Exam II Flashcards
Reversible atonal injury leads to cell body enlargement and ____________
central chromatolysis
Irreversible atonal injury leads to cell body enlargement and ____________
Pyknosis
The “red neurons” in an image indicate the presence of ______________
Irreversible atonal injury
Which cells are primarily responsible for gliosis within the central nervous system
Astrocytes
Which 3 morphological changes are associated with severe cerebral edema
Flattening of the gyri
Compression of the ventricles
Narrowing of the sulci
What is most likely to develop following severe neurodegeneration
Hydrocephalus ex vacuo
What is the most common type of cerebral herniation
Subalcine (cingulate)
What are the two mechanisms of cerebrovascular disease
Thrombotic occlusions of vessel
Vascular rupture
A flame shaped hemorrhage inside the pons, following severe transtentorial herniation is known as_________________
Duret hemorrhage
What leukocyte S are present at the site of cerebral infarction within the first 24 hours
Neutrophils
Focal cerebral ischemia is the result of arterial occlusion and is most likely commonly cause by
Embolism
What is the most common cause of non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage
Rupture of a saccular (berry) aneurysm
The leading cause of a primary parenchymal hemorrhage is
Hypertension
What is the most common vascular malformation of the brain
Ateriovenous malformation
Health care provider should prefer an MRI of the brain to identify the structural changes associated with the development of concussion
T/F
False
Epidural hematomas involve the disruption of _________, while Subdural hematomas involve the disruption of _________
Arteries, veins
Spina bifida occulta and myelomeningocele are associated with maternal folate deficiency and are considered to be
Neural tube defect
A fluid filled cavity located within the spinal cord is called
Syringgomyelia (syrinx)
What is the most common cause for a central nervous system infection
Hemotogenous spread
Which form of meningitis demonstrates extremely high neutrophil counts on CSF examination
Acute pyogenic meningitis
Which of the following microbes may case spirochetal infections in the CNS
Treponema pallidum (syphallis) Borrelia burgdorferi (lymes)
Relapsing and remitting episodes of neurological impairments are characteristically associated with
Multiple sclerosis
A 31 year old female patient reports a rapid onset of: pain near her right suboccipital region, unilateral visual impairment, and 2 episodes of urinary incontinence in the past 48 hours. What follow up will provide you with the most information regarding risk for multiple sclerosis
Asking about family history of MS
Gastric carcinoma and chronic alcoholism are commonly associated with __________ deficiency and mat cause confusion, ataxia, and profound memory disturbances
Thiamine
Large deposits of beta-amyloid are most likely to be present in the brains of individuals suffering from
Alzheimer’s disease
Motor disturbances that are the result of mated dopaminergic neurons of the substantial nigra are most likely to be attributed to
Parkinson’s disease
Intracellular Lewy body inclusions indicate the presence of
Parkinson’s disease
What neurodegenerative condition develops following the inheritance of a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion which causes severe cerebral atrophy
Huntington’s disease
What causes upper and lower motor neuron death
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
What is the most aggressive type of diffuse astrocytoma
Glioblastoma
What tumors of the CNS is most likely to develop along the central canal of the spinal cord
Ependymoma
What is most likely to develop along the dura and may invade into the overlying bone
Meningioma
What causes the most clinically significant vascular disorder
Arterial lesions
Atherosclerosis is most likely to occur in
Large muscular arteries
The tunica media is separated from the tunica adventitia by the
External elastic lamina
Which layer of the vessel wall contains endothelial cells
Tunica intima
Peripheral vascular resistance is regulated in the
Arterioles
Compared to arteries veins are less prone to dilated and penetration by tumors
T/F
False
What congenital vascular anomaly can lead to renovascular hypertension and is most common within females
Fibromuscular dysplasia
The release of atrial natriuretic peptide promotes
Sodium excretion
What percentage of the general population is hypertensive
25%
Without appropriate treatment ______ of hypertensive individuals will die from stroke
33%
What is the standard response following vascular injury
Intimal thickening (irreversible)
What are the categories of arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis
Mockenberg medial sclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Following vascular injury, extracellular matrix and _______ accumulate within the tunica media
Smooth muscle cells
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by the presence of
Insulin resistance
Dyslipidimia
Central obesity
The 2 key features of atheroma development are intimal thickening and lipid accumulation
T/F
True
Eventually everyone older than _____ years will demonstrate the presence of fatty streaks
15
What are the components of atherosclerotic plaques
Smooth muscle cells
Macrophages
What are the major clinical concequences of atherosclerosis
MI
Peripheral vascular disease
Aortic aneurysm
What individuals are at the greatest risk to developing an AAA
White males over the age of 50
When blood splays apart the laminar planes of the tunica media to form a blood filled channel within the aortic wall it is called a
Vascular dissection
An abdominal aortic aneurysm measuring 5.7cm in diameter is at an______risk of rupture each year
11%
Over 6cm 25%
The mortality rate for elective AAA surgery is _____ while the rate for emergency surgery is 50%
5%
The 2nd most common pathogenic mechanism for vasculitis are immune mediated inflammation and ______ ______
Physical trauma
Irradiation
Which type of aortic dissection is the most sever and the most common type
Type A
The abrupt onset of ocular symptoms most likely to be associated with
Giant cell arthritis
Fibrinoid necrosis is most likely to be associated with what 2 conditions
Polyarteritis nodosa
Kawasaki disease
Buerger disease occurs almost exclusively in
Smokers
Kaposi sarcoma is a lymphatic neoplasm associated with which microbial agent
Human herpesvirus
The development of hepatic angiosarcomas is commonly associated with exposure to what
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (And arsenic)
