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RUSVM Toxicology Spring 2018 > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

What should not be added to gastric lavage in a dog poisoned with strychnine?

A

Sodium bicarbonate

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2
Q

The rodenticide that is characterized by acetylene odor is

A

zinc phosphide

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3
Q

All of the following drugs can be used to control the CNS effects of strychnine except: 1. barbiturate 2. benzodiazepines 3. phenothiazines 4. xylzine 5. guaifenesin

A
  1. Phenothiazines
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4
Q

All of the following drugs may increase the effects of warfarin except: 1. phenylbutazone 2. aspirin 3. heparin 4. phenobarbital 5. chloramphenicol

A
  1. phenobarbital
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5
Q

An immediate reversal of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin rodenticides can be produced by intravenous

A

infusion of whole fresh blood (or FFP)

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6
Q

Vitamin D3 rodenticide toxicosis is associated with

A

hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia

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7
Q

What rodenticide causes cerebral and spinal edema MAINLY by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation and inhibiting ATP?

A

bromethalin

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8
Q

Which of the following are LEAST likely clinical signs of fluoroacetate (compound 1080) toxicosis in the horse? a. colic, trembling, and staggering b. tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, and ventricular fibrillation c. clonic-tonic convulsive seizures and opisthotonos d. signs of respiratory insufficiency

A

C. clonic-tonic convulsive seizures and opisthotonos ( THIS IS IN THE DOG!!!! not ponies)

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9
Q

A dog showing signs of anorexia, vomiting blood, cardiac arrhythmias, and PU/PD is MOST likely intoxicated with:

A

Cholecalciferol

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10
Q

The route of choice for administration of vitamin K1 is

A

PO

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11
Q

Which clotting proteins does the MOA of anticoagulant rodenticides target?

A

1972! X, IX, VII, and II

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12
Q

Administration of the following drug may increase warfarin toxicity EXCEPT: a. aspirin b. sulfonamides c. phenobarbital d. steroids. e. thyroxine

A

C. Phenobarbital

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13
Q

Which of the following species are sensitive to anticoagulant rodenticides in decreasing order?

A

pigs&raquo_space; dogs/cats&raquo_space; ruminants&raquo_space; horses»chickens

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14
Q

What is the BEST sample for chemical analysis to help confirm a diagnosis of cholecalciferol toxicosis in a LIVE GSD?

A

Serum

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15
Q

Cholecalciferol toxicosis is LEAST likely to be associated with which of the following clincopathological changes a. hypercalcemia. b. hypokalemia. c. hypophosphatemia d. elevated creatinine e. elevated BUN

A

hypophosphatemia

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16
Q

Which of the following drugs would you use to reduce brain swelling caused by bromethalin rodenticide toxicosis in animals?

A

glucocorticoid

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17
Q

The toxic agent MOST likely to produce degeneration of peripheral neurons is

A

arsanilic acid

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18
Q

Deferoxamine is the chelating agent of choice for

A

IRON

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19
Q

Enlarged yellow liver, enlarged friable and hemorrhagic kidneys, enlarged black spleen, and red wine-colored urine are lesions MOST likely associated with

A

Chronic copper toxicosis

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20
Q

Reduced cytochrome oxidase in cattle can be used as a diagnostic test in toxicosis with

A

molybdenum

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21
Q

Chronic diarrhea, depigmentation, emaciation, and lameness in cattle suggest toxicosis with

A

molybdenum

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22
Q

Clinical signs of subacute selenium toxicosis in pigs are generally similar to toxicosis with

A

arsanilic acid

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23
Q

Poisoning by ingestion of seleniferous plants can be seen in the following states EXCEPT: a. south dakota b. north dakota c. wyoming d. florida. e. montana

A

D. FLORIDA (think selenium = midwest)

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24
Q

Which of the following is NOT effective in the treatment or prevention of chorinc selenium toxicosis? a. the addition of copper to diet b. the addition of organic arsenicals to the diet c. intramuscular injection of BAL d. increasing the dietary level of sulfur-containing proteins

A

C. Intramuscular injection of BAL

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25
Q

Inhibition of lipoic acid which results in inhibition of citric acid cycle is the MOA of??

A

Trivalent arsenic

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26
Q

Which metal toxicoses causes inhibition of the activity of several enzymes in heme synthesis?

A

LEAD!!!

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27
Q

If a sheep has chronic copper toxicosis, what are you going to see clinically?

