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Health & Illness > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

Medical (Biomedical) Model of Illness

A

The way in which drs conceptualize illness.

  1. deviation from normal
  2. specific and universal
  3. caused by unique biological forces
  4. analogous to the breakdown of a machine
  5. defined and treated medically through neutral scientific process
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2
Q

Sociological (Biopsychosocial) Model of Illness

A

The perspective that views illness as a subjective label, reflecting personal and social ideas about what is normal as much as scientific reasoning, and recognizes the influence of social context on the etiology and perception of illness

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3
Q

Norms

A

Social expectations for appropriate behavior

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4
Q

Moral Status

A

A status that identifies in society’s eyes whether a person is good or bad, worth or unworthy

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5
Q

Deviance

A

Behavior that violates a particular culture’s norms or expectations for proper behavior and therefore results in negative social sanctions

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6
Q

Negative Social Sanctions

A

Punishments (ridicule/isolation to imprisonment/execution) meted out to those considered deviant by society

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7
Q

Positive Social Sanctions

A

Rewards of any sort, from good grades to public esteem

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8
Q

Social Control Agents

A

Ideas created by a social group, as opposed to something that is objectively or naturally given

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9
Q

Etiology

A

Cause of a disease process

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10
Q

Personalistic Theories of Illness

A

Theories holding that illness occurs when a god, witch, spirit, demon, or other supernatural power deservedly or maliciously lashes out at an individual

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11
Q

Naturalistic Theories of Illness

A

Theories tracing Illness to heat, cold, wind, damp, or other natural events that upset the body’s equilibrium

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12
Q

Medicalization

A

Process through which a condition or behavior becomes defined as a medical problem requiring a medical solution, or through which the definition of an illness is broadened to cover a wider population

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13
Q

Demedicalization

A

Process through which a condition or behavior becomes defined as a natural condition or process rather than an illness

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14
Q

Functionalism

A

View of society as a harmonious while held together by socialization, mutual consent, and mutual interests

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15
Q

Sick Role

A

The set of social expectations in Western society regarding how society should view sick people and how sick people should behave

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16
Q

Conflict Perspective

A

View that society is held together by power and coercion, with dominant groups imposing their will on subordinate groups

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17
Q

Chronic Illness

A

Illness that develops in an individual gradually or is present from birth, and that will probably continue at least for several months and possibly until the person dies

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18
Q

Acute Illness

A

Any illness that strikes suddenly and disappears rapidly (within a month or so)

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19
Q

Disability

A

Restrictions or lack of ability to perform activities resulting from physical limitations or from the interplay between theses limitations, social responses, and the physical or social environment

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20
Q

Blaming the Victim

A

Process through which individuals are blamed for causing the problems from which the suffer

21
Q

Minority Group

A

Any group that, because of its physical or cultural characteristics, is considered inferior and subjected to differential and unequal treatment

22
Q

Illness Behavior

A

The process of responding to symptoms and deciding whether to seek diagnosis and treatment

23
Q

Illness as Interruption

A

Situation in which illness is experienced as only a small and temporary part of one’s life

24
Q

Illness as Intrusion

A

Situation in which illness demands time, accommodation, and attention, and forces one to live from day to day

25
Q

Illness as Immersion

A

Situation in which illness becomes so demanding that a person must structure his or her live around it

26
Q

Stigma

A

Any personal attribute that would be deeply discrediting should it become known

27
Q

Social Causation (Social Stress)

A

A theory holding that persons of lower socioeconomic status have higher rates of mental illness due to the stresses of lower-class life

28
Q

Social Selection (Social Drift)

A

A theory holding that lower-class persons have higher rakes of illness because middle-class persons who become ill drift over time into the lower classes

29
Q

Medical Model of Mental Illness

A
  1. objectively measurable conditions define mental illness
  2. mental illness stems largely or solely from something within individual psychology or biology
  3. mental illness will worsen if left untreated but might improve or disappear if treated promptly by a medical authority
  4. treating someone who might be healthy is safer than not treating someone who might be ill
30
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A

Manual published by the American Psychiatric Association and used by mental health workers to assign diagnoses to clients. Generally, this manual must be used if mental health workers want to obtain reimbursement for their services from insurance providers

31
Q

Reliability

A

The likelihood that different people using the same measure will reach the same conclusions

32
Q

Validity

A

The likelihood that a given measure accurately reflects reality and measures what researchers believe it measures

33
Q

Almshouse

A

An institution, also know as a poorhouse, in which all public wards, including orphans, criminals, the disabled an the insane, received custodial care

34
Q

Moral Treatment

A

A 19th century practice aimed at curing persons with mental illness by treating them with kindness and giving them opportunities for both work and play

35
Q

Great Confinement

A

The shift from the 1830s on, toward confining mentally ill persons in large public institutions instead of in almshouses, small private “madhouses,” or at home with relatives

36
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

A theoretical perspective arguing that identity develops as part of on ongoing process of social interaction in which individuals learn to see themselves through the eyes of others, adopt the values of their community, and measure their self-worth against those values

37
Q

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

A

A situation in which individuals become what they are expected to be

38
Q

Total Institution

A

An institution in which all aspects of life are controlled by a central authority and in which large numbers of like-situated persons are dealt with en masse

39
Q

Mortification

A

A process, occurring in total institutions, through which a person’s prior self-image is partially or totally destroyed and replaced by a personality suited for life in the institution

40
Q

Master Status

A

A status viewed by others as so important that it overwhelms all other information about that individual

41
Q

Depersonalization

A

A sense that a person no longer is, or is not considered, fully human

42
Q

Deinstitutionalize

A

To remove individuals, such as mentally retarded and mentally ill persons, from large institutions and return them to the community

43
Q

Remedicalization

A

The process through which mental illness is increasingly regarded by doctors and others as rooted in biology and amenable only to biological treatment

44
Q

Managed Care Organizations (MCOs)

A

Health insurance providers, such as health maintenance organizations, that operate under the principles of managed care

45
Q

Aligning Actions

A

Actions (or, more specifically, interpretations of actions) designed to make behavior appear reasonably and normal in a given cultural context

46
Q

Snowballing

A

A process through which the perceived effect on life of each problematic behavior and emotion increases as the total number of problems increase - thus increasing the likelihood of defining the person experiencing the problems as mentally ill

47
Q

Feeling Work

A

Efforts made by individuals to avoid being labeled mentally ill by making their emotions match social expectations

48
Q

Accommodation

A

Technique individuals use to smooth interactions with those they consider potential sources of trouble and to smooth interactions between those problems and others

Health & Illness (2 decks)

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