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Physiology III > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of systemic circulation

A

Deliver adequate O2, nutrients and remove CO2 and other waste products

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2
Q

What does the systemic circulation serve as a conduit for

A

Transport of hormones, allows them to act at a distant site from their production

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3
Q

What are designed to carry blood under high pressure out to tissue beds

A

Systemic arteries

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4
Q

What act as control valves to regulate local flow

A

Arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

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5
Q

What are one cell layer thick and is the site of exchange btwn. tissues (cells) and blood

A

Capillaries

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6
Q

What collect blood from capillaries

A

Venules

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7
Q

What return blood to heart/dynamic storage

A

Systemic veins

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8
Q

What is blood flow proportional to

A

Metabolic demand

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9
Q

What is cardiac output controlled by

A

Local tissue flow

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10
Q

What is independent of local flow or cardiac output

A

Arterial pressure

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11
Q

What one layer exists in ALL vessels

A

Endothelium

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12
Q

Relative composition of Aorta in order: Elastic tissue (1) Smooth m. (2) Fibrous Tissue (3)

A

1>3>2. Elastic tissue, Fibrous tissue, Smooth m.

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13
Q

Relative composition of a typical artery in order: Elastic tissue (1) Smooth m. (2) Fibrous Tissue (3)

A

2>3>1. Smooth m., Elastic tissue, Fibrous tissue

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14
Q

Relative composition of a vein in order: Elastic tissue (1) Smooth m. (2) Fibrous Tissue (3)

A

1=2=3. Equal

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15
Q

What is a capillary made up of

A

ONLY endothelium

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16
Q

What is Ohm’s Law

A

V=IR

Voltage = Current flow x Resistance

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17
Q

What is the volume of blood that passes a certain point per unit time ex.(ml/min)

A

Flow

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18
Q

Flow is directly proportional to _______ and inversely proportional to ________

A

Change in pressure, Resistance

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19
Q

What is the driving force of blood

A

Pressure

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20
Q

Where does the greatest resistance to flow occur

A

In the pre-capillary resistance vessels (arterioles, metarterioles, precapillary sphincters)

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21
Q

Parallel circuit vs. Series circuit

A

P: Rt

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22
Q

What kind of circuit is the systemic circulation

A

Predominantly Parallel

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23
Q

What are the 3 advantages provided by Parallel Circuitry

A

Independence of local flow control (can inc/dec to tissues independently)
Minimizes total peripheral resistance (TPR)
O2 rich blood supply to every tissue

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24
Q

Because the pulmonic and systemic circulations are in series with one another, what is the total vascular resistance (TVR) equal to

A

The sum of the total pulmonic resistance + total peripheral resistance

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25
Q

What is the viscosity of blood, and most of it due to

A

3, due to RBCs

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26
Q

What is the viscosity of plasma

A

1.5

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27
Q

Decrease in what will lead to an increase in viscosity

A

Velocity

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28
Q

Where can cells get stuck, leading to a momentary apparent increase in viscosity

A

Constriction points

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29
Q

What increases the flexibility of RBCs

A

Fibrinogen

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30
Q

What is Hematocrit, and what is the normal range

A

% of packed cell volume (primarily RBCs)

Normal = 38-45%

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31
Q

What type of flow is:

Streamline, Silent, Most Efficient, Normal

A

Laminar

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32
Q

What type of flow is:

Cross mixing, Vibrational noise, Least efficient, and frequently associated with vessel disease (bruit)

A

Turbulent

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33
Q

What is a probability statement for turbulent flow

A

Reynold’s number

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34
Q

T/F: The greater the R#, the greater the probability for turbulence

A

True

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35
Q

What kind of flow is it if R#

A

Laminar

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36
Q

What kind of flow is if if R# > 3000

A

Turbulent

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37
Q

What can be used to determine velocity of flow

A

Ultrasound

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38
Q

What kind of band is associated with turbulent flow

A

Broad band

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39
Q

What kind of band is associated with laminar flow

A

Narrow band

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40
Q

What does the Fick Principal apply to

A

Blood flow to a tissue/organ

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41
Q

What are the 3 ports of the Fick principal

A

Input/Output blood concentration of substance x and Add/Remove of substance x from tissue

