EXAM III Flashcards
I. Gastric anatomy II. Respiratory anatomy III. Cardio anatomy IV. Renal anatomy V. Repro anatomy
- Location: LUQ > posterior to stomach > inferior to diaphragm
- Function: Stores and filters blood, and WBC production
Spleen
SMALL INTESTINE
- Location: Continous with the pylorus of the stomach (via pyloric sphincter)
- Function: Neutralization of the acidic gastric juice, mechanical digestion of chyme, mixing of bile and pancreatic enzymes, absorption of water, electrolytes, and nutrients
Duodenum
SMALL INTESTINE
- Location: Between duodenum and ileum
- Function: Digestion of nutrients + Absorption of lipophilic nutrients + Absorption of water
Jejunum
SMALL INTESTINE
- Location: Between jejunum and large intestine
- Function: Enzymatic digestion of nutrients + Absorption of vitamin B12, fats + bile salts
Immunological function
Ileum
LARGE INTESTINE
- Location: Between the ileum (distal small bowel) and the ascending colon
- Function: Acts as a reservoir for chyme which it receives from the ileum.
Cecum
SALIVARY GLANDS
Parotid gland
SALIVARY GLANDS
Submandibular gland
SALIVARY GLANDS
Sublingual gland
Pharynx
(oropharynx, nasopharynx, and laryngopharynx)
- Location: Retroperitoneal + spans the epigastric, LUQ, and a portion of the umbilical abdominal regions
- Function: Digestion by releasing peptidases, lipases, nucleases, amylases + Hormonal regulation by releasing insulin (beta cells), glucagon (alpha cells), and somatostatin (delta cells)
Pancreas
LARGE INTESTINE
Ascending colon
LARGE INTESTINE
Transverse colon
LARGE INTESTINE
Descending colon
LARGE INTESTINE
Sigmoid colon
LARGE INTESTINE
The region in which the ascending colon “turns to the left” into the transverse colon.
Right colic (hepatic) flexure
LARGE INTESTINE
The region in which the transverse colon “turns downwardly” into the descending colon.
Left colic (splenic) flexure
LARGE INTESTINE
Semilunar folds arise in the inner surface through muscle contractions. These are merely caused functionally and therefore movable. These folds form pouches on the external surface called the…
Haustra
LARGE INTESTINE
Rectum
LARGE INTESTINE
Anal canal
LARGE INTESTINE
Anus
LAYERS OF ALIMENTARY CANAL
Mesentary layer
STOMACH
Identify the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus (antrum) of the stomach
STOMACH
Identify the lesser and greater curvatures
STOMACH
The muscularis external contains the longitundinal and circular layers and is supported by the oblique layer.
Identify them.
MOUTH
Superior labial frenulum
MOUTH
Gums are also called
Gingivae
MOUTH
Hard palate
MOUTH
Soft palate
MOUTH
Palatoglossal arch
MOUTH
Fauces
MOUTH
Molars
MOUTH
(Blue)
Premolars
MOUTH
(Red)
Cuspid/canine
MOUTH
Incisors
MOUTH
Inferior labial frenulum
MOUTH
Central incisor
MOUTH
Lateral incisor
LIVER
Right lobes of liver
LIVER
Left lobes of liver
LIVER
Inferior quadrate lobe
LIVER
Posterior caudate lobe
LIVER
1
Central veins
LIVER
(whole thing; hexagonal shape)
Liver lobules
LIVER
(arranged in cords within a lobule)
Hepatocytes
LIVER
small blood vessels between the radiating rows of hepatocytes, convey oxygen-rich hepatic arterial blood and nutrient-rich portal venous blood to the hepatocytes and eventually drain into the central vein, which drains into the hepatic vein.
Sinusoids
LIVER
3b
Portal venule
LIVER
3a
Portal arteriole
LIVER
3c
Bile duct
SMALL INTESTINE HISTOLOGY
Plicae circulares (circular folds)
SMALL INTESTINE HISTOLOGY
Plicae circulares have absorptive cells called […] with tiny projection called […], which are responsible for increasing SA for reabsorption
Villi and microvilli
SMALL INTESTINE ACCESSORIES
The common bile duct unites with the pancreatic duct to form the […] (ampulla of Vater), which opens into the duodenum on the major duodenal papilla. The flow of bile and pancreatic juice is controlled by the sphincter of Oddi.
