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Toxicology > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

What are endocrine distupting chemicals?

A

EDC’s: found in food, environment, and consumer products that interfere with hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, or action resulting in a deviation from normal homeostatic control or reproduction.

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2
Q

What are xenoestrogens?

A

Estrogen mimickers

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3
Q

What is an example of where dioxins are found?

A

Agent orange

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4
Q

How do dioxins breakdown? How have they affected the environment?

A

Slowly. Although they were banned in the US in 1977, there are still pollutants from the dioxins in the environment because of their slow breakdown.

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5
Q

Where do dioxins accumulate?

A

Mainly in the fatty tissue of animals

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6
Q

How are humans exposed to dioxins and PCB’s?

A

90% of exposure is through food.

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7
Q

What are the half lives of dioxins and PCBs in the body?

A

Dioxins: 7-11 years
PCBs: 8-15 years

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8
Q

Why is a long-term strategy is probably most important for girls and young women?

A

To decrease exposure to developing fetus and when breastfeeding

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9
Q

How are humans mainly exposed to BPA?

A

Mainly canned foods, liquids stored or heating in plastic containers, and epoxy-lined cans

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10
Q

What is no longer used to prevent BPA exposure in children?

A

In US, no longer allowed to use BPA as of 2011 in bottles/sippy cups for babies/children

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11
Q

What kind of plastic should you avoid based on code?

A

Plastics with recycling code #7

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12
Q

What kind of plastic is known to not contain BPA without stating so?

A

Soft or cloudy plastic

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13
Q

When was DDT banned?

A

Banned in the US in 1972, worldwide in 2004

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14
Q

How long does DDT take to breakdown in the environment?

A

Can take >15 years

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15
Q

What is the current source of new DDT contamination in our Great Lakes?

A

Atmospheric deposition

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16
Q

What is the half life of DDT in humans?

A

8 years

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17
Q

What is the primary source of exposure to DDT in humans?

A

Eating contaminated fish and shellfish, imported food, crops grown in contaminated soil.
Infants can be exposed through breast milk

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18
Q

What is the second MC used pesticide in the US?

A

Atrazine

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19
Q

Where is atrazine most heavily applied?

A

In the midwest

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20
Q

How are humans exposed to Atrazine?

A

contaminated streams and groundwater

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21
Q

What is the MC used pesticide?

A

Roundup

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22
Q

T/F

Roundup is not a xenoestrogen

A

True

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23
Q

T/F

Roundup is not a xenoestrogen

A

True

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24
Q

What is diethylstillbesterol (DES)

A

A synthetic form of the hormone estrogen that was prescribed to pregnant women between 1940-1971 to prevent miscarriage, premature labor, and related complications of pregnancy

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25
Q

What happened with DES in 1971?

A

The FDA notified physicians throughout the country that DES should not be prescribed to pregnant women. It was continually used in Europe until 1978

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26
Q

Women who took DES during pregnancy have an increased risk of what condition?

A

Breast cancer

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27
Q

What risks and problems were found in DES daughters?

A

Increased risks of clear cell adenocarcinoma (40x risk) of vagina and crevix
2x greater risk for breast cancer after age 40
Fertility problems more common

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28
Q

What were some problems with DES sons?

A

Increased risk of testicular abnormalities

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29
Q

What items did congress pass legislation banning 6 phthalates in?

A

Children’s toys and cosmetics

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30
Q

Where do phthalates accumulate in the body?

A

Accumulate in adipose tissue

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31
Q

If ingredients list don’t specifically mention phthalates, what should you look out for that is indicative of their presence?

A

“fragrance”

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32
Q

What recycling code should be avoided to stay away from phthalates?

A

Code #3

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33
Q

What are parabens?

A

Prevent the growth of microbes in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food products (anti-bacterial and anti-fungal)

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34
Q

What are parabens?

A

Prevent the growth of microbes in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food products (anti-bacterial and anti-fungal)

35
Q

Flu is a viral infection with an incidence of…

A

5-20%

36
Q

T/F

The nasal version of the flu vaccine contains the attenuated/inactivated virus

A

False,

Live virus

37
Q

How many strains does the flu vaccine protect against?

A

It’s a trivalent vaccine, only protecting against 3 strains/year.

38
Q

What do diptheria, tetanus, pertussis all have in common?

A

Bacterial infections

39
Q

Why is diptheria potentially life-threatening?

A

Due to formation of pseudomembrane. Can be fatal if not treated

40
Q

Is pertussis fatal?

A

Rarely, but can be life threatening in infants

41
Q

Which is safer DPT or DTaP?

A

DTaP is safer

42
Q

Some brands of DTaP may also contain what?

A

Polio, Hep B or Hib (4 in one) and (5 in one)

43
Q

What other condition have been associated with the pertussis vaccine?

A

Athsma and possibly SIDS

44
Q

How often is polio asymmptomatic?

