Exam ii

Question 1

What is bladder obstructive syndrome

Answer 1

Blockage at the base of the bladder

Question 2

an autoimmune disorder; when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. People with this syndrome develop substances that attack a protein called collagen in the tiny air sacs in the lungs and the filtering units (glomeruli) of the kidneys

Answer 2

Goodpasture syndrome

Question 3

a rare disease (of uncertain cause) that is characterized by inflammation in various tissues, including blood vessels but primarily parts of the respiratory tract and the kidneys

Answer 3

Wegener granulomatosis

Question 4

a serious syndrome due to a direct or indirect muscle injury. It results from the death of muscle fibers and release of their contents into the bloodstream. It causes muscle pain that may indicate the presence of renal disease. This means the kidneys cannot remove waste and concentrated urine.

Answer 4

Rhabdomyolysis

Question 5

a waste product from the normal breakdown of muscle tissue; as creatine is produced, it’s filtered through the kidneys and excreted in the urine

Answer 5

Creatinine

Question 6

a medical test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen found in the blood (duh); normal human adult blood should contain between 6 -20 mg/dL of blood. If your kidneys are not able to remove urea from the blood normally, the level rises.

Answer 6

BUN

Question 7

number based on the blood test for creatinine; it tells how well your kidneys are working

Answer 7

EGFR

Question 8

BUN/Cr ratio may be greater than 20:1 in ___________ -> this is a _________ condition

Answer 8

Dehydration; PRERENAL

Question 9

ANA tests for q

Answer 9

Lupus

Question 10

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies test for

Answer 10

Vasculitis

Question 11

a disease involving inflammation of small blood vessels; most commonly occurs in children. The inflammation causes blood vessels in the skin, intestines, kidneys, and joints to start leaking. The main symptom is a rash with numerous small bruises

Answer 11

Henoch-Sconlein Purpura

Question 12

Urine dipsticks are send to identify

Answer 12

UTI, kidney disease, diabetes, or urinary tract injury

Question 13

blockage of flow of urine from the kidneys to the bladder; this is a postrenal cause of kidney failure

Answer 13

Hydronephrosis

Question 14

: aka nephroblastoma; type of childhood cancer that starts in the kidneys. It is the most common type of kidney cancer in children. Most often affects children ages 3 to 4 and becomes much less common after age 5

Answer 14

Wilms tumor

Question 15

most common in children, above inguinal ligament at internal inguinal ring, touches fingertip

Answer 15

Direct hernia

Question 16

: men > 40 yo, above inguinal ligament, close to pubic tubercle, at external inguinal ring, pushes fingertip to side

Answer 16

Indirect hernia

Question 17

most common in women, least common in men, never into scrotum, below inguinal ring, could feel like a lymph node

Answer 17

Femoral

Question 18

Yellow penile discharge

Answer 18

Gonorrhea

Question 19

White penile discharge

Answer 19

Chlamydia

Question 20

undescended testis; 3-4% of normal births (21% premature); normally will drop in first 3 months (if not, then need a urology consult); associated with increased incidence of testicular cancer, torsion of the testis, and inguinal hernia

Answer 20

Cryptorchidism

Question 21

4. What condition causes palpable, hard plaques beneath the skin along the dorsum of the penis, and leads to crooked, painful erection?

Answer 21

Peyronie disease

Question 22

It is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in white men from ages 20 to 34. Risk factors are family history, HIV infection, and a history of cryptorchidism (undescended testicle).

Answer 22

Testicular cancer

Question 23

Three main categories of benign breast disease

Answer 23

Nonproliferative
Proliferation without atypia
Atypical hyperplasia

Question 24

Most common form of benign breast disease in 30-50 yo population

Answer 24

Nonproliferation breast diseSe (cyst)

Question 25

Most common breast disease found in 15-35 yo population

Answer 25

Proliferation without atypia (fibroadenoma)

Question 26

2. What is the current recommendation for management of the patient with a papillary tumor? What is a papillary tumor?

Answer 26

Lumpectomy

Question 27

3. What are 2 types of proliferative with atypia breast disease? What is the relative risk of developing breast cancer in this group?

Answer 27

ADH, ALH, 10-30%

Question 28

Palpable mass and younger than 30 imaging

Answer 28

Ultrasound

Question 29

Palpable mass and over 30 years old imaging

Answer 29

Mammogram

Question 30

represents 80% of all breast cancers; begins growing in a milk duct and has invaded the fibrous or fatty tissue of the breast outside of the duct

Answer 30

Invasive introduction carcinoma

Question 31

cancer cells have broken out of the lobule where they began and have the potential to spread to the lymph nodes and other areas of the body

Answer 31

Lobular carcinoma

Question 32

rare form of breast cancer in which cancer cells collect in or around the nipple; affects the ducts of the nipple first, then spreads to the nipple surface and the areola

Answer 32

Paget’s disease of the nipple

Question 33

a rate type of breast cancer that develops rapidly, making the affected breast red, swollen, and tender; peau d’orange appearance
Milky white discharge from nipple in a patient that is not pregnant and is not breastfeeding has a problem with the pituitary prolactinoma

Answer 33

Inflammatory breast cancer

Question 34

is an inherited familial predisposition to a wide range of certain, often rare, cancers. This is due to a mutation in TP53

Answer 34

Li-Fraumeni disease

Question 35

are rare breast tumors that start in the connective (stromal) tissue of the breast; most common in women in their 40s. Women with LFS have an increased risk for phyllodes tumor. Most phyllodes tumors are benign, but about 1 out of 4 of these tumors are mali

Answer 35

Phyllodes tumors