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42
Q

What is the ability of a vessel to stretch

A

Distensibility

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43
Q

What is the ability of a vessel to stretch and hold volume

A

Compliance

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44
Q

In systemic arteries a small change in volume is associated with what

A

a Large change in pressure

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45
Q

In systemic veins a large change in volume is associated with what

A

a Small change in pressure

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46
Q

T/F: Veins are about 8x more distensible and 24x more compliant than systemic arteries

A

True

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47
Q

What is local blood flow regulated in proportion to

A

The metabolic demand in most tissues

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48
Q

What is used for short term control of blood flow

A

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction of precapillary resistance vessels

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49
Q

What is used for long term control

A

Changes in tissue vascularity

Vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenin

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50
Q

What act as integrator of multiple inputs

A

Arterioles

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51
Q

What are arterioles richly innervated by and what kind of receptors do they have

A

SNS vasoconstrictor fibers

Alpha receptors

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52
Q

T/F: Arterioles are not effected by local factors (vasodilators, circulating substances)

A

FALSE they ARE effected

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53
Q

What theory says active tissue release local vasodilator (metabolites) which relax vascular smooth muscle

A

Local vasodilator theory

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54
Q

What theory is older, and says as tissue uses up oxygen, vascular smooth m. cannot maintain constriction

A

Oxygen demand theory

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55
Q

Adenosine, CO2, adenosine phosphate compounds, histamine, K+ ions, H+ ions, PGE and PGI series prostaglandins, CO and NO are ALL what

A

Local Vasodilators

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56
Q

What is the ability to keep blood flow (F) constant in the face of a changing arterial BP

A

Autoregulation

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57
Q

T/F: Most tissues cannot show some degree of autoregulation

A

FALSE, Most tissues SHOW some degree of autoregulation

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58
Q

What 2 things in the kidney are both autoregulated

A

Renal flow and Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

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59
Q

What in long term control of flow is an ongoing, day to day reconstruction of the vascular system

A

Changes in tissue vascularity

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60
Q

What in long term control of flow involves the production of new microvessels

A

Angiogenesis

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61
Q

What are angiogenic factors

A

small peptides stimulate growth of new vessels

VEGF vascular endo. growth factor

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62
Q

What happens if you block angiogenesis in tumors

A

They cannot grow

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63
Q

What does stress activated endothelium up-regulate

A

Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)

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64
Q

What does hypoxia cause the release of

A

VEGF. vascular endo. growth factor

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65
Q

What is Mesenchymal cell differentiation into endothelial cells

A

Vasculogenesis

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66
Q

What is the formation of new blood vessels by sprouting from pre-existing small vessels

A

Angiogenesis

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67
Q

What is rapid proliferation of pre-existing collateral vessels with fully developed tunica media

A

Arteriogenesis

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68
Q

What are the 2 mechanical angiogenesis triggers

A

Hemodynamic

Shear stress

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69
Q

What are the 2 chemical angiogenesis triggers

A

Hypoxia

NO

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70
Q

What are the 3 molecular angiogenesis triggers

A

Dec. glucose -> Inc. VEGF
Inflammation
Angiogenic Growth factors

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71
Q

What is clinical enhancement/promotion of collateral blood vessels/flow in ischemic tissues

A

Therapeutic angiogenesis

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72
Q

What are the 3 methods of therapeutic angiogenesis

A

Protein, Gene, Cellular therapies

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73
Q

What inhibits platelet aggregation and relaxes vascular smooth muscle

A

Prostacyclin (PGI2)

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74
Q

What is a vasodilator and release is stimulated by shear stress associated with inc. flow and AcH binding to endo.

