Exam II Stress and the Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

homeostasis

Answer 1

the purposeful maintenance of a stable internal environment maintained by coordinated physiologic processes that resist change.

Question 2

autonomic nervous system

Answer 2

(acute stress response)
sympathetic and parasympathetic
PNS: -afferent (arrive)
-efferent(exit) -somatic
-autonomic -2-neuron pathway
-smooth or cardiac muscles, glands, or GI neurons
-ANS allows signalling to go to an effected organ:
integrating center=ANS=>Effector (what generates the response)

Question 3

sympathetic NS

Answer 3

Adrenergic receptors --> sensitivie to E and NE
       -alpha and subtypes
       -beta and subtypes
DIFFUSE AND PROLONGED
preganglionic neurons are SHORT
ACh is at all preganglionic receptors

Question 4

parasympathetic NS

Answer 4

cholinergic receptors–> sensitive to ACh
-IONOTROPIC - nicotinic (basically sodium channels)
-METABOTROPIC - muscarinic (on target tissues - G protein coupled receptor)
REST and DIGEST
preganglionic neurons are LONG
Ach is at all receptors (pre and post)
synapses in an organ

Question 5

perturbation

Answer 5

a deviation of a system, moving object, or process from its regular or normal state of path, caused by an outside influence

Question 6

set point

Answer 6

homeostasis is a characteristic of a system that regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, relatively constant condition of properties. The normal value of a physiological variable is called its set point.

Question 7

integrating center

Answer 7

the part of the mechanism that interprets and integrates information before autonomic nervous system causes an effect to regulate the response.

Question 8

effector

Answer 8

the system or thing that generates the response

Question 9

biologic response

Answer 9

nn

Question 10

afferent

Answer 10

nn

Question 11

efferent

Answer 11

nn

Question 12

somatic

Answer 12

nn

Question 13

ganglion

Answer 13

nn

Question 14

pre-ganglionic

Answer 14

nn

Question 15

post-ganglionic

Answer 15

nn

Question 16

pre-synaptic

Answer 16

nn

Question 17

post-synaptic

Answer 17

nn

Question 18

acetylcoline

Answer 18

nn

Question 19

cholinergic

Answer 19

NO such thing as a cholinergic uptake**

Question 20

NE

Answer 20

nn

Question 21

E

Answer 21

nn

Question 22

chromaffin cell

Answer 22

most gang neurons - these are specialized - they dont have an axon that goes on to interact w a target cell, and when stim by Ach secrete E mostly (80% and 20%NE) into blood stream

• in that pathway they act **
• these can be classified as neuroendocrine cells since they release a hormone

Question 23

adrenergic

Answer 23

nn

Question 24

alpha adrenergic receptor

Answer 24

oo

Question 25

beta adrenergic receptor

Answer 25

nn

Question 26

nicotinic receptor

Answer 26

nn

Question 27

muscarinic receptor

Answer 27

nn

Question 28

ionotropic

Answer 28

nn

Question 29

metabotropic

Answer 29

nn

Question 30

factors determining response to cholinergic or adrenergic receptors

Answer 30

• concentration of NT/hormone
• receptor population of target cells
• specific nature of target cell

Question 31

balance btw para and sym systems - the seesaw

Answer 31

• in many tissues there’s an interplay between the two tissues
• GI and Genitourinary: [phamacologically, muscle activity manipulated most ALWAYS by altering the PS activity, with Para medications (inhi or act) have a bigger impact on these systems than symp

Question 32

adrenal cortex, negative feedback, and stress response

Question 33

positive and negative feedback

Answer 33

• negative feedback means opposite (thermoregulation, shivering or sweating)
• positive feedback means more of the same (oxytocin and labor/delivery)

Question 34

catecholamine reuptake

Answer 34

• cocaine - inhibits NET (nearly completely)
• Tricyclic antidepressants: inhibit NET: one way to influence adrenergic synpase activity is to inhibit reuptake of seratonin, and it can interact w all these diff receptors: alpha and muscarinic, etc receptors
  
  • NE is a NT besides those involved in activation of the symp NS
  • has benefits to depression, but has peripheral effects bc circulates in the blood (interacts w diff receptors)
  • elderly patient may not benefit from antidepressant properties, but additional qualities that this med adds may not make this worth it as an antidepressant

Question 35

alpha 2 agonist

Answer 35

catepressor chlonadine(?)

• if this is done in symp systems, will reduce BP
• centrally-acting drug
• major side effect: hypotensive and drowsy

Question 36

dopamine

Answer 36

kidneys, guts, heart**

Question 37

skeletal muscle vs smooth re: symp and para activity

Answer 37

-alpha receptors contraction of vascular smooth muscle and genitourinary smooth muscle
-as opposed to…
skeletal muscle - b2 receptors (blood vessels dilate)
local regulation of tissue and its metabolic or aerobic activity create more of an affect than systemic symp stimulation (which would cause vasoconstriction and dec. muscular activity)