A

Most cases. 10% of cases are a mild, flu-like illness. 1% of cases are paralytic polio

45
Q

What places is polio still endemic?

A

Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan

46
Q

Which vaccine contains most Al?

A

Polio vaccine

47
Q

What type of polio vaccine is given today in the US?

A

Since 2000 only give IPV (inactivated)

48
Q

What was the “Cutter incident”

A

1952 Salk made the IPV and the first polio immunization was launched shortly thereafter, 70,000 school children became seriously ill: many contracted polio, were paralyzed, and died. Vaccine was not fully inactivated.

49
Q

What virus found in which vaccine may cause cancer?

A

SV-40 a monkey virus found in OPV, may cause cancer

50
Q

Which virus found in OPV has been known to mutate into HIV?

A

SIV

51
Q

T/F

Vaccines are considered harmless

A

True

52
Q

How many doses of how many vaccines are given by age 6

A

49 doses of 14 vaccines by age 6

53
Q

What are the 4 vaccines that 7-18 year olds are supposed to get?

A

HPV (3)
MCV: Meningitis (1)
TDaP (1)
Influenza (annually)

54
Q

What is the PCV vaccine for?

A

Bacterial infection streptococcus pneumoniae. 15% cases are meningitis and septicemia.

55
Q

Does the PCV vaccine contain Al?

A

Yes

56
Q

What is prevnar 13

A

PCV vaccine that protects against 13 of 90 known strains

57
Q

What conditions are associated with more severe reactions in those receiving the PCV vaccine?

A

Diabetes

58
Q

T/F

PCV is very important for children because children are very much at risk for the diseases

A

False,

Most healthy children are not at risk

59
Q

What is Hepatitis B?

A

Viral infection. 95% recover completely, about 5% of cases result in chronic liver damage.

60
Q

Does Hep B vaccine contain Al?

A

Yauuuuuup

61
Q

T/F

Up to 87% of pediatricians and family practitioner do not believe Hep B vaccine is needed for their newborn patients

A

True

62
Q

What is the Hib vaccine for?

A

Haemophilus influenzae b. Bacterial infxn primarily causes meningitis in kids

63
Q

Does Hib contain Al?

A

Uh huh, yea.. yeah this one does.. definitely

64
Q

What alarming risks are associated with getting Hib?

A

Hib-vaccinated children are 2-6x more likely to contract Hib disease during the first week following vaccination

65
Q

What does rotavirus?

A

Viral infxn that causes mild, self limiting diarrheal illness.

66
Q

Does Hib contain Al?

A

Uh huh, yea.. yeah this one does.. definitely..mmhmm..for sure

67
Q

What does rotavirus do?

A

Viral infxn that causes mild, self limiting diarrheal illness.

68
Q

What are the 2 notorious rotavirus vaccines that have been associated with serious reaction?

A

Rotashield: approved in ‘98, pulled in ‘99

Rotateq: added in 2007.

69
Q

What is the epidemiological risk for rotavirus in the US?

A

Minor disease in the US. Preventing dehydration is only recommended treatment pre-vaccine

70
Q

What are the diseases MMR is designed to protect against?

A

Viral infections:

Measles: contagious rash, resolved in healthy children

Mumps: Parotitis, orchitis… may lead to sterility

Rubella: Mild rash in kids, prossible link to diabtetes; in pregos -> CRS (congenital rubella syndrome)

71
Q

What happens in 20% of cases with MMR induced CRS?

A

Spontaneous abortion

72
Q

What is Hepatitis A?

A

Viral infxn, generally self limiting liver disease resolving in 4-8 weeks. NOT chronic.

73
Q

What is the name of the Hep A vaccine, and does it contain Al?

A

Havrix. Yes aluminum

74
Q

What most notable conditions can be causes by the Hep A vaccine?

A

Hepatitis (the freaking disease they’re supposed to defend against. Derp)

GBS

75
Q

How is Hep transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral

76
Q

What is HPV?

A

Viral infection, MC STD in the US. CAN lead to cervical cancer in women, oropharyngeal cancer in men.

77
Q

Does the HPV vaccine (Gardasil) contain Al?

A

mmhmm

78
Q

What associated conditions are found with the Gardasil vaccine

A

Blood clots, GBS mainly.

79
Q

T/F

Gardasil is a freakin miracle that has prevented countless cases of cervical cancer

A

No actual cases of cervical cancer have been shown to be prevented by the vaccine. The study that was done was not long enough of a period for cervical cancer to develop.

80
Q

T/F

95% of women who are infected with HPV never, EVER, get cervical cancer.

A

True

81
Q

What is MCV and what condition is it for?

A

Meningococcal vaccine. Bacterial infection caused by an unbolded (in the notes), therefore irrelevant, bacterium.

82
Q

What is the fatality rate for the infection that MCV attempts to treat?

A

10%

83
Q

What is the most notable associated condition with the MCV vaccine?

A

GBS

Toxicology (6 decks)

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