Exam II: Reading Guide 1 Flashcards
0
Q
What factors determine where biomes occur?
A
A combination of resource requirements and tolerance ranges for abiotic conditions(mostly climate).
1
Q
What is a biome?
A
Describes the major vegetation types that extend over a large geographic area.
2
Q
Which biomes are common near the equator?
A
Tropical Evergreen Rainforests, and Savanna
3
Q
Where deciduous forests typically located?(in relation to Michigan)
A
Similar latitudes
4
Q
Where are grasslands typically located?
A
The interior of continents
5
Q
Which ecosystems are associated with the coldest climates?
A
Tundra
6
Q
What ecosystems are associated with dry climates?
A
Hot desert/ Savanna
7
Q
What cause temperature and precipitation across Earth?
A
Temperature and precipitation are dependent on how directly the suns’ rays hit that area of Earth.
8
Q
Why do deserts occur near 30° latitude?
A
Because only cool, dry air falls in the area.
9
Q
Explain the study of individuals?
A
Mostly focuses on reproduction, development, or behavior.
10
Q
What do studies of populations focus on?
A
The habitat and resource needs of individual species(their group behavior).
11
Q
What do studies of ecological communities emphasize?
A
How populations of species interact with one another(predator/prey)
12
Q
Define Ecosystem
A
A community of living organisms in conjunction with the non-living components of their environment, interacting as a system.
13
Q
How are nutrients and energy similar?
A
They are both necessary to sustain life.
14
Q
How are nutrients and energy different?
A
Energy is an open system, because once it’s released into the atmosphere, we can no longer use it, and rely on the heat for new energy. nutrients are an closed system, because all nutrients given eventually return to the Earth.
15
Q
Define primary production
A
Phtosynthesis(creating biomass)
16
Q
What are primary producers?
A
Algae, plants, etc. eaten by primary consumers
17
Q
What are Primary Consumers?
A
Herbivores who eat primary producers, and are eaten by secondary consumers.
18
Q
What are secondary consumers?
A
Species that eat herbivores.
19
Q
What are tertiary consumers?
A
Animals that eat secondary consumers
20
Q
What is a dertritivore?
A
Organisms,(mostly bugs) that break down dead plant/animal matter.
21
Q
What are decomposers?
A
Bacteria and fungi
22
Q
How many eukaryotic species live on Earth?(estimated)
A
8.7 million
23
Q
What percent of land and marine species remain undiscovered?
A
86% land, 91% marine
24
Why does Mora's method not work for prokaryotes?
Because the higher taxonomic levels are not well catalogued.
25
What is the total # of species? Number of vertebrates, invertebrates, plant, fungi
Discovered 1.2 mil. 298,000 plants.
26
Define Biodiversity
The range of variation found among micro organisms, plants, fungi, and animals.
27
What's the difference between genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity?
Genetic diversity is between individuals. Species diversity is between populations. Ecosystem diversity occurs in different ecosystems.
28
Define Community
Populations of organisms of different species that interact with one another
29
Define gene
Determines what something is, what it looks like, and how it behaves.
30
Define Organism
An individual living thing
31
Define population
A group of individuals belonging to one species living in an area
32
Define Species
Group of populations of similar organisms that reproduce among themselves, but do not naturally reproduce with any other kinds of organisms
33
What are the 6 major threats to biodiversity?
Habitat loss and destruction, alterations in ecosystem composition, introduction of non-native species, over-exploitation, pollution and contamination, and global climate change.
34
What are some values of biodiversity?
Biodiversity provides food, shelter/warmth, medicine, drinkable water clean air, and fertile soil.
35
Why is biodiversity important to evolution.
It increases the variety of genes. Without variety in genes, evolution is impossible.
36
What are 2 primary ecosystem services associated with Kenya's Mau forest.
It's ability to generate rain, and store water
37
How do tea plantations benefit from the from the forest?
The trees bring rainfall, and the rainfall brings tea.
38
Explain the link of Mau forest to the Sondu river and hydroelectricity in Kenya
90% of the Sondu's flow comes from the Mau forest. Half of the country's power is driven by water.
39
What is the total estimate of the Mau Forest's benefits?
$131.6 million
40
How do tea plantations benefit from the forests.
Trees bring rain to keep the tea alive and bring in 163 mil a year.
41
Where does Mau's water go?
6 lakes.
42
How do these factors effect Kenya's ecotourism?
Brings in $65 million.
43
What other ecosystem services does the Mau provide.
Stores carbon, controls soil erosion, brings in money for fisheries
44
How much of Kenya's population is supported by the forest?
20,000?
45
What threatens forest biodiversity?
A high global rate of deforestation, and forest degradation.
46
How does the conversion/ natural loss rate from 1990 compare to 2000's?
The numer is down to 13 million hectares from 16 million in 1990
47
Why are primary forests important?
They include some of the most species-rich, and diverse ecosystems.
48
How many hectares of primary forest were lost between 2000, and 2010?
13 million hectares
49
What threatens biodiversity?
Logging, forest fires, climate change, unsustainable forest management, insect pests, disease, natural disasters, and invasive systems
50
What have humans done to threaten biodiversity .
