Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 105: Ecology & Values Of Biodiversity > Exam II: Reading Guide 1 > Flashcards

Exam II: Reading Guide 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What factors determine where biomes occur?

A

A combination of resource requirements and tolerance ranges for abiotic conditions(mostly climate).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is a biome?

A

Describes the major vegetation types that extend over a large geographic area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which biomes are common near the equator?

A

Tropical Evergreen Rainforests, and Savanna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where deciduous forests typically located?(in relation to Michigan)

A

Similar latitudes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are grasslands typically located?

A

The interior of continents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which ecosystems are associated with the coldest climates?

A

Tundra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What ecosystems are associated with dry climates?

A

Hot desert/ Savanna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What cause temperature and precipitation across Earth?

A

Temperature and precipitation are dependent on how directly the suns’ rays hit that area of Earth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why do deserts occur near 30° latitude?

A

Because only cool, dry air falls in the area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain the study of individuals?

A

Mostly focuses on reproduction, development, or behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do studies of populations focus on?

A

The habitat and resource needs of individual species(their group behavior).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do studies of ecological communities emphasize?

A

How populations of species interact with one another(predator/prey)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define Ecosystem

A

A community of living organisms in conjunction with the non-living components of their environment, interacting as a system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are nutrients and energy similar?

A

They are both necessary to sustain life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are nutrients and energy different?

A

Energy is an open system, because once it’s released into the atmosphere, we can no longer use it, and rely on the heat for new energy. nutrients are an closed system, because all nutrients given eventually return to the Earth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define primary production

A

Phtosynthesis(creating biomass)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are primary producers?

A

Algae, plants, etc. eaten by primary consumers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are Primary Consumers?

A

Herbivores who eat primary producers, and are eaten by secondary consumers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are secondary consumers?

A

Species that eat herbivores.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are tertiary consumers?

A

Animals that eat secondary consumers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a dertritivore?

A

Organisms,(mostly bugs) that break down dead plant/animal matter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are decomposers?

A

Bacteria and fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How many eukaryotic species live on Earth?(estimated)

A

8.7 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What percent of land and marine species remain undiscovered?

A

86% land, 91% marine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why does Mora’s method not work for prokaryotes?

A

Because the higher taxonomic levels are not well catalogued.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the total # of species? Number of vertebrates, invertebrates, plant, fungi

A

Discovered 1.2 mil. 298,000 plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define Biodiversity

A

The range of variation found among micro organisms, plants, fungi, and animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What’s the difference between genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity?

A

Genetic diversity is between individuals. Species diversity is between populations. Ecosystem diversity occurs in different ecosystems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Define Community

A

Populations of organisms of different species that interact with one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define gene

A

Determines what something is, what it looks like, and how it behaves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Define Organism

A

An individual living thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Define population

A

A group of individuals belonging to one species living in an area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Define Species

A

Group of populations of similar organisms that reproduce among themselves, but do not naturally reproduce with any other kinds of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the 6 major threats to biodiversity?

A

Habitat loss and destruction, alterations in ecosystem composition, introduction of non-native species, over-exploitation, pollution and contamination, and global climate change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are some values of biodiversity?

A

Biodiversity provides food, shelter/warmth, medicine, drinkable water clean air, and fertile soil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why is biodiversity important to evolution.

A

It increases the variety of genes. Without variety in genes, evolution is impossible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are 2 primary ecosystem services associated with Kenya’s Mau forest.

A

It’s ability to generate rain, and store water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How do tea plantations benefit from the from the forest?

A

The trees bring rainfall, and the rainfall brings tea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Explain the link of Mau forest to the Sondu river and hydroelectricity in Kenya

A

90% of the Sondu’s flow comes from the Mau forest. Half of the country’s power is driven by water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the total estimate of the Mau Forest’s benefits?

A

$131.6 million

40
Q

How do tea plantations benefit from the forests.

A

Trees bring rain to keep the tea alive and bring in 163 mil a year.

41
Q

Where does Mau’s water go?

A

6 lakes.

42
Q

How do these factors effect Kenya’s ecotourism?

A

Brings in $65 million.

43
Q

What other ecosystem services does the Mau provide.

A

Stores carbon, controls soil erosion, brings in money for fisheries

44
Q

How much of Kenya’s population is supported by the forest?

A

20,000?

45
Q

What threatens forest biodiversity?

A

A high global rate of deforestation, and forest degradation.

46
Q

How does the conversion/ natural loss rate from 1990 compare to 2000’s?

A

The numer is down to 13 million hectares from 16 million in 1990

47
Q

Why are primary forests important?

A

They include some of the most species-rich, and diverse ecosystems.

48
Q

How many hectares of primary forest were lost between 2000, and 2010?

A

13 million hectares

49
Q

What threatens biodiversity?

A

Logging, forest fires, climate change, unsustainable forest management, insect pests, disease, natural disasters, and invasive systems

50
Q

What have humans done to threaten biodiversity .

A

Mostly logging.

51
Q

What is the pattern of forest conservation in recent decades?

A

It has increased greatly

52
Q

What percent of the world’s forests have been protected

A

12%

53
Q

What complicate our ability to solve biodiversity problems?

A

Because of the broad range of levels involved. What works locally may not work on larger scales or at different levels of organization(individual - ecosystem)

54
Q

What are “wicked” problems?

A

A set of problems that are complex, poorly understood, and resisting clear definition.

55
Q

5 characteristics that make biodiversity a wicked problem?

A

No definitive formulation of biodiversity loss(it’s not a specific operation so you can’t prepare an objective solution), no immediate solution(can’t stop whole thing immediately, must be tackled in steps), solutions to wicked problems are one shot operations(blindly trying things could harm biodiversity), stopping loss has no countable set of potential solutions(can’t pin one cause), and there is discrepancy in representing the loss of biodiversity(people explain it how they feel sounds best).

56
Q

What percent of earth’s surface is a protected area?

A

4.27%

57
Q

Why are PA’s managed?

A

Recreation, use of natural resources, and conservation

58
Q

Which 3 nations protect the largest area in Pa’s?

A

Germany, Russia, Estonia

59
Q

What’s the relation of time and the number of protected areas?

A

As time goes by, the number of protected areas has consistently gone up

60
Q

How does mountain protection stack up to marine protection?

A

30% of mountains are protected while only 0.7%of the worlds oceans are protected

61
Q

Why is important to protect mountain ecosystems?

A

They provide high-quality fresh water and are marked by high levels of biodiversity

62
Q

What is the Convention on Biological Diversity goal for protection of marine ecosystems?

A

10% of all marine and coastal Eco-regions should be conserved.

63
Q

Are we on track to meet the CBD’s goal?

A

No. We’re 57 years behind.

64
Q

According to WWF what management requirements must be met in order to conserve biodiversity in PA’s

A

Strong law enforcement, control of access, resource management, monitoring and evaluation, maintenance of equipment, budget management and annual work plans.

65
Q

Why is conservation compatible with goals of national stabilization in areas of conflict?

A

Conservation can be used to create civil society and sustainable economic opportunities

66
Q

Why does Afghanistan foster especially high biodiversity

A

It’s at a crossroad of 3 biogeographic

67
Q

Describe the topographical and

​ecological diversity of the nation.

A

It goes from low desert to the Himalayas and has a variety of animals from goats to sheep to wolf to oxen, exc.

68
Q

How many species of wild cats (members of the family Felidae) were found there until the 20th Century? How many are in Afghanistan today?

A

There were 11. Currently 9

69
Q

In what ways are the Wakhih people distinct from other groups in Afghanistan?

A

Ethnically and religiously different. Primarily pastoralists herding sheep living in highest region

70
Q

Describe the forests of the mountainous eastern region near Pakistan.

A

Lower region with coniferous trees. Filled with bears, leopards and martens

71
Q

What cultural group dominates the eastern forests?

A

The Nuristani people have occupied the area for 10 centuries.

72
Q

Why does Afghanistan support rare migratory waterfowl & shorebirds

A

It’s a vital stopover spot for migrating species including Flamingo and the Siberian Crane

73
Q

Describe the complex civil and international conflicts that have dominated Afghanistan since 1979

A

Soviet invasion, years of war, and the Taliban

74
Q

What have been the direct & indirect effects of these conflicts on wildlife there?

A

Poor economic advancement, over-grazing, over harvesting fuel, unregulated logging

75
Q

​7. What is the dominant conservation paradigm (strategy) in poor developing nations like
​Afghanistan?

A

Ecotourism/ sustainable exploitation

76
Q

Which wildlife species in Afghanistan will likely contribute to ecotourism & trophy hunting?

A

Marco Polo sheep

77
Q

How are potentially sustainable economic activities like these achieved?

A

Education, training, and policy development

78
Q

How are current international conservation efforts in Afghanistan assisting the nation’s
​compliance with its CITES obligations?

A

Helping ministry officials understand their responsibilities and develop policies for fulfilling them

79
Q

Describe the community-based resource

​management efforts. Why are they critical to wildlife conservation?

A

engaging and empowering local communities rather than excluding them. Without clear definitions, there can be no legal standing for such a reserve and no help from the central government

80
Q

Mutualism

A

Both benefit

81
Q

Commensalism

A

1 benefits(donkeys n dung beetles)

82
Q

trophic

A

One benefit, one harmed

83
Q

Amensalism

A

One harmed, one unaffected(bear scratches on moss)

84
Q

Competition

A

Both harmed(blue footed boobies fighting for nest space)

85
Q

Symbiosis

A

2 species live intimately with one another(fish and sea anemones)

86
Q

Cooperation

A

Individuals that behave in ways that benefit both

87
Q

Intraspecific

A

Interaction between members of the same species(dolphins hunting)

88
Q

Interspecific

A

Interaction between members of different species(gulls sweep food out of whale mouths)

89
Q

Gaussian principle

A

Competitive exclusion

90
Q

Predation

A

Animal eats another(carnivorous plant)

91
Q

Parasitism

A

Animal feeds of another without killing it

92
Q

Endoparasites

A

Live inside host

93
Q

Disease

A

Micro-organism gets nutrients from host

94
Q

Tropic role

A

Ecological job that each organism contributes

95
Q

Energy flow?

A

Primary producers(photosynthesis, plants), primary consumers(herbivores), secondary consumers(carnivore/omnivore), tertiary consumer(eats secondary consumer),Quaternary consumer(eats Quaternary)

96
Q

Food chain example

A

Dandelion->slug->bluejay->hawk

97
Q

Species biodiversity

A

Number of species in an area

98
Q

Genetic diversity

A

All genes within a species(alleles)

BIO 105: Ecology & Values Of Biodiversity (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions