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OS Exam II > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

How many cervical vertebral segments are there?

A

7 cervical vertebrae

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2
Q

What makes C1 Atlas “atypical”

A

Lacks a vertebral body

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3
Q

What makes C2 Axis “atypical”

A

Has a dens (body from Atlas)

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4
Q

What movement occurs at OA Joint?

What movement occurs at AA joint?

A

OA Joint- occiput moves on Atlas

AA Joint- Atlas moves on Axis

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5
Q

What is the anterior vertebral line of c-spine?

A

Anterior line running down vertebral bodies

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6
Q

What is the posterior vertebral line of c-spine?

A

A line running posteriorly down the transverse processes

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7
Q

What is the spinolaminar line of c-spine?

A

A line running down the proximal portion of the spinous processes

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8
Q

What is the posterior spinous line of c-spine?

A

A line running down the distal ends of spinous processes

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9
Q

What type of biomechanical movement occurs at the OA Joint? How is it classified and documented?

A

OA Joint= Modified Type I mechanic
Rotation and SB occur in opposite directions WITH flexion or extension (why its modified)
Ex. OA F RR SL

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10
Q

What type of biomechanics occurs at typical c-spine (c2-c7)? What planes do the movements occur in?

A

C2-C7 biomechanics- Type II Mechanics
Rotations and side bending occur in same direction from non-neutral position
Rotation in transverse plane
Translation/side bending in coronal plane
Ex. C3 F RR SR

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11
Q

What is c-spine ROM?

A

Flexion- 45-90
Extension- 45-90
Sidebending- 45
Rotation- 70-90

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12
Q

What is the primary movement that occurs at the AA joint? How do you document it?

A

AA joint- ROTATION

Ex. AA RR

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13
Q

What does the thorax house? (Organ system)

A

Respiratory and cardiovascular organ systems

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14
Q

What makes up the pectoral girdle?

A

Clavicles, scapula, upper extremity, pectoral and shoulder musculature

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15
Q

What is the floor of the thoracic cavity?

A

Diaphragm

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16
Q

What makes up the rib cage?

A

Sternum, 12 ribs, costal cartilage, T spine, intervertebral discs

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17
Q

Why is the rib cage rigid?

A

To protect organs and resist negative pressure

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18
Q

Why is the rib cage flexible?

A

So it can change shape required for respiration

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19
Q

What three bones make up the sternum?

A

Manubrium, body, xiphoid

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20
Q

What does the manubrium articulate with?

A

Clavicle and first rib

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21
Q

What is the articulation between the manubrium and the body of the sternum called?

A

Sternal angle

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22
Q

What are the articulations between costal cartilage and the body of the sternum called?

A

Costal notches

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23
Q

What is the osteological feature of T spine that articulates with the heads of a rib?

A

Costal facets (superior and inferior) on the vertebral bodies

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24
Q

What is the osteological feature of t spine that articulates with tubercles of ribs?

A

Transverse costal facets on TP of t spine

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25
Q

What makes up a costovertebral joint?

A

Head of rib articulating with superior costal facet of vertebral body of same number and inferior costal facet of vertebral body one segment above

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26
Q

What ligaments make up a costovertebral joint?

A

Radiate and interosseous ligaments

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27
Q

What articulations make up the costotransverse joint?

A

Tubercle of rib articulating with TP at transverse costal facet

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28
Q

What ligaments make up the costotransverse joint?

A

Superior costotransverse ligament, lateral costotransverse ligament, intertransverse ligament, costotransverse ligament

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29
Q

Where are the spinous processes of T1-T3 located with regards to their corresponding TP?

A

T1-T3- SP on same level as corresponding TP

30
Q

Where are the spinous processes of T4-T6 located with regards to their corresponding TP?

A

T4-T6- SP located half segment below corresponding TP

31
Q

Where are the spinous processes of T7-T9 located with regards to their corresponding TP?

A

T7-T9- SP located at level of TP one segment below corresponding TP

32
Q

What rule does T10, T11, and T12 follow with regards to SP and TP?

A

T10- follows T7-T9
T11- follows T4-T6
T12- follows T1-T3

33
Q

What spinal mechanics do t-spine segments undergo? And how do you document them?

A

Undergo Type I and Type II mechanics
Type I- T4-T7 N RR SL
Type II- T4 F RR SR

34
Q

What motion occurs mainly at upper and middle t spine?

What motion occurs mainly at lower t spine?

A

Upper and middle t spine- mostly rotation

Lower t spine- mostly flexion with some extension (due to natural kyphosis)

35
Q

Where are sympathetic ganglion cells located?

A

Sympathetic ganglion cells are located in paravertebral sympathetic ganglia on the sympathetic trunk

36
Q

What do T1-T4 sympathetics supply?
T1-T5?
T2-T7?

A

T1-T4- head and neck
T1-T5- heart
T2-T7- lungs

37
Q

What do sympathetics of T5-T9 supply?

A

T5-T9- symp to upper abdominal viscera

38
Q

What do sympathies of T10-T11 supply?

A

T10-T11- symp to lower abdominal viscera

39
Q

What do sympathetics of T12-L2 supply?

A

T12-L2- sympathetics to lower abdominal viscera

40
Q

Which ribs are true ribs and why?
Which ribs are false ribs and why?
Which ribs are floating ribs and why?

A

True ribs- 1-7 and are vertebrocostal
False ribs- 8-10 and are vertebrochondral (connect to costal cartilage of true ribs)
Floating ribs- 11 and 12 don’t articulate with sternum

41
Q

What is the space called that separates ribs and costal cartilage from each other?