A

Jaundice, hemoglobinuria, methemoglobinemia, hemolysis

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28
Q

The presence of an odor of rotten garlic in a fresh carcass is suggestive of acute toxicosis with

A

SELENIUM

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29
Q

A dog showing GI signs followed by a phase of apparent recovery, which deteriorates into multiorgan failure is MOST likely poisoned with oral

A

IRON

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30
Q

What metal toxicosis are you LEAST likely to see GI signs with?

A

organic arsenic feed additives (you will see them with lead, zinc, inorganic arsenic, and iron)

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31
Q

Lameness, hoof abnormalities, emaciation, and loss of hair in cattle most likely suggests toxicosis with

A

chronic selenium

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32
Q

Methylene blue IV is the antidotal tx for

A

nitrate

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33
Q

Ingestion of plants that have been sprayed with the recommended levels of 2,4-D herbicides may cause poisoning in livestock mainly because

A

accumulation of toxic levels of nitrate by the plant

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34
Q

Ingestion of kerosine is most likely to cause

A

severe aspiration pneumonia

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35
Q

chronic fluoride poisoning in cattle causes

A

lameness, exostoses, and excessive dental wear

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36
Q

The specimen of choice to confirm a dx of chronic fluoride poisoning in a live animal is

A

urine

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37
Q

A selenium indicator plant which is grown widely in the west is:

A

princess plume (stanlyea spp.)

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38
Q

The specimen of choice for nitrate poisoning in an animal that has been dead for several hours is

A

ocular fluid

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39
Q

Late clinical signs of ethylene glycol poisoning are PRIMARILY related to

A

acute renal failure

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40
Q

If the type of the anticoagulant rodenticide is unknown, duration of Vit K1 treatment should be

A

3-4 weeks

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41
Q

Fomepizole (4-methyl pyrazole) is recommended as an antidote for ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs TRUEEEEE or FALSEEEEEEEEEE

A

ISSS TRUEEEEEEEEEEE

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42
Q

Warfarin acts as an anticoagulant in-vivo and in-vitro by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibiting activation of vit-k dependent clotting factors

A

TRUEEEEEE

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43
Q

Petroleum products of low boiling points, low viscosity, and low surface tension generally have more pneumotoxic potential

A

TRUEEEEEEEE

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44
Q

The specimen of choice for chemical analysis of strychinine in a live animal is

A

urine

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45
Q

All of the following drugs can be used to control the convulsions in strychnine poisoning except: a. pentobarbital. b. thiopental c. butorphanol d. diazepam e. methocarbamol

A

C. Butorphanol

Explanation: Pentobarbital to effect in the dog and thiobarbiturates in cats, diazepam effect is variable, methocarbamol, guaifenesin, or xylazine can be used as alternatives. OPIOIDS, PHENOTHIAZINES, BUTYROPHENONES, NMBS, AND DISSOCIATIVE ANESTHETICS ARE CONTRAINDICATED.

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46
Q

The specimen of choice for chemical analysis of the anticoagulant rodenticides in a live animal is

A

blood or serum

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47
Q 
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be used in decontamination in strychnine poisoning: 
A. induced emesis
B. activated charcoal
C. antacids
D. diluted tannic acid solution
A

C. Antacids!

Explanation: strychnine is an alkaolid and will keep doing bad things in a low acidity environment

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48
Q

Which animals are most sensitive to strychnine toxicosis

A

Moos!

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49
Q

What does warfarin inhibit?

A

Vitamin K epoxide reductase

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50
Q

Administration of Vit K1 immediately reverses the action of anticoagulant rodenticides - True or False

A

FALSE, son!

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51
Q

Which of the following toxicants is most likely to be associated with elevation of citrate in the blood or kidney tissue?

A

fluoroacetate

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52
Q

The most sensitive animals to fluoroacetate toxicosis are?

A

DOGS!!!

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53
Q

A dog showing autonomic signs including vomiting, colic, diarrhea, mydriasis, dyspnea, nervous signs including convulsions; locomotor signs including ataxia; then recover to show signs of liver failure and metabolic acidosis 2-3 days later is MOST likely intoxicated with?

A

Metaldehyde

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54
Q

Which is LEAST likely concerning paraquat toxicosis?
A. Onset of respiratory signs is within 1-4 hours
B. Signs in dogs and cats include vomiting, CNS depression, and severe dyspnea
C. Lesions include pulmonary edema, congestion, and hemorrhage, and may be lingual ulcers
D. Death is due to difficulty in gaseous exchange resulting from lung damage

A

A!