A

NO (healthy endothelium)

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75
Q

What constricts vascular smooth m. and may contribute to vasoconstriction when endothelium is damaged by hypertension

A

Endothelin (damaged endothelium)

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76
Q

What is the functional unit of microcirculation

A

Capillary

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77
Q

What are the mechanisms of exchange in microcirculation

A

Diffusion
Ultrafiltration
Vesicular transport

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78
Q

What is Functional or Nutritive flow associated with

A

Inc. oxygen uptake/utilization

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79
Q

What is Non nutritive flow increase associated with

A

Shunting of blood through a bed

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80
Q

What does a Hydrostatic P gradient (high to low) favor

A

Filtration, Capillary HP 17

Interstitial HP -3

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81
Q

What does Colloid Osmotic P (low to high) favor

A

Reabsorption, Capillary COP 28

Interstitial COP 9

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82
Q

What is colloid osmotic pressure a function of

A

The protein concentration

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83
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein

A

Albumin 75%

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84
Q

What is the calculated colloid effect vs the actual colloid effect

A

Calc 19mmHg

Actual 28mmHg

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85
Q

What is the discrepancy between the calculated vs actual colloid effect due to

A

Donnan Effect

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86
Q

What increases the colloid osmotic effect. Large MW plasma proteins carry neg. charges which attracts + ions inc. osmotic effect by ~50%

A

Donnan Effect

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87
Q

Where is an example where capillary walls are tight junctions

A

Blood brain barrier

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88
Q

Where is there a discontinuous capillary wall

A

Liver capillaries

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89
Q

What capillaries in the kidney have filtration slits (fenestrations)

A

Glomerular capillaries

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90
Q

What proteins can exert osmotic pressure

A

Only those that cannot cross capillary wall

91
Q

What expresses how readily protein can cross capillary wall

A

Reflection coeffecient

92
Q

What does a RC (reflection coefficient) 0 represent

A

All colloid proteins freely cross, none reflected, no colloid effect

93
Q

What does a RC of 1 represent

A

All colloid proteins reflected, none can cross, full colloid effect

94
Q

What drains excess fluid from interstitial spaces

A

Lymph capillaries

95
Q

Where are not true lymphatic vessels found

A

Superficial skin, CNS, endomysium of m., & bones

96
Q

What drains the lower body, left side of head, left arm, part of chest

A

Thoracic duct

97
Q

What drains the right side of head, neck, right arm and part of chest

A

Right lymph duct

98
Q

What was just discovered in CNS near DVSes

A

True lymphatic vessels

99
Q

What does perivascular spaces contain and what does it communicate with

A

Contains CSF and communicates with subarachnoid space

100
Q

What acts as a functional lymph system in CNS

A

Arachnoid villi

101
Q

What does excess plasma filtrate resemble

A

Interstitial fluid from the tissue it drains

102
Q

Where does 2/3 of all lymph come from

A

Liver and intestines

103
Q

Any factor that inc. filtration and/or dec. reapsorption will do what to lymph formation

A

Inc. lymph formation

104
Q

What is the rate of flow for the Thoracic duct

A

100 ml/hr.

105
Q

What is the rate of flow for the Right lymph duct

A

20 ml/hr.

106
Q

What is the Total lymph flow for a day

A

2.9 L/day

107
Q

Every day, what is the volume of lymph roughly equal to

A

Your entire plasma volume is filtered

108
Q

These are characteristic functions of what:
Return lost protein to vascular system
Drain excess plasma filtrate from ISF space
Carry absorbed substances/nutrients (fat-chylomicrons) from GI
Filter lymph (defense function) at lymph nodes

A

Functions of Lymphatics

109
Q

What are a meshwork of sinuses lined with tissue macrophages (phagocytosis)

A

Lymph nodes

110
Q

What is created by the interaction of blood with vascular wall

A

Arterial blood pressure

111
Q

During systole, the left ventricular output (SV) is greater than what

A

Peripheral runoff

112
Q

Total blood volume rises which causes arterial BP to inc to a peak occurs when

A

During systole

113
Q

When are the arteries distended

A

During systole

114
Q

While the left ventricle is filling, the arteries are recoiling, which serves to maintain perfusion to tissue beds occurs when

A

Diastole

115
Q

TBV in arterial tree is dec., causing arterial BP to fall to a min value is what

A

Diastolic BP

116
Q

Stretch and recoil refers to what

A

Systole and diastole

117
Q

What phenomenon converts an intermittent output by the heart to a steady delivery at the tissue beds and saves the hear work

A

Hydraulic Filtering

118
Q

What happens to hydraulic filtering as we age

A

Distensibility of the arterial tree dec. reducing hydraulic filtering, inc. the work load on the heart

119
Q

What is the maximum pressure in the systemic arteries

A

Systolic BP

120
Q

When does Systolic BP pressure peak

A

As blood is ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta

121
Q

Cycle length (CL) is inversely proportional to what

A

DBP, Diastolic BP

122
Q

Total peripheral resistance (TPR) is proportional to what

A

DBP, Diastolic BP

123
Q

During exercise, DBP may not change much due to what

A

Dec. CL is offset by a dec. in TPR (total peripheral resistance)

124
Q

T/F: The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is not the arithmetical mean between systole and diastole

A

TRUE

125
Q

1/3 Pulse pressure + DBP equals what

A

MAP (mean arterial pressure)

126
Q

What substance do most post-ganglionic SNS terminals release

A

Norepinephrine

127
Q

What is the predominant receptor type dealing with SNS

A

alpha

128
Q

What is the alpha response

A

Constriction of smooth m.

129
Q

What does SNS stimulation cause

A

Widespread vasoconstriction causing dec. blood flow with 3 exceptions

130
Q

What are the 3 exceptions to SNS stimulation

A

Brain, Heart and Lungs

131
Q

T/F: As arterial pressure falls, there is a critical pressure below which flow ceases due to closure of the arterioles

A

True

132
Q

What is required to keep arterioles from closing completely

A

Critical luminal pressure

133
Q

What happens to arterial and venous pressure if cardiac output is stopped

A

Arterial pressure will fall

Venous pressure will rise

134
Q

What is Mean circulatory filling pressure

A

MCFP is equilibration pressure where arterial BP = venous BP

135
Q

What may prevent equilibration pressure

A

Closure of the arterioles (critical closing pressure)

136
Q

What is responsible for pressure gradient driving peripheral venous return

A

MCFP (mean circulatory filling pressure)

137
Q

What happens if MCFP=CVP

A

Venous return goes to 0

138
Q

As CVP (central venous pressure) inc, what happens to cardiac output

A

Inc. due to both intrinsic and extrinsic effects

139
Q

What is the pressure in the central veins (sup. and inf. vena cava) at the entry into the right atrium

A

Central Venous Pressure

140
Q

What is Central Venous Pressure equal to

A

Right atrial pressure

141
Q

What is a collection of neurons in the medulla and pons

A

Vasomotor center

142
Q

What are the 4 major regions of the vasomotor center

A

Pressor center
Depressor center
Sensory area
Cardioinhibitory area

143
Q

What region of the vasomotor center mediates the baroreceptor reflex

A

Sensory area

144
Q

What region of the vasomotor center stimulates CN X

A

Cardioinhibitory area

145
Q

What vasomotor region from the anterolateral portions of the upper medulla has norepinephrine projections to IML horn cells (pre-gang SNS)

A

Pressor Center

146
Q

What are the effects of the pressor center

A

Vasoconstriction
Stim cardiac activity
Tonically active exciting SNS outflow

147
Q

What vasomotor region from the anterolateral lower medulla oblongata inhibits the pressor center

