Exam II

Question 1

What are endocrine distupting chemicals?

Answer 1

EDC’s: found in food, environment, and consumer products that interfere with hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, or action resulting in a deviation from normal homeostatic control or reproduction.

Question 2

What are xenoestrogens?

Answer 2

Estrogen mimickers

Question 3

What is an example of where dioxins are found?

Answer 3

Agent orange

Question 4

How do dioxins breakdown? How have they affected the environment?

Answer 4

Slowly. Although they were banned in the US in 1977, there are still pollutants from the dioxins in the environment because of their slow breakdown.

Question 5

Where do dioxins accumulate?

Answer 5

Mainly in the fatty tissue of animals

Question 6

How are humans exposed to dioxins and PCB’s?

Answer 6

90% of exposure is through food.

Question 7

What are the half lives of dioxins and PCBs in the body?

Answer 7

Dioxins: 7-11 years
PCBs: 8-15 years

Question 8

Why is a long-term strategy is probably most important for girls and young women?

Answer 8

To decrease exposure to developing fetus and when breastfeeding

Question 9

How are humans mainly exposed to BPA?

Answer 9

Mainly canned foods, liquids stored or heating in plastic containers, and epoxy-lined cans

Question 10

What is no longer used to prevent BPA exposure in children?

Answer 10

In US, no longer allowed to use BPA as of 2011 in bottles/sippy cups for babies/children

Question 11

What kind of plastic should you avoid based on code?

Answer 11

Plastics with recycling code #7

Question 12

What kind of plastic is known to not contain BPA without stating so?

Answer 12

Soft or cloudy plastic

Question 13

When was DDT banned?

Answer 13

Banned in the US in 1972, worldwide in 2004

Question 14

How long does DDT take to breakdown in the environment?

Answer 14

Can take >15 years

Question 15

What is the current source of new DDT contamination in our Great Lakes?

Answer 15

Atmospheric deposition

Question 16

What is the half life of DDT in humans?

Answer 16

8 years

Question 17

What is the primary source of exposure to DDT in humans?

Answer 17

Eating contaminated fish and shellfish, imported food, crops grown in contaminated soil.
Infants can be exposed through breast milk

Question 18

What is the second MC used pesticide in the US?

Answer 18

Atrazine

Question 19

Where is atrazine most heavily applied?

Answer 19

In the midwest

Question 20

How are humans exposed to Atrazine?

Answer 20

contaminated streams and groundwater

Question 21

What is the MC used pesticide?

Answer 21

Roundup

Question 22

T/F

Roundup is not a xenoestrogen

Answer 22

True

Question 23

T/F

Roundup is not a xenoestrogen

Answer 23

True

Question 24

What is diethylstillbesterol (DES)

Answer 24

A synthetic form of the hormone estrogen that was prescribed to pregnant women between 1940-1971 to prevent miscarriage, premature labor, and related complications of pregnancy

Question 25

What happened with DES in 1971?

Answer 25

The FDA notified physicians throughout the country that DES should not be prescribed to pregnant women. It was continually used in Europe until 1978

Question 26

Women who took DES during pregnancy have an increased risk of what condition?

Answer 26

Breast cancer

Question 27

What risks and problems were found in DES daughters?

Answer 27

Increased risks of clear cell adenocarcinoma (40x risk) of vagina and crevix 2x greater risk for breast cancer after age 40 Fertility problems more common

Question 28

What were some problems with DES sons?

Answer 28

Increased risk of testicular abnormalities

Question 29

What items did congress pass legislation banning 6 phthalates in?

Answer 29

Children's toys and cosmetics

Question 30

Where do phthalates accumulate in the body?

Answer 30

Accumulate in adipose tissue

Question 31

If ingredients list don't specifically mention phthalates, what should you look out for that is indicative of their presence?

Answer 31

"fragrance"

Question 32

What recycling code should be avoided to stay away from phthalates?

Answer 32

Code #3

Question 33

What are parabens?

Answer 33

Prevent the growth of microbes in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food products (anti-bacterial and anti-fungal)

Question 34

What are parabens?

Answer 34

Prevent the growth of microbes in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food products (anti-bacterial and anti-fungal)

Question 35

Flu is a viral infection with an incidence of...

Answer 35

5-20%

Question 36

T/F The nasal version of the flu vaccine contains the attenuated/inactivated virus

Answer 36

False, Live virus

Question 37

How many strains does the flu vaccine protect against?

Answer 37

It's a trivalent vaccine, only protecting against 3 strains/year.

Question 38

What do diptheria, tetanus, pertussis all have in common?

Answer 38

Bacterial infections

Question 39

Why is diptheria potentially life-threatening?

Answer 39

Due to formation of pseudomembrane. Can be fatal if not treated

Question 40

Is pertussis fatal?

Answer 40

Rarely, but can be life threatening in infants

Question 41

Which is safer DPT or DTaP?

Answer 41

DTaP is safer

Question 42

Some brands of DTaP may also contain what?

Answer 42

Polio, Hep B or Hib (4 in one) and (5 in one)

Question 43

What other condition have been associated with the pertussis vaccine?

Answer 43

Athsma and possibly SIDS

Question 44

How often is polio asymmptomatic?

Answer 44

Most cases. 10% of cases are a mild, flu-like illness. 1% of cases are paralytic polio

Question 45

What places is polio still endemic?

Answer 45

Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan

Question 46

Which vaccine contains most Al?

Answer 46

Polio vaccine

Question 47

What type of polio vaccine is given today in the US?

Answer 47

Since 2000 only give IPV (inactivated)

Question 48

What was the "Cutter incident"

Answer 48

1952 Salk made the IPV and the first polio immunization was launched shortly thereafter, 70,000 school children became seriously ill: many contracted polio, were paralyzed, and died. Vaccine was not fully inactivated.

Question 49

What virus found in which vaccine may cause cancer?

Answer 49

SV-40 a monkey virus found in OPV, may cause cancer

Question 50

Which virus found in OPV has been known to mutate into HIV?

Answer 50

SIV

Question 51

T/F Vaccines are considered harmless

Answer 51

True

Question 52

How many doses of how many vaccines are given by age 6

Answer 52

49 doses of 14 vaccines by age 6

Question 53

What are the 4 vaccines that 7-18 year olds are supposed to get?

Answer 53

HPV (3) MCV: Meningitis (1) TDaP (1) Influenza (annually)

Question 54

What is the PCV vaccine for?

Answer 54

Bacterial infection streptococcus pneumoniae. 15% cases are meningitis and septicemia.

Question 55

Does the PCV vaccine contain Al?

Answer 55

Yes

Question 56

What is prevnar 13

Answer 56

PCV vaccine that protects against 13 of 90 known strains

Question 57

What conditions are associated with more severe reactions in those receiving the PCV vaccine?

Answer 57

Diabetes

Question 58

T/F PCV is very important for children because children are very much at risk for the diseases

Answer 58

False, Most healthy children are not at risk

Question 59

What is Hepatitis B?

Answer 59

Viral infection. 95% recover completely, about 5% of cases result in chronic liver damage.

Question 60

Does Hep B vaccine contain Al?

Answer 60

