Exam II Study Flashcards
Virus is contained both DNA and RNA. True or false.
True
Viruses are incapable of independent reproduction and cannot be killed by antimicrobials true or false
True
Disease caused by fungi are called
Mycoses
Are mycoses treatable with penicillin?
No, they occur with other infections that are not treatable with penicillin. They can be opportunistic.
What is a live diverse that is weakened
Attenuated
Antibiotic resistance is usually a result of genetic mutations that can be transmitted directly to a neighboring microorganism by what type of exchange
Plasma exchange
What is a clinical hallmark of immuno deficiency?
A propensity to unusual or recurrent severe infections
The ability to spread from one individual to another and cause disease
Communication
The ability of pathogens to induce an immune response
Immunogenicity
Damaging tissues is the pathogens mechanism of action true or false?
True
Measles virus is a low virulence, true or false
True. Virulence is the capacity of a pathogen to cause severe disease.
True or false rabies is of high virulence?
True. Violence is the capacity of a pathogen to cause severe disease.
What enzymes can damage the plasma membrane of whales or can an activate enzymes critical to protein synthesis?
Exotoxins
What type of enzyme activates the inflammatory response and produce fever
Endotoxins
____________ released by blood-borne bacteria caused the release of vasoactive enzymes that increase the permeability of blood vessels.
Endotoxins
The breakdown of red blood cells is called
Hemolysis
The growth of bacteria in the blood is called
Septicemia
Decreased BP, decrease O2 delivery, cardiovascular shock, and subsequent death are complication of what type of shock?
Symptoms of gram-negative septic shock are produced by endotoxins
Once in the blood _____ toxins caused the release of vasoactive peptides and pens that affect blood vessels, producing bases dilation which reduces blood pressure causes, decreased oxygen and produces subsequent cardiovascular shock
That’s an endotoxin
What are the four stages of infection?
- Incubation
- Prodromal Stage
- Invasion or Acute illness stage
- Convalescence
Bacteria have ________ factors that promote their ability to cause infection and cell injury, including pili, flagella capsules enzymes competition for iron and toxin
Virulence factors
__________ results from the proliferation of bacteria into the blood
Septicemia
What happens when toxins are released by blood-borne bacteria?
They release vasoactive enzymes that increase the permeability of blood vessels. This leakage causes hypotension then the results in septic shock.
True or false viruses are intracellular parasites?
True, they invade hotels, and use their medical processes to proliferate cause disease
What are diseases called caused by fungi called?
Mycoses - Either a yeast or a mold
What is the most common cause of fungal infection in humans?
Candida Alacan
Pathogens can use various mechanisms to resist the effects of antibiotics, including what?
- Transmission of resistance jeans to new generations of bacteria.
- Enzyme degradation of the antibiotic.
- Ejection of the antibiotic from the pathogen.
- Modification of the cell wall to prevent binding or uptake of the antibiotic.
- modification of the target of the antibiotic
Explain vaccines
They are a biological preparation of an antigen that stimulates production of antibodies or cellular immunity against a specific pathogen
Explain passive immunotherapy
Administration of performed antibodies for protection against specific pathogen, such as hepatitis A or B and rabies 
____________ is an immune response misdirected against the host owned tissues
Hypersensitivity
When a hypersensitivity immune response is misdirected against the host on tissue, it is known as
Auto immunity
When a hypersensitivity is an immune response or directed against the beneficial, foreign tissues, such as transfusions or transplants, it is known as
Alloimmunity (iso)
Hypersensitivity is a immune response that can be exaggerated against environmental antigens is known as
Allergy
Mechanisms of hypersensitivity are classified as what?
- Type I (Immunoglobulin E [IgE] mediated reactions
- Type II (tissues specific) reactions
- Type III (Immune complex mediated.) reactions.
- Type IV (Cell mediating.) reactions.
Explain type one hypersensitivity
IGE mediated reactions occur after an antigen reacts with IGE on a mass cell. This leads to mast Cell degranulation, and then the release of histamine and other inflammatory substances.
Explain typeII hypersensitivity
Type II our tissue specific reactions caused by four possible mechanisms:
1. Complement mediated lysis.
2. Oposonization and phagocytosis.
3. Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity.
4. Modulation of cellular function.
Explain type III hypersensitivity reactions
These are immune complex mediated. They are caused by the formation of immune complexes that are deposited in target tissues. They complement cascade generating fragments that attract neutrophils into the inflammatory site.
Give an example of an immune complex disease that can be systemic
Serum sickness, Reynard phenomenon
Give an example of an immune complex disease that is localized
Arthus reaction
Explain type IV hypersensitivity reactions
They are caused by specifically sensitized. He sells which either killed target sells directly or release limpkin that activate other cells, such as macrophages
_________ disease is a lot of tolerance of self antigens.
Auto immune
An autoimmune disease can there be a genetic predisposition?
Yes
What type of hypersensitivity can an autoimmune disease be?
Type II or type III hypersensitivity
Explain aloe immunity
Systems reaction against antigens on the tissue of other members of the same species
Give examples of allo immune disorders
- Transient neonatal disease where the mom’s immune system becomes sensitized against antigens in the fetus.
- Transplant rejection and transfusion reactions.
Explain immuno deficiency
It’s basically the failure of mechanisms of self-defense to function in their normal capacity
Immuno deficiencies are either primary or secondary true or false
True
Explain, congenital immuno deficiencies
They are caused by genetic deficits that disrupt lymphocyte development
Explain acquired him you know deficiencies for secondary
Please, our secondary disease or other physiologic alteration
The most common infections in individuals with defects of cell mediated immune responses
Fungal and viral
The most common infections and individuals with defects of the humoral immune response or compliment, function, or primarily what
Bacterial
A total lack of T cell function, and a severe either partial or total lack of cell function is known as what
Severe combined immuno deficiency (SCID)
Wiskott- Aldririch (WAS) syndrome is caused by an increased production of which antibody
IgM
Cancer Tx: Surgery
To prevent cancer
Biopsy’s for Dax and staging
Lymph node sampling
Palliative surgery
Cancer Tx: Radiation
Goal is to stop cancer without excessive toxicity
Avoid damage to normal structures
++++Ionizing radiation damages the cancers cell’s DNA
Cancer Tx: Chemotherapy
-Takes advantage of specific vulnerability in target cancer cells
-It’s cool - give in many different combos that are designed to fight the cancer from many different weaknesses at the same time
- A complication is death though due to rapidly dividing cells that are not cancerous
Cancer Tx: Induction chemotherapy
For shrinkage of disappearance of tumors
Cancer Tx: neoadjuvant therapy
-Given before localized treatment to shrink the tumor
Immunotherapy
Tumor cell vaccines effective in protecting against infective agents
Immunotherapy for metastatic ________ cancer has been approved by FDA
Prostatic
What is targeted disruption in Cancer Tx?
- It is used in combination with chemotherapy
- HIghly specific making them less toxic than conventional chemotherapy
Lipomas
Benign growths
