Exam II Flashcards
What are endocrine distupting chemicals?
EDC’s: found in food, environment, and consumer products that interfere with hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, or action resulting in a deviation from normal homeostatic control or reproduction.
What are xenoestrogens?
Estrogen mimickers
What is an example of where dioxins are found?
Agent orange
How do dioxins breakdown? How have they affected the environment?
Slowly. Although they were banned in the US in 1977, there are still pollutants from the dioxins in the environment because of their slow breakdown.
Where do dioxins accumulate?
Mainly in the fatty tissue of animals
How are humans exposed to dioxins and PCB’s?
90% of exposure is through food.
What are the half lives of dioxins and PCBs in the body?
Dioxins: 7-11 years
PCBs: 8-15 years
Why is a long-term strategy is probably most important for girls and young women?
To decrease exposure to developing fetus and when breastfeeding
How are humans mainly exposed to BPA?
Mainly canned foods, liquids stored or heating in plastic containers, and epoxy-lined cans
What is no longer used to prevent BPA exposure in children?
In US, no longer allowed to use BPA as of 2011 in bottles/sippy cups for babies/children
What kind of plastic should you avoid based on code?
Plastics with recycling code #7
What kind of plastic is known to not contain BPA without stating so?
Soft or cloudy plastic
When was DDT banned?
Banned in the US in 1972, worldwide in 2004
How long does DDT take to breakdown in the environment?
Can take >15 years
What is the current source of new DDT contamination in our Great Lakes?
Atmospheric deposition
What is the half life of DDT in humans?
8 years
What is the primary source of exposure to DDT in humans?
Eating contaminated fish and shellfish, imported food, crops grown in contaminated soil.
Infants can be exposed through breast milk
What is the second MC used pesticide in the US?
Atrazine
Where is atrazine most heavily applied?
In the midwest
How are humans exposed to Atrazine?
contaminated streams and groundwater
What is the MC used pesticide?
Roundup
T/F
Roundup is not a xenoestrogen
True
T/F
Roundup is not a xenoestrogen
True
What is diethylstillbesterol (DES)
A synthetic form of the hormone estrogen that was prescribed to pregnant women between 1940-1971 to prevent miscarriage, premature labor, and related complications of pregnancy
What happened with DES in 1971?
The FDA notified physicians throughout the country that DES should not be prescribed to pregnant women. It was continually used in Europe until 1978
Women who took DES during pregnancy have an increased risk of what condition?
Breast cancer
What risks and problems were found in DES daughters?
Increased risks of clear cell adenocarcinoma (40x risk) of vagina and crevix
2x greater risk for breast cancer after age 40
Fertility problems more common
What were some problems with DES sons?
Increased risk of testicular abnormalities
What items did congress pass legislation banning 6 phthalates in?
Children’s toys and cosmetics
Where do phthalates accumulate in the body?
Accumulate in adipose tissue
If ingredients list don’t specifically mention phthalates, what should you look out for that is indicative of their presence?
“fragrance”
What recycling code should be avoided to stay away from phthalates?
Code #3
What are parabens?
Prevent the growth of microbes in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food products (anti-bacterial and anti-fungal)
What are parabens?
Prevent the growth of microbes in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food products (anti-bacterial and anti-fungal)
Flu is a viral infection with an incidence of…
5-20%
T/F
The nasal version of the flu vaccine contains the attenuated/inactivated virus
False,
Live virus
How many strains does the flu vaccine protect against?
It’s a trivalent vaccine, only protecting against 3 strains/year.
What do diptheria, tetanus, pertussis all have in common?
Bacterial infections
Why is diptheria potentially life-threatening?
Due to formation of pseudomembrane. Can be fatal if not treated
Is pertussis fatal?
Rarely, but can be life threatening in infants
Which is safer DPT or DTaP?
DTaP is safer
Some brands of DTaP may also contain what?
Polio, Hep B or Hib (4 in one) and (5 in one)
What other condition have been associated with the pertussis vaccine?
Athsma and possibly SIDS
How often is polio asymmptomatic?
Most cases. 10% of cases are a mild, flu-like illness. 1% of cases are paralytic polio
What places is polio still endemic?
Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan
Which vaccine contains most Al?
Polio vaccine
What type of polio vaccine is given today in the US?
Since 2000 only give IPV (inactivated)
What was the “Cutter incident”
1952 Salk made the IPV and the first polio immunization was launched shortly thereafter, 70,000 school children became seriously ill: many contracted polio, were paralyzed, and died. Vaccine was not fully inactivated.
What virus found in which vaccine may cause cancer?
SV-40 a monkey virus found in OPV, may cause cancer
Which virus found in OPV has been known to mutate into HIV?
SIV
T/F
Vaccines are considered harmless
True
How many doses of how many vaccines are given by age 6
49 doses of 14 vaccines by age 6
What are the 4 vaccines that 7-18 year olds are supposed to get?
HPV (3)
MCV: Meningitis (1)
TDaP (1)
Influenza (annually)
What is the PCV vaccine for?
Bacterial infection streptococcus pneumoniae. 15% cases are meningitis and septicemia.
Does the PCV vaccine contain Al?
Yes
What is prevnar 13
PCV vaccine that protects against 13 of 90 known strains
What conditions are associated with more severe reactions in those receiving the PCV vaccine?
Diabetes
T/F
PCV is very important for children because children are very much at risk for the diseases
False,
Most healthy children are not at risk
What is Hepatitis B?
Viral infection. 95% recover completely, about 5% of cases result in chronic liver damage.
Does Hep B vaccine contain Al?
Yauuuuuup
T/F
Up to 87% of pediatricians and family practitioner do not believe Hep B vaccine is needed for their newborn patients
True
What is the Hib vaccine for?
Haemophilus influenzae b. Bacterial infxn primarily causes meningitis in kids
Does Hib contain Al?
Uh huh, yea.. yeah this one does.. definitely
What alarming risks are associated with getting Hib?
Hib-vaccinated children are 2-6x more likely to contract Hib disease during the first week following vaccination
What does rotavirus?
Viral infxn that causes mild, self limiting diarrheal illness.
Does Hib contain Al?
Uh huh, yea.. yeah this one does.. definitely..mmhmm..for sure
What does rotavirus do?
Viral infxn that causes mild, self limiting diarrheal illness.
What are the 2 notorious rotavirus vaccines that have been associated with serious reaction?
Rotashield: approved in ‘98, pulled in ‘99
Rotateq: added in 2007.
What is the epidemiological risk for rotavirus in the US?
Minor disease in the US. Preventing dehydration is only recommended treatment pre-vaccine
What are the diseases MMR is designed to protect against?
Viral infections:
Measles: contagious rash, resolved in healthy children
Mumps: Parotitis, orchitis… may lead to sterility
Rubella: Mild rash in kids, prossible link to diabtetes; in pregos -> CRS (congenital rubella syndrome)
What happens in 20% of cases with MMR induced CRS?
Spontaneous abortion
What is Hepatitis A?
Viral infxn, generally self limiting liver disease resolving in 4-8 weeks. NOT chronic.
What is the name of the Hep A vaccine, and does it contain Al?
Havrix. Yes aluminum
What most notable conditions can be causes by the Hep A vaccine?
Hepatitis (the freaking disease they’re supposed to defend against. Derp)
GBS
How is Hep transmitted?
Fecal-oral
What is HPV?
Viral infection, MC STD in the US. CAN lead to cervical cancer in women, oropharyngeal cancer in men.
Does the HPV vaccine (Gardasil) contain Al?
mmhmm
What associated conditions are found with the Gardasil vaccine
Blood clots, GBS mainly.
T/F
Gardasil is a freakin miracle that has prevented countless cases of cervical cancer
No actual cases of cervical cancer have been shown to be prevented by the vaccine. The study that was done was not long enough of a period for cervical cancer to develop.
T/F
95% of women who are infected with HPV never, EVER, get cervical cancer.
True
What is MCV and what condition is it for?
Meningococcal vaccine. Bacterial infection caused by an unbolded (in the notes), therefore irrelevant, bacterium.
What is the fatality rate for the infection that MCV attempts to treat?
10%
What is the most notable associated condition with the MCV vaccine?
GBS