Resp signs are DELAYED and won’t see until 2-7 days post exposure

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55
Q

What causes signs of respiratory insufficiency and overheating MAINLY by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation and blocking or decreasing ATP?

A

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) aka Angel Dust

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56
Q

A negative ethylene glycol test in cats means that the cat has not been exposed to a toxic level of ethylene glycol

A

False

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57
Q

The MOST sensitive species to ethylene glycol poisoning is

A

Cats

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58
Q

Acute renal failure as a result of ethylene glycol toxicosis usually occurs how long after ingestion in the DOG?

A

24-72 hours after ingestion

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59
Q

The most toxic detergents are?

A

automatic dishwashing detergents

60
Q

The clinical signs associated with water deptrivation/sodium ion toxicosis in swine are thought to be MAINLY caused by

A

cerebral edema and overhydration of nerve cells

61
Q

Which metal toxicosis causes inhibition of the activity of several enzymes in heme synthesis?

62
Q

Antidotal (SPECIFIC) tx of inorganic arsenic toxicosis is????????

A

BAL (dimercaporl) IM

63
Q

The dx of lead toxicosis in dogs is BEST established on the basis of

A

blood levels of lead

64
Q

Inhibition of lipoic acid which results in inhibition of citric acid cycle is the mechanism of action of

A

trivalent arsenic

65
Q

All of the following are clinical signs of arsanilic acid toxicosis in swine EXCEPT!!!!
A. anorexia
B. incoordination and ataxia
C. partial paralysis
D. erythema and sensitivity to light in white-skin pigs

A

A. Anorexia

66
Q

The most susceptible animals to iron toxicosis are

A

pigs and dogs

67
Q

What are the major symptoms of acute zinc toxicosis?

A

GI, hematologic, and renal

68
Q 
Which of the following is LEAST likely a clinicopathologic change in ethylene glycol poisoning?
A. hypercreatinemia
B. Hyperphosphatemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Systemic alkalosis
E. High Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
A

D. Systemic alkalosis

69
Q 
All of the following decrease GI absorption of lead EXCEPT: 
A. zinc
B. protein
C. acidity
D. calcium
A

C. acidity

70
Q

What is the sample of choice for detection of lead to submit to a lab to help confirm toxicosis in a puppy?

A

whole blood

71
Q

Ethylene glycol poisoning usually decreases the anionic gap about 4x the normal level. True or False?

A

LIES! False.

It usually INCREASES by about 4x

72
Q

Fomepizole (4-methyl pyrazole) is used as an antidote for ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs, but is not recommended in cats. True or False?

A

FALSE . used in both

73
Q

The most common source of lead toxicosis in small animals is lead-based paints True or False?

74
Q

The route of choice for administration of vitamin K is

75
Q

In addition to antidotal tx of ethylene glycol poisoning, what is also important?

A

Supportive tx with sodium bicarbonate

76
Q

The recommended chelating agent for lead toxicosis in pet birds is:

A

dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer)

77
Q

All of the following decrease GI absoprtion of lead EXCEPT:

a. zinc
b. protein
c. acidity
d. calcium

A

C. acidity

78
Q 
Which of the following is LEAST likely a source of lead toxicosis in cattle in the USA?
A. insecticide
B. storage batteries
C. contaminated pasture
D. paint
A

A. insecticide

79
Q

Oil poisoning can cause methemoglobin formation. True or False?

80
Q

Phenolic compounds (coal tar products) can cause toxicity by all of the following except:
A. irritancy
B. coagulative necrosis
C. methemoglobin formation
D. stimulation of respiratory center
E. uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation

A

E. uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation

81
Q 
All of the following drugs can be used in the tx of strychnine poisoning except: 
A. ketamine
b. pentobarbital
c. xylazine
d. diazepam
e. methocarbamol
A

A. Ketamine

82
Q

Which of the following statements about paraquat is LEAST accurate:
A. is caustic to mucous membranes
B. is inactivated by soil and light
C. its toicity is enhanced by selenium-vitamin E deficiiency and depletion of glutathione
D. it binds strongly to soil
E. oxygen therapy is used in severe cases of toxicosis

A

E. O2 tx

NO! NEVER! Uh uhhhhhhhhhh

83
Q

What causes toxicosis mainly by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation?