A

Depressor Center

148
Q

By inhibiting the pressor center, what effects occur

A

Vasodilation, Dec. cardiac activity

149
Q

What vasomotor region from the posterolateral portions of the pons and medullat in the nucleus tractus solitarius recieives input primarily from CN IX and X

A

Sensory area

150
Q

The sensory area has outputs to what centers

A

Both pressor and depressor

151
Q

What is the function of the Sensory area

A

Mediate the baroreceptor reflex. inhibits pressor center, lowers BP

152
Q

What vasomotor region is located medially next to dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (DMNV) and transmits impulses into DMNV inhibiting heart activity

A

Cardioinhibitory area

153
Q

What maintains normal arterial BP

A

Sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone

154
Q

What control of BP involves the nervous systems effect on vascular smooth m.

A

Rapid short term

155
Q

What control of BP is dominated by the kidneys (body fluid balance)

A

Long term control

156
Q

How is control of BP accomplished

A

Either affecting vascular tone or blood volume

157
Q

What are spray type nerve endings in vessel walls

A

Baroreceptors

158
Q

Where are baroreceptors especially abundant

A

Carotid Sinus

Arch of Aorta

159
Q

How are baroreceptors stimulated and what happens when they are stimulated

A

Stimulated by stretch and they inhibit the pressor center

160
Q

What are the net effects of baroreceptor function

A

Vasodilation and dec. cardiac output

161
Q

What is more sensitive to changing pressure than static pressure

A

Carotid sinus reflex

162
Q

When does a buffer change in BP to a change in blood volume

A

Normal cardiac cycle

163
Q

When does a buffer change in BP due to change in body postition

A

Lying to standing position

164
Q

What is lack of long term control due to

A

Adaptation, resetting within 1-2 days

165
Q

Where are low pressure baroreceptor located

A

Atrial walls and pulmonary arteries

166
Q

What minimize arterial pressure changes in response to blood volume changes

A

Low pressure baroreceptors

167
Q

What is the Baroreceptor reflex

A

Low pressure. dec. HR

168
Q

What does the bainbridge relfex do

A

Increase HR

169
Q

What does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide do

A

Diruretic, natruiretic, vasodilator

170
Q

What does the renal-body fluid system control

A

Arterial pressure

171
Q

What will cause AP (arterial pressure) to rise

A

Inc. ECF. Kidneys excrete excess ECF

172
Q

Will increased total peripheral resistance create a long term elevation of BP if fluid intake and renal function do not change

A

NO

173
Q

What supply the glomerular capillaries where filtration takes place

A

Afferent arterioles

174
Q

What drain the glomerular capillaries and give rise to the peritubular capillaries where reabsorption takes place

A

Efferent arterioles

175
Q

What are specialized peritubular capillaries associated with juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Vasa recti

176
Q

What happens to the arterial pressure when the ECF levels rise

A

arterial pressure Rises

177
Q

When arterial pressure rises, what does the kidney do to bring the pressure back to normal

A

It excretes more fluid

178
Q

What hormones Dec. renal blood flow (RBF)

A

Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Angiotensin II

179
Q

What hormones Inc. renal blood flow (RBF)

A

Prostaglandins E&I

180
Q

What does the Tubuloglomerular feedback monitor

A

NaCl in the Macula densa of the distal tubule

181
Q

What does a Dec. in NaCl in macula densa cause

A

Dilation of afferent arteriole

182
Q

What is the source of renin

A

Smooth m. cells in afferent arteriole (synthesis, storage, release)

183
Q

What stimulates renin

A

Dec. perfusion pressure
Stim. SNS
Dec NaCl delivery to macula densa
Thyroid and Growth hormone

184
Q

What is the enzyme that catalyses the formation of Angiotensin I (10 AA) from angiotensinogen (liver)

A

Renin

185
Q

Where does Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II occur

A

Primarily in the lung via angiotensin converting enzyme

186
Q

What stimulates thirst/drinking behavior at the level of the hypothalamus

A

Angiotensin II

187
Q

What happens if one renal artery is tied off

A

Development of systemic hypertension

No development of uremia

188
Q

What happens if one renal artery is tied off and remove kidney

A

No development of hypertension or uremia

189
Q

What happens if you tie off and remove both kidneys

A

Development of both hypertension and uremia

190
Q

What is the Goldblatt hypertensive model

A

Hypertension generated by tying off a renal artery

191
Q

Slow breathing (6/min) does what to arterial baroreflex sensitivity

A

Inc.

192
Q

NO from the endothelium does what to smooth muscle

A

Relaxes

193
Q

What is NO rapidly inactivated by

A

Superoxide radical

194
Q

Glutathione, Melatonin, Superoxide dismutase, Beta-carotene, Lutein, Lycopene, Selenium, Vit. A, C, E are all what

A

Antioxidants

195
Q

What may act at the CNS to inhibit reflex SNS activation

A

Serotonin

196
Q

What may act centrally to inhibit sympathetic nerve activity

A

NO

197
Q

What may promote bradycardia and hypotension

A

Serotonin and NO

198
Q

What type of blood flow is minimal in the fetus

A

Pulmonary

199
Q

What supplies blood flow to the placenta

A

The umbilical arteries, a branch off the anterior iliac arteries

200
Q

How does blood return to the fetus from the placenta

A

Umbilical vein

201
Q

What allow blood to bypass lungs

A

Ductus arteriosis

Foramen ovale

202
Q

What allows the umbilical and portal blood to bypass the liver

A

Ductus venosus

203
Q

What have the greatest Oxygen saturation in fetal blood

A

Umbilical vein 80%
IVC 67%
Aorta 62%
Umbilical arteries 58%

204
Q

What circulatory readjustments occur at birth

A

Increased blood flow through lungs and liver AND Loss of blood flow through the placenta

205
Q

Closure of what causes the circulatory readjustments at birth

A

Foramen ovale, Ductus Arteriosis and Ductus Venosus

206
Q

Closure of what has an unknown cause and allows portal blood to perfuse liver sinuses

A

Ductus Venosus

207
Q

What shunts most blood returning to the heart from the IVC to the left atrium

A

Foramen Ovale

208
Q

What shunts most blood returning to the heart from the SVC to the aorta

A

Ductus Arteriosus

209
Q

What is the greatest stress on the CV system

A

Exercise

210
Q

What orchestrates many of the changes associated with exercise

A

SNS

211
Q

How much is CO increased during exercise

A

5-6 fold

212
Q

Where is blood flow shifted from and to

A

From organs to skeletal m.

213
Q

What is Venous Pump

A

Intermittent skeletal m. activity coupled with one way valves in veins. primarily in LE

214
Q

What does inc. frequency and depth of respiration do to cyclic neg. thoracic pressure

A

Increased

215
Q

What is increased blood flow to active m. mediated by

A

Local release of tissue metabolites

216
Q

Adenosine, CO2, K+, Histamine, Lactic acid are all what

A

Local vasodilators

217
Q

What is CO at rest

A

5.9 L/min

218
Q

What is CO during exercise

A

24 L/min

219
Q

What is the maximum volume of oxygen that one can take up from the lungs and deliver to the tissues/minute

A

VO2 max

220
Q

VO2 in cardiac patient, Sedentary man, endurance athlete

A

1.5 L/min, 3.0 L/min, 6.0 L/min

221
Q

What happens if energy demands of exercise cannot be met by oxidative phosphorylation

A

O2 debt occurs

222
Q

What is the extra O2 used for when repaying the oxygen debt

A

Restore metabolite levels

Metabolize lactate generated by glycolysis

223
Q

What is the O2 debt equal to

A

Engergy consumed during exercise

Physiology III (2 decks)

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