneration

A

They proliferate and form a bridge

113
Q

Primary difference between repair and regeneration

A

Repair= one tissue type
Regeneration= multiple

114
Q

Role of PCGs (Positional Control Genes) in planarian regeneration

A

Form a morhological memory cap

115
Q

Regeneration of salamander limb

A

Epimorphic

116
Q

Effect of injection of clodronate liposomes during digit tip regeneration

A

It kills macrophages

117
Q

Sequence of stages in digit tip regeneration

A

(IHWBFD)
Inflammation
Histolysis
Wound Healing
Blastema
Formation
Differentiation

118
Q

Histolysis

A

The dissolution of organic tissue

119
Q

Cells responsible for bone histolysis during digit regeneration

A

Osteoclasts

120
Q

Length in days of wound healing in mammalian digit regeneration

121
Q

Key characteristic of mammalian blastema

A

Highly proliferative

122
Q

Type of bone formation that occurs during digit tip regeneration

A

Intramembranous bone formation

123
Q

Weakest type of bone

A

Woven bone

124
Q

Role of Macrophages in digit regeneration

A

Differentiate into osteoclasts

125
Q

If a wound is sutured during digit tip regeneration

A

Inhibits WE/AEC formation

126
Q

Primary function of osteoclasts during digit regenration

A

Bone resorption

127
Q

Protein that can replace nerves in the Accessory Limb Model

A

FGFs and BMP

128
Q

Why excessive bone volume is regenerated in digit tip regeneration

A

To compensate for woven bone weakness

129
Q

Purpose if histolysis in digit regeneration

A

Allow epidermis to heal over live bone

130
Q

During morphallaxis

A

Repatterning of existing tissue

131
Q

Protein combination that can induce bone and joint regeneration

A

BMP2 and BMP9

132
Q

Characteristic of wound epithelium in digit regeneration

A

Ends the histolysis phase

133
Q

Primary cell type from which placenta arises

A

Trophoblast

134
Q

Growth factor from inner cell mass that promotes trophoblast development

135
Q

Approximate surface area of fully developed syncytiotrophoblast layer surrounding chorionic villi

A

12 sq meters

136
Q

% Of maternal blood circulating through placenta at term

137
Q

% Of birth defects related to teratogen exposure

138
Q

Thalidomide original marketing

139
Q

Births affected by FAS in US

A

1-2 of every 1000 births

140
Q

The proteins adhesive function that is blocked by alcohol exposure in fetal development

141
Q

Years in which women in US were rx DES

142
Q

Gene downregulated by DES in the female reproductive tract

143
Q

Hox genes required for female repro-tract development

A

Hoxa10 and Hoxa11

144
Q

Molecular weight threshold above which teratogens do not easily cross the placenta

A

1000 daltons

145
Q

Types of cells that produce testosterone in male repro development

A

Leydig cells

146
Q

Compound found to cause transgenerational inheritance of male infertility

A

Vinclozolin

147
Q

Process of Vinclozolin that causes transgenerational effects

A

DNA Methylation

148
Q

Structure in which FGF8 is expressed during limb development

149
Q

Causes of craniofacial abnormalities in FAS

A

Altered neural crest migration

150
Q

Types of molecules that are endocrine disruptors

A

Exogenous chemicals that interfere w/ hormones

151
Q

Primary mechanism by which alcohol affects developing neurons

A

Generation of reactive oxygen species

152
Q

Hormone that induces the differentiation of the Mullerian duct

Developmental Biology (1 decks)

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