A

PCP! pentachlorphenol

84
Q 
Which of the following clinicopathologic parameters is LEAST likely to be elevated in a horse poisoned with monensin?
A. LDH
B. AlkPhos
C. Creatine phosphokinase
D. PCV
E. potassium
A

E. potassium

85
Q 
Which of the following toxicants is most likely to cause degeneration and pale areas in the myocardium and skeletal muscles as well as damage in the liver and kidney in most species
A. organophosphate
b. sodium ion/water deprivation
c. monensin
d. urea
e. none of the above
86
Q

The CSs associated with water deprivation/sodium ion toxicosis in swine are thought to be mainly caused by

A

cerebral edema and overhydration of nerve cells

87
Q

Adding 20% ferric chloride to urine sample results in purple color urine is used to detect the presence of what toxicant in urine?

88
Q

Repeated exposure to small amounts of strychnine over time is more toxic than large single exposure. True or False

89
Q

What rodenticide is most likely to cause increased ICP and posterior paralysis?

A

bromethalin

90
Q

The most sensitive animals to zinc phosphide toxicosis are

A

caged birds

91
Q

Cats that recover the acute phase of metaldehyde toxicosis develop liver failure within 2-3 days of exposure. True or False

92
Q

What is the combination of blood chemistry that BEST characterizes urea (NPN) toxicosis in ruminants?

A

acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia, and elevated BUN

93
Q

Which of the following about CSs of urea toxicosis is Least accurate?
A. slow onset of clinical signs (24-48hrs)
B. nausea and salivation
C. muscle tremors and convulsive seizures
D. urination

A

A. slow onset

Explanation
rapid onset! 30min to 3hrs
death within 1-2 hours

94
Q 
Which of the following conditions is least likely to elevate rumen pH?
a. fasting
b protein overload such as soybean
c. grain overload
d. urea toxicosis
A

c. grain overload

95
Q

The most likely pathognomonic evidence of water deprivation/sodium ion toxicosis in swine is:

A

eosinophilic meningoencephalitis

96
Q

Hematologic signs including hemolytic anemia, icterus, and hemoglobinuria are most likely seen in which of the following toxicosis?

97
Q

The toxic agent most likely to produce degeneration of peripheral neurons is

A

arsanilic acid

98
Q

deferoxamine is the chelated agent of choice for

99
Q

reduced cytochrome oxidase in cattle can be used as a diagnostic test in toxicosis with

A

molybdenum

100
Q

Chronic diarrhea, depigmentation, emaciation, and lameness in cattle suggest toxicosis with

A

molybdenum

101
Q

CSs of subacute selenium toxicosis in pigs are generally similar to toxicosiswith

A

arsanilic acid

102
Q

Swine consuming feed containing high (10ppm) levels of selenium over several weeks are likely to show clinical signs that would be very similar to which toxicosis?

A

arsanilic acid toxicosis

103
Q

Poisoning by ingestion of seleniferous plants can be seen in the following states except:

a. south dakota
b. north dakota
c. montana
d. wyoming
e. new york

A

e. new york

104
Q

the presence of an odor of rotten garlic in a fresh carcass is suggestive of acute toxicosis with

105
Q

The metal toxicosis least likely to cause signs of gastroenteritis is

A

organic arsenic feed additives

106
Q

Methylene blue IV is the antidotal tx for

107
Q

The most appropriate tx for nitrate poisoning is

A

methylene blue

108
Q

Ingestion of plants that have been sprayed with the recommended levels of 2,4-D herbicides may cause poisoning in livestock MAINLY because

A

accumulation of toxic levels of nitrate by the plant

109
Q

Ingestion of a plant that has been sprayed with a 2,4-D herbicide may cause poisoning in livestock MAINLY because of accumulation of toxic levels of which toxicant by the plant?

110
Q

Ingestion of kerosine is most likely to cause

A

severe aspiration pneumonia

111
Q

Chronic fluoride poisoning in cattle causes

A

lameness, exostoses, and excessive dental wear

112
Q

The specimen of choice to confirm a diagnosis of chronic fluoride poisoning in a live animal is:

113
Q

What is the specimen of choice to confirm a clinical diagnosis of chronic fluoride toxicosis?

114
Q

Dogs poisoned by ingesting large amount of chocolate will be expected to show what clinical signs?