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
SMALL INTESTINE ACCESSORIES
The bile duct joints with the […] to form the ampulla of Vater, which is connected to the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.
Main pancreatic duct
SMALL INTESTINE ACCESSORIES
The bile duct unites with the pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla, which opens into the duodenum at the […]
Major duodenal papilla
SMALL INTESTINE ACCESSORIES
(Orange); also called the Sphincter of Oodi, which controls the flow of bile from the hepatopancreatic ampulla into the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla
Hepatopancreatic sphincter
TOOTH ANATOMY
Identify the crown
Crown
TOOTH ANATOMY
Identify neck of tooth
Neck
TOOTH ANATOMY
Identify the root of tooth
Root
TOOTH ANATOMY
Identify enamel
Enamel
TOOTH ANATOMY
Identify dentin of tooth
Dentin
TOOTH ANATOMY
Identify pulp cavity of tooth
Pulp cavity
TOOTH ANATOMY
Identify the peridontal ligament
Peridontal ligament
TOOTH ANATOMY
Identify root canal
Root canal
PANCREAS
Identify the common bile duct
Common bile duct
PANCREAS
Identify the pancreatic duct
Pancreatic duct
PANCREAS
Head, body, and tail of the pancreas
Head and tail (and body)
PANCREAS
The pancreas is invested by a very thin connective tissue capsule and divided into […], which in turn are formed from dense accumulations of exocrine glands that often surround islets of Langerhans.
Pancreatic lobules
GALLBLADDER
Body, fundus, and neck
Body, fundus, and neck
UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Nasal root
UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Nasal conche (superior, middle, and inferior)
UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Spaces between the nasal conchae (or turbinates) are called […]
Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior)
PHARYNX
Nasopharynx
PHARYNX
Oropharynx
PHARYNX
Laryngopharynx
LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(anterior view)
Larynx
LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
A cartilaginous flap that extends in front and above the laryngeal inlet. The function of the […] is to close the laryngeal inlet during swallowing and so to prevent the passage of food and liquid into the lungs (aspiration).
Epiglottis
LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Vocal cords
LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
the part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the opening between them. It affects voice modulation through expansion or contraction.
Glottis
LARYNX CARTILAGES
Thyroid cartilage
LARYNX CARTILAGES
Cricoid cartilage
LARYNX CARTILAGES
Identify the cuneiform cartilage
Cuneiform cartilage
LARYNX CARTILAGES
(purple)
Corniculate cartilage
LARYNX CARTILAGES
Arytenoid cartilage
TRACHEA AND BRONCHIAL TREE
Identify the tracheal cartilages
Tracheal cartilages
TRACHEA AND BRONCHIAL TREE
Identify the carina
Carina
TRACHEA AND BRONCHIAL TREE
Identify the main bronchi (L/R)
Primary (main) bronchi (L/R)
TRACHEA AND BRONCHIAL TREE
Identify the secondary bronchi
Secondary (lobar) bronchi
TRACHEA AND BRONCHIAL TREE
Identify the tertiary bronchi
Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
TRACHEA AND BRONCHIAL TREE
Identify the bronchioles
Bronchioles
TRACHEA AND BRONCHIAL TREE
The […] is the smallest conducting airway without alveoli in its walls. There are about 30,000 terminal bronchioles in the lungs, and each of these, in turn, directs air to approximately 10,000 alveoli. The cells that line the airways are columnar in shape and ciliated.
Terminal bronchioles
TRACHEA AND BRONCHIAL TREE
The […] are numerous ducts in the respiratory system that connect the alveolar sacs to the bronchioles. The alveolar sacs are sacs of many alveoli, which are the cells that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs.
Alveolar ducts
TRACHEA AND BRONCHIAL TREE
Alveolar sacs
Alveolar sacs
TRACHEA AND BRONCHIAL TREE
Alveoli
LUNG EXTERNAL FEATURES
Superior lobe
LUNG EXTERNAL FEATURES
Inferior lobe
LUNG EXTERNAL FEATURES
Middle lobe
LUNG EXTERNAL FEATURES
Identify cardiac notch
Cardiac notch
LUNG EXTERNAL FEATURES
Identify horizontal fissure
Horizontal fissure
LUNG EXTERNAL FEATURES
Identify oblique fissure
Oblique fissure
LUNG EXTERNAL FEATURES
Apex of lung
Apex of lung
LUNG EXTERNAL FEATURES
Base of lung
Base of lung
LUNG EXTERNAL FEATURES
Hilum
EXTERNAL FEATURES OF THE HEART
Base vs Apex of heart
Base of heart
EXTERNAL FEATURES OF THE HEART
Base vs Apex of heart
Apex of heart
EXTERNAL FEATURES OF THE HEART
Auricles?
Auricles of heart
EXTERNAL FEATURES OF THE HEART
Coronary sulcus
HEART VALVES
Right AV valve
Right AV valve (tricuspid)
HEART VALVES
Left AV valve
Left AV valve (bicuspid or mitral)
HEART VALVES
Chordae tendinae
HEART VALVES
(red line)
Papillary muscles
HEART VALVES
PSLV
Pulmonary semilunar valve
HEART VALVES
ASLV
Aortic semilunar valve
LAYERS OF THE HEART
Pericardium
Pericardium
LAYERS OF THE HEART
Visceral epicardium
Visceral epicardium
LAYERS OF THE HEART
Myocardium
Myocardium
LAYERS OF THE HEART
Endocardium
Endocardium
CORONARY CIRCULATION
LMCA
Left coronary artery
CORONARY CIRCULATION
aka L/R descending artery
Anterior interventricular branch
(LMCA branches into CA and LADA; LADA or AIB supplies the anterior aspect of the heart)
CORONARY CIRCULATION
Circumflex artery
Circumflex artery
(LMCA branches into CA and LADA; CA supplies lateral and posterior sides of heart)
CORONARY CIRCULATION
RMCA
Right coronary artery
CORONARY CIRCULATION
Great cardiac vein
CORONARY CIRCULATION
the major venous tributary of the greater cardiac venous system; it is responsible for draining most of the deoxygenated blood leaving the myocardium
Coronary sinus
INTERNAL CARDIAC ANATOMY
An aperture in the muscular tissue between the left and right atrium that allows blood to cross the atria and bypass pulmonary circulation during fetal development.
Pectinate muscles
CORONARY CIRCULATION
The muscular tissue between the left and right atrium that allows blood to cross the atria and bypass pulmonary circulation during fetal development.
Foramen ovale
CORONARY CIRCULATION
A muscular wall that divides the heart’s ventricles, or lower chambers, into left and right halves. It helps the blood flow in the correct direction through the heart and has a role in electrical conduction.
Interventricular septum
CORONARY CIRCULATION
A thin wall of tissue that separates the right and left atria of the heart. In adult life, its main function is to separate the two atrial chambers so that there is no shunting of blood between them.
Interatrial septum
NEPHRO
Bilateral thin (3 to 4 mm) tubular structures that connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder, transporting urine from the renal pelvis into the bladder.
Ureters
NEPHRO
Urinary bladder
NEPHRO
This tube allows urine to pass outside the body. The brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten, which squeezes urine out of the bladder. At the same time, the brain signals the sphincter muscles to relax to let urine exit the bladder through it.
Urethra
NEPHRO
A layer of fibrous tissue that surrounds the body of the kidney inside the layer of fat. The cortex is the tissue just under the […]. The medulla is the inner part of the kidney.
Fibrous capsule
NEPHRO
A fat pad surrounding the kidneys in the retroperitoneal space and is located between the renal fibrous membrane and the renal fascia.
Perinephric fat
NEPHRO
The outer layer of the kidney. The […] surrounds the inside of the organ, which is called the medulla.
Renal cortex
NEPHRO
The inner part of the kidney. It consists of cone-shaped renal pyramids that contain the blood vessels and tubular structures of nephrons
Renal medulla
NEPHRO
Kidney tissues that are shaped like cones. Another term for it is malpighian pyramids. Between seven and eighteen pyramids exist in the innermost part of the kidney, which is called the renal medulla; in humans, there are usually only seven of the pyramids.