A

Intercostal space

42
Q

How do you name intercostal spaces? What is the space below rib 12 called?

A

Name intercostal space for the highest rib involved
Ex. Intercostal space 4 is between rib 4 and 5
Space below rib 12 is subcostal space

43
Q

What are the muscles of inhalation?

A

Diaphragm

External intercostal > internal intercostal muscles

44
Q

What are the muscles of exhalation?

A

Rectus abdominus, internal/external obliques, transverse abdominus

45
Q

What are the accessory muscles of inhalation?

A

SCM and scalenes

46
Q

What actions do the muscle of respiration have on the sternum and ribs?

A

Elevate sternum and ribs

47
Q

What are the 3 motions that ribs make during respiration?

A

Pump handle
Bucket handle
Caliper

48
Q

What is the Pump Handle rib motion analogous to?
What direction do the ribs move?
What happens to A/P diameter?
Which ribs are the primary Pump handles?

A

Flexion/Extension
Ribs move anteriorly
A/P diameter will increase
Ribs 2-6 are primary pump handles

49
Q

What is the Bucket handle motion of ribs analogous to?
What direction do the ribs move?
What happens to the transverse diameter?
Which ribs are the primary bucket handles?

A

Abduction/Adduction
Ribs move laterally
Transverse diameter increases
Ribs 7-10 are primary bucket handles

50
Q

What motion is Caliper analogous to?

Which ribs take part in this type of motion?

A

Internal/external rotation

Ribs 11 and 12

51
Q

With regards to inhalation rib dysfunction, pump handle and bucket handle are both restricted on what? Where will the narrowing of intercostal space occur?

A

Pump handle and bucket handle are restricted on exhalation during inhalation rib dysfunction
Intercostal space will narrow above the dysfunctional rib

52
Q

With regards to exhalation rib dysfunction, pump handle and bucket handle are restricted on what? Where will intercostal space narrow?

A

Pump handle and bucket handle are restricted on inhalation during exhalation rib dysfunction
Intercostal space will narrow below the dysfunctional rib

53
Q

Which rib is the key rib during group inhalation rib dysfunction?
Which rib is the key rib during group exhalation rib dysfunction?

A

Group inhalation dysfunction- lowest rib involved

Group exhalation dysfunction- uppermost rib involved

54
Q

What movements occur in lumbar spine?

A

Flexion and extension

55
Q

What limits SB and rotation in lumbar spine?

A

The sagittal placements of the facets

56
Q

What lumbar spinal segment is affected by sacralization?

A

L5 fusing with sacrum

57
Q

What sacral segment is affected by lumbarization?

A

S1 fusing with L5

58
Q

What is spondylolysis? What associated disorder can it lead to?

A

Spondylolysis is breaking your pars and can lead to spondylolethesis which is anterior displacement of vertebral bodies

59
Q

What type of spinal mechanics does the lumbar spine undergo?

A

Type 1 and Type 2

60
Q

With regards to lumbar spine type 1 mechanics, what motion occurs first and what maintains the motion?

A

Lumbar spine, type 1 mechanics, SB occurs first, maintained by long restrictors

61
Q

With regards to lumbar spine type 2 mechanics, what motion occurs first and what maintains the motion?

A

Lumbar spine, type 2 mechanics, rotation occurs first, maintained by short restrictors

62
Q

With regards to lumbar spine, what direction does the sacrum move?

A

Lumbar spine and sacrum move in opposite directions

63
Q

When the lumbar spine herniated, which spinal nerve is affected?

A

The spinal nerve of the lower lumbar vertebrae involved

Ex. Herniated disc between L3-L4 will compress spinal nerve L4

64
Q

What is spina bifida? What supplement reduces its incidence?

A

Failure of vertebral arch to fuse

Folate supplements reduce incidence

65
Q

What is spina bifida occulta?
Where does it commonly occur?
What are symptoms?

A

Congenital defect where vertebral arch fails to fuse
Commonly occurs at L5-S1
Asymptomatic- will have hair tuff

66
Q

What is spina bifida menigocele?

A

When meninges are forces out of unfused vertebral arch into cyst like sac

67
Q

What is spina bifida meningomylocele?

A

Most common form of spina bifida where the spinal cord protrudes out of unfused vertebral arch through an opening and is exposed to outside environment

68
Q

About where does the spinal cord terminate?

What happens to the spinal cords diameter with age?

A

L1-L2

Diameter decreases with age

69
Q

What is cauda equina syndrome?

What are some symptoms and what does it lead to?

A

Cauda equina syndrome is edema of spinal cord which puts pressure on cauda equina
Results in progressive weakness, saddle paralysis of lower limbs, and bladder and bowel incontinence

70
Q

Periumbilical chapman reflex?
5th ICS chapman reflex?
6th ICS chapman reflex?
7th ICS chapman reflex?

A

Periumbilical- adrenals, kidneys, bladder
5th ICS- stomach and liver
6th ICS- stomach and gallbladder and liver
7th ICS- spleen and pancreas

71
Q

Pump handle: Bucket handle for ribs

A 
Rib 1 is 50:50
Rib 2 is 90:10 pump to bucket
Rib 3 is 80:20
Rib 4 is 70:30
Rib 5 is 60: 40
Rib 6 is 50:50
Rib 7 is 40:60
Rib 8 is 30:70
Rib 9 is 20:80
Rib 10 is 10:90
Ribs 11 and 12 are caliber

OS Exam II (2 decks)

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