A

convulsions, tremors, tachycardia, and urination

115
Q

Which of the following serum parameters is LEAST likely to be elevated in urea toxicosis?

a. ammonia
b. BUN
c. glucose
d. pH
e. ALT, AST

116
Q

Petroleum products of low boiling points, low viscosity, and low surface tension generally have more pneumotoxic potential. True or False

117
Q

Which of the following toxicoses in swine is generally similar to Vit B complex deficiency?

a. lead
b. zinc
c. inoragnic arsenic
d. organic arsenic
e. iron

A

d. organic arsenic

118
Q

the drug of choice for the tx of acute anaphylactic shock due to iron toxicosis in piglets is

A

epinephrine

119
Q

Which of the following metals is most likely to cross the blood-brain-barrier?

a. iron
b. zinc
c. inorganic arsenic
d. organic arsenic
e. lead

120
Q

D-penicillamine is the chelated agent of choice for

121
Q

poisoning by which of the following toxicants is least likely to cause convulsive seizures in cattle?

a. lead
b. urea
c. chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides
d. nicotine
e. chronic selenium

A

e. chronic selenium

122
Q

Decreased blood coagulability after exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides is mainly due to

A

decreased prothrombin and coagulation factors 7, 9, and 10

123
Q

a toxicant that most likely causes calcification of soft itssues is

A

cholecalciferol

124
Q

urea toxicosis in cattle is a common disease that is due to hydrolysis of urea to release ammonia which inhibits citric acid cycle resulting in CNS stimulation signs and muscle tremors that usually take several hours to develop. True or False?

125
Q

All of the following factors increase urea toxicity except

a. fasting
b. alkaline rumen pH
c. dehydration
d. high energy diet
e. hepatic insufficiency

A

d. high energy diet

126
Q

Selenium deficiency causes the following diseases except

a. white muscle disease in lambs
b. hepatosis dietetica in young pigs
c. exudative diathesis in chicks
d. nutritional pancreatic atrophy in chickens
e. blind staggers in cattle

A

e. blind staggers in cattle

127
Q

Which of the following statements about poisoning with petroleum products is least accurate?

a. chlorinated naphathalenes as contaminants may cause bovine hyperkeratosis
b. clinical signs are generally typical of aspiration pneumonia
c. the breath and the feces may smell of oil/kerosine
d. emetics are recommnded in dogs and cats to prevent further absorption

A

d. emetics are recommended in dogs and cats to prevent further absorption

128
Q

which of the following species are least likely poisoned with chronic fluoride toxicosis?

a. cattle
b. sheep
c. dogs
d. horses

129
Q

A dog suffering from cardiac arrhythmias due to chocolate poisoning should be treated with

A

propranolol

130
Q

Excessive amounts of molybdenum cause clinical signs of copper deficiency in cattle. True or False

131
Q

Specimen for zinc toxicity determinant in a live animal?

132
Q

What are the long term effects of monensin in cattle?

A

death due to lesions in the myocardium

133
Q

There are no pathological signs for NPN toxicosis in ruminants except for bloat and an elevated BUN. True or False

134
Q

Paraquat is a plant hormone that alters metabolism of plants which increases their toxicity and improves palatability. True or False

135
Q

Dog presented with abdominal pain. Has intravascular hemolysis, anemia, hemoglobinurina, and NO CNS signs. What toxicosis is this most likely?

136
Q

NPN toxicosis blood work results:

A

alkaline rumen, acidosis, elevated BUN, elevated ammonia

137
Q

Dogs that survive the acute phase of 3 hours will develop liver failure from what toxicant?

A

Metaldehyde

138
Q

Which toxicant uses lipolic acid to inhibit the TCA cycle?

A

trivalent arsenic

139
Q

Signs of CNS stimulation and GI irritation in a dog and heart failure in a horse is most indicative of which toxicant?

A

fluoroacetate

140
Q

Gastric lavage is contraindicated in which of the following?

a. iron
b. zinc
c. phenols
d. lead

A

c. phenols

141
Q

acute ingestion of xylitol in the dog would result in what?

A

hypoglycemia

142
Q

capillary endothelial cells are most sensitive to which of the following:

a. bleach
b. organic arsenic
c. trivalent
d. NPN
e. iron

A

c. trivalent

143
Q

Clinical sign of sodium ion/water deprivation

A

eosinophilic perivascular cuffing

144
Q

iron may cause per acute anaphylactoid reaction with histamine release. True or False

145
Q

Nonionic detergents are the most toxic, while anionic detergents are more toxic than cationic detergents. True or False

A

False.

Nonionic - LOW
Anionic - MODERATE
Cationic - HIGH

RUSVM Toxicology Spring 2018 (1 decks)

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