Mostly logging.
51
What is the pattern of forest conservation in recent decades?
It has increased greatly
52
What percent of the world's forests have been protected
12%
53
What complicate our ability to solve biodiversity problems?
Because of the broad range of levels involved. What works locally may not work on larger scales or at different levels of organization(individual - ecosystem)
54
What are "wicked" problems?
A set of problems that are complex, poorly understood, and resisting clear definition.
55
5 characteristics that make biodiversity a wicked problem?
No definitive formulation of biodiversity loss(it's not a specific operation so you can't prepare an objective solution), no immediate solution(can't stop whole thing immediately, must be tackled in steps), solutions to wicked problems are one shot operations(blindly trying things could harm biodiversity), stopping loss has no countable set of potential solutions(can't pin one cause), and there is discrepancy in representing the loss of biodiversity(people explain it how they feel sounds best).
56
What percent of earth's surface is a protected area?
4.27%
57
Why are PA's managed?
Recreation, use of natural resources, and conservation
58
Which 3 nations protect the largest area in Pa's?
Germany, Russia, Estonia
59
What's the relation of time and the number of protected areas?
As time goes by, the number of protected areas has consistently gone up
60
How does mountain protection stack up to marine protection?
30% of mountains are protected while only 0.7%of the worlds oceans are protected
61
Why is important to protect mountain ecosystems?
They provide high-quality fresh water and are marked by high levels of biodiversity
62
What is the Convention on Biological Diversity goal for protection of marine ecosystems?
10% of all marine and coastal Eco-regions should be conserved.
63
Are we on track to meet the CBD's goal?
No. We're 57 years behind.
64
According to WWF what management requirements must be met in order to conserve biodiversity in PA's
Strong law enforcement, control of access, resource management, monitoring and evaluation, maintenance of equipment, budget management and annual work plans.
65
Why is conservation compatible with goals of national stabilization in areas of conflict?
Conservation can be used to create civil society and sustainable economic opportunities
66
Why does Afghanistan foster especially high biodiversity
It's at a crossroad of 3 biogeographic
67
Describe the topographical and
| ecological diversity of the nation.
It goes from low desert to the Himalayas and has a variety of animals from goats to sheep to wolf to oxen, exc.
68
How many species of wild cats (members of the family Felidae) were found there until the 20th Century? How many are in Afghanistan today?
There were 11. Currently 9
69
In what ways are the Wakhih people distinct from other groups in Afghanistan?
Ethnically and religiously different. Primarily pastoralists herding sheep living in highest region
70
Describe the forests of the mountainous eastern region near Pakistan.
Lower region with coniferous trees. Filled with bears, leopards and martens
71
What cultural group dominates the eastern forests?
The Nuristani people have occupied the area for 10 centuries.
72
Why does Afghanistan support rare migratory waterfowl & shorebirds
It's a vital stopover spot for migrating species including Flamingo and the Siberian Crane
73
Describe the complex civil and international conflicts that have dominated Afghanistan since 1979
Soviet invasion, years of war, and the Taliban
74
What have been the direct & indirect effects of these conflicts on wildlife there?
Poor economic advancement, over-grazing, over harvesting fuel, unregulated logging
75
7. What is the dominant conservation paradigm (strategy) in poor developing nations like
Afghanistan?
Ecotourism/ sustainable exploitation
76
Which wildlife species in Afghanistan will likely contribute to ecotourism & trophy hunting?
Marco Polo sheep
77
How are potentially sustainable economic activities like these achieved?
Education, training, and policy development
78
How are current international conservation efforts in Afghanistan assisting the nation’s
compliance with its CITES obligations?
Helping ministry officials understand their responsibilities and develop policies for fulfilling them
79
Describe the community-based resource
| management efforts. Why are they critical to wildlife conservation?
engaging and empowering local communities rather than excluding them. Without clear definitions, there can be no legal standing for such a reserve and no help from the central government
80
Mutualism
Both benefit
81
Commensalism
1 benefits(donkeys n dung beetles)
82
trophic
One benefit, one harmed
83
Amensalism
One harmed, one unaffected(bear scratches on moss)
84
Competition
Both harmed(blue footed boobies fighting for nest space)
85
Symbiosis
2 species live intimately with one another(fish and sea anemones)
86
Cooperation
Individuals that behave in ways that benefit both
87
Intraspecific
Interaction between members of the same species(dolphins hunting)
88
Interspecific
Interaction between members of different species(gulls sweep food out of whale mouths)
89
Gaussian principle
Competitive exclusion
90
Predation
Animal eats another(carnivorous plant)
91
Parasitism
Animal feeds of another without killing it
92
Endoparasites
Live inside host
93
Disease
Micro-organism gets nutrients from host
94
Tropic role
Ecological job that each organism contributes
95
Energy flow?
Primary producers(photosynthesis, plants), primary consumers(herbivores), secondary consumers(carnivore/omnivore), tertiary consumer(eats secondary consumer),Quaternary consumer(eats Quaternary)
96
Food chain example
Dandelion->slug->bluejay->hawk
97
Species biodiversity
Number of species in an area
98
Genetic diversity
All genes within a species(alleles)