Renal pyramids
NEPHRO
The location where the renal pyramids in the medulla empty urine into the minor calyx in the kidney. Histologically it is marked by medullary collecting ducts converging to form a duct to channel the fluid.
Renal papilla
NEPHRO
Connective tissue extensions that radiate downward from the cortex through the medulla to separate the most characteristic features of the medulla, the renal pyramids and renal papillae.
Renal columns
NEPHRO
A compartment inside your kidney that uses fat to cushion important parts like the renal pelvis, lymphatic channels, calyces and renal artery
Renal sinus
NEPHRO
Surrounds the renal papillae of each pyramid and collects urine from that pyramid. Several […] converge to form a major calyx.
Minor calyx
NEPHRO
two or three minor calyces converge to form a […], through which urine passes before continuing through the renal pelvis into the ureter.
Major calyx
NEPHRO
Acts like a funnel, collecting the urine produced in the kidney and leading to a central “stem,” the ureter.
Renal pelvis
NEPHRO
The entry and exit site for structures servicing the kidneys: vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and ureters.
Renal hilum
NEPHRO
large blood vessels that carry blood from your heart to your kidneys
Renal artery
NEPHRO
blood vessels that return blood to the heart from the kidney
Renal vein
FILTRATE PATHWAY
A tiny structural and functional component of the kidney that only enters the outer renal medulla by a brief Henle loop
Cortical nephron
FILTRATE PATHWAY
Characterized by a long renal tubule which extends deep into the medulla. Approximately 15% of human nephrons have long loops, where the thin portion of their nephron loop passes deep into the renal papillae and can measure up to 14 mm in length
Juxtamedullary nephron
FILTRATE PATHWAY
The blood-filtering component of the nephron of the kidney. It consists of a glomerulus - a tuft of capillaries composed of endothelial cells, and a glomerular capsule known as Bowman’s capsule.
Renal corpuscle
FILTRATE PATHWAY
An arteriole that feeds blood into the glomerulus.
Afferent arteriole
FILTRATE PATHWAY
A blood vessel in the urinary system that brings filtered blood from the glomerulus to the rest of the kidney and back to the general circulation.
Efferent arteriole
FILTRATE PATHWAY
A segment of the renal tubule responsible for the reabsorption and secretion of various solutes and water. The […] is located in the renal cortex, the outer part of the kidney, and is the first segment of the renal tubule, where it receives the filtrate from the renal corpuscle.
Proximal convoluted tuble (PCT)
FILTRATE PATHWAY
Its main function is to reabsorb water and sodium chloride from the filtrate. This conserves water for the organism, producing highly concentrated urine.
Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
FILTRATE PATHWAY
A short nephron segment, interposed between the macula densa and collecting duct. Even though it is short, it plays a key role in regulating extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasi
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
FILTRATE PATHWAY
Has two major functions in urinary concentration: first, it adds net urea to the papillary interstitium, and second, it allows the generation of maximally concentrated urine due to osmotic water equilibration.
Collecting duct (CD)
FILTRATE PATHWAY
Anatomical structures of the kidneys, previously known as the ducts of Bellini. […] represent the most distal portion of the collecting duct. They receive renal filtrate (precursor to urine) from several medullary collecting ducts and empty into a minor calyx.
Papillary duct
REPRO
(of the breast) milk-secreting cells in the mammary gland
Alveoli
REPRO
(of the uterine tube) middle portion of the uterine tube in which fertilization often occurs
Ampulla
REPRO
highly pigmented, circular area surrounding the raised nipple and containing areolar glands that secrete fluid important for lubrication during suckling
Areola
REPRO
(also, greater vestibular glands) glands that produce a thick mucus that maintains moisture in the vulva area; also referred to as the greater vestibular glands
Bartholin’s gland
REPRO
middle section of the uterus
Body of uterus
REPRO
wide ligament that supports the uterus by attaching laterally to both sides of the uterus and pelvic wall
Broad ligament
REPRO
(also, Cowper’s glands) glands that secrete a lubricating mucus that cleans and lubricates the urethra prior to and during ejaculation
Bulbourethral glands
REPRO
elongate inferior end of the uterus where it connects to the vagina
Cervix
REPRO
nerve-rich area of the vulva that contributes to sexual sensation during intercourse
Clitoris
REPRO
either of two columns of erectile tissue in the penis that fill with blood during an erection
Corpus cavernosum
REPRO
column of erectile tissue in the penis that fills with blood during an erection and surrounds the penile urethra on the ventral portion of the penis
Corpus spongiosum
REPRO
duct that transports sperm from the epididymis through the spermatic cord and into the ejaculatory duct; also referred as the vas deferens
Ductus deferns
REPRO
duct that connects the ampulla of the ductus deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle at the prostatic urethra
Ejaculatory duct
REPRO
inner lining of the uterus, part of which builds up during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and then sheds with menses
Endometrium
REPRO
coiled tubular structure in which sperm start to mature and are stored until ejaculation
Epididymis
REPRO
fingerlike projections on the distal uterine tubes
Fimbriae
REPRO
ovarian structure of one oocyte and surrounding granulosa (and later theca) cells
Follicle
REPRO
(of the uterus) domed portion of the uterus that is superior to the uterine tubes
Fundus
REPRO
bulbous end of the penis that contains a large number of nerve endings
Glans penis
REPRO
reproductive organs (testes in men and ovaries in women) that produce gametes and reproductive hormones
Gonads
REPRO
membrane that covers part of the opening of the vagina
Hymen
REPRO
(of the uterine tube) wide, distal portion of the uterine tube terminating in fimbriae
Infundibulum
REPRO
opening in abdominal wall that connects the testes to the abdominal cavity
Inguinal canal
REPRO
narrow, medial portion of the uterine tube that joins the uterus
Isthmus
REPRO
hair-covered folds of skin located behind the mons pubis
Labia majora
REPRO
thin, pigmented, hairless flaps of skin located medial and deep to the labia majora
Labia minora
REPRO
ducts that connect the mammary glands to the nipple and allow for the transport of milk
Lactiferous ducts
REPRO
area of milk collection between alveoli and lactiferous duct
Lactiferous sinus
REPRO
glands inside the breast that secrete milk
Mammary glands
REPRO
mound of fatty tissue located at the front of the vulva
Mons pubis
REPRO
smooth muscle layer of uterus that allows for uterine contractions during labor and expulsion of menstrual blood
Myometrium
REPRO
female gonads that produce oocytes and sex steroid hormones (notably estrogen and progesterone)
Ovaries
REPRO
male organ of copulation
Penis
REPRO
outer epithelial layer of uterine wall
Perimetrium
REPRO
(also, foreskin) flap of skin that forms a collar around, and thus protects and lubricates, the glans penis; also referred as the foreskin
Prepuce
REPRO
doughnut-shaped gland at the base of the bladder surrounding the urethra and contributing fluid to semen during ejaculation
Prostate gland
REPRO
life stage during which a male or female adolescent becomes anatomically and physiologically capable of reproduction
Puberty
REPRO
(of the vagina) folds of skin in the vagina that allow it to stretch during intercourse and childbirth
Rugae
REPRO
external pouch of skin and muscle that houses the testes
Scrotum
REPRO
ejaculatory fluid composed of sperm and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands
Semen
REPRO
gland that produces seminal fluid, which contributes to semen
Seminal vesicle
REPRO
tube structures within the testes where spermatogenesis occurs
Seminiferous tubules
REPRO
male gamete
Sperm
REPRO
bundle of nerves and blood vessels that supplies the testes; contains ductus deferens
Spermatic cord
REPRO
bands of connective tissue that suspend the breast/penis onto the chest wall by attachment to the overlying dermis
Suspensory ligaments
REPRO
male gonads
Testes
REPRO
(also, fallopian tubes or oviducts) ducts that facilitate transport of an ovulated oocyte to the uterus
Uterine tubes
REPRO
muscular hollow organ in which a fertilized egg develops into a fetus
Uterus
REPRO
tunnel-like organ that provides access to the uterus for the insertion of semen and from the uterus for the birth of a baby
Vagina
REPRO
external female genitalia
Vulva
