Exam II Flashcards
What are the five eras of environmental planning as identified by Daniels (2009) A Trail Across Time: American Environmental Planning from City Beautiful to Sustainability?
- 19th Century-early 20th Century: Getting on the Green Path
- 1920-1969: Regional Ecological Planning
- 1970-1981: The Birth of Modern Environmental Planning
- 1982-2008: Backlash or A Bridge to Sustainability?
- 1992 - Present: Planning for Sustainability and the Global Environment
What is the function of restrictive housing covenants?
To restrict opportunities for disenfranchised ethnic groups and socioeconomic classes to move into predominantly white neighborhoods.
How did housing covenants influence generational wealth in the United States?
The value of houses in white neighborhoods increased causing wealth to accumulate within those families, whereas poorer and more ethnically diverse neighborhoods accrued little economic value (until gentrification).
Decentralized vs Centralized growth management…
Decentralized:
- local and regional planning with minimal state intervention
- More protection of private property rights
- Lacking development pressures from higher level government authorities.
Centralized:
- State mandated growth management plans
- Growth and development typically occurring in phases
- Implementation of growth boundaries
Following the 1950s, which was the predominant method of growth management in the United States?
Decentralized
What was the intent of urban renewal and what were some consequences?
To revitalize older/poorer communities and create projects with better living conditions, yet the communities targeted for urban renewal often did not need revitalization and were better off functioning as they were. Urban renewal had the effect of destroying vibrant communities and creating housing projects that people had no desire to live in.
What are Gerckens’ ten failures of the 20th century?
- The demise of community-oriented design & development.
- The lost vision of regional planning.
- The fragmented nature of metropolitan governance
- The unfulfilled promise of high-tech housing.
- The landscape of racial and economic segregation.
- Disinvestment in public transit.
- Defaulting on the promise of public housing.
- Abandonment of the quest for a “great society”.
- Narrowing the mission of HUD.
- Comprehensive planning constrained
What is the most common topic mentioned in Gerckens’ ten failures?
Housing
Funding for interstate highways occurred primarily at which government level? And which group of professionals was primarily employed in its planning?
Funding came from the federal government and engineers were responsible for its planning.
How did the construction of interstate highways through major cities disrupt communities?
Communities were demolished where highways were built, and cities were spliced down the middle by them.
Blockbusting…
The process by which real estate speculators influenced white flight into the suburbs. Speculators use fear of minority ethnic groups moving into neighborhoods to spur affluent families into selling properties quickly and below their value. Properties are then resold for a profit.
Smart growth…
Planning movement focused on developing compact, walk-able urban areas and avoidance of sprawl. The most recent state-wide growth management strategy to be implemented.
According to the World Health Organization a “healthy city” aims to…
- To create a health-supportive environment.
- To achieve a good quality of life.
- To provide basic sanitation and hygiene needs.
- To supply access to health care.
Redlining…
The systematic denial of services, goods, mortgage insurance, and investment in infrastructure to communities that are “redlined” in maps made by the Federal Housing Administration, ie: communities of color and low socioeconomic status.
(True/False) Housing covenants and redlining were the product of BOTH local and federal policy enforcement?
TRUE
