Exam ii Flashcards
What is bladder obstructive syndrome
Blockage at the base of the bladder
an autoimmune disorder; when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. People with this syndrome develop substances that attack a protein called collagen in the tiny air sacs in the lungs and the filtering units (glomeruli) of the kidneys
Goodpasture syndrome
a rare disease (of uncertain cause) that is characterized by inflammation in various tissues, including blood vessels but primarily parts of the respiratory tract and the kidneys
Wegener granulomatosis
a serious syndrome due to a direct or indirect muscle injury. It results from the death of muscle fibers and release of their contents into the bloodstream. It causes muscle pain that may indicate the presence of renal disease. This means the kidneys cannot remove waste and concentrated urine.
Rhabdomyolysis
a waste product from the normal breakdown of muscle tissue; as creatine is produced, it’s filtered through the kidneys and excreted in the urine
Creatinine
a medical test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen found in the blood (duh); normal human adult blood should contain between 6 -20 mg/dL of blood. If your kidneys are not able to remove urea from the blood normally, the level rises.
BUN
number based on the blood test for creatinine; it tells how well your kidneys are working
EGFR
BUN/Cr ratio may be greater than 20:1 in ___________ -> this is a _________ condition
Dehydration; PRERENAL
ANA tests for q
Lupus
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies test for
Vasculitis
a disease involving inflammation of small blood vessels; most commonly occurs in children. The inflammation causes blood vessels in the skin, intestines, kidneys, and joints to start leaking. The main symptom is a rash with numerous small bruises
Henoch-Sconlein Purpura
Urine dipsticks are send to identify
UTI, kidney disease, diabetes, or urinary tract injury
blockage of flow of urine from the kidneys to the bladder; this is a postrenal cause of kidney failure
Hydronephrosis
: aka nephroblastoma; type of childhood cancer that starts in the kidneys. It is the most common type of kidney cancer in children. Most often affects children ages 3 to 4 and becomes much less common after age 5
Wilms tumor
most common in children, above inguinal ligament at internal inguinal ring, touches fingertip
Direct hernia
: men > 40 yo, above inguinal ligament, close to pubic tubercle, at external inguinal ring, pushes fingertip to side
Indirect hernia
most common in women, least common in men, never into scrotum, below inguinal ring, could feel like a lymph node
Femoral
Yellow penile discharge
Gonorrhea
White penile discharge
Chlamydia
undescended testis; 3-4% of normal births (21% premature); normally will drop in first 3 months (if not, then need a urology consult); associated with increased incidence of testicular cancer, torsion of the testis, and inguinal hernia
Cryptorchidism
- What condition causes palpable, hard plaques beneath the skin along the dorsum of the penis, and leads to crooked, painful erection?
Peyronie disease
It is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in white men from ages 20 to 34. Risk factors are family history, HIV infection, and a history of cryptorchidism (undescended testicle).
Testicular cancer
Three main categories of benign breast disease
Nonproliferative
Proliferation without atypia
Atypical hyperplasia
Most common form of benign breast disease in 30-50 yo population
Nonproliferation breast diseSe (cyst)
Most common breast disease found in 15-35 yo population
Proliferation without atypia (fibroadenoma)
- What is the current recommendation for management of the patient with a papillary tumor? What is a papillary tumor?
Lumpectomy
- What are 2 types of proliferative with atypia breast disease? What is the relative risk of developing breast cancer in this group?
ADH, ALH, 10-30%
Palpable mass and younger than 30 imaging
Ultrasound
Palpable mass and over 30 years old imaging
Mammogram
represents 80% of all breast cancers; begins growing in a milk duct and has invaded the fibrous or fatty tissue of the breast outside of the duct
Invasive introduction carcinoma
cancer cells have broken out of the lobule where they began and have the potential to spread to the lymph nodes and other areas of the body
Lobular carcinoma
rare form of breast cancer in which cancer cells collect in or around the nipple; affects the ducts of the nipple first, then spreads to the nipple surface and the areola
Paget’s disease of the nipple
a rate type of breast cancer that develops rapidly, making the affected breast red, swollen, and tender; peau d’orange appearance
Milky white discharge from nipple in a patient that is not pregnant and is not breastfeeding has a problem with the pituitary prolactinoma
Inflammatory breast cancer
is an inherited familial predisposition to a wide range of certain, often rare, cancers. This is due to a mutation in TP53
Li-Fraumeni disease
are rare breast tumors that start in the connective (stromal) tissue of the breast; most common in women in their 40s. Women with LFS have an increased risk for phyllodes tumor. Most phyllodes tumors are benign, but about 1 out of 4 of these tumors are mali
Phyllodes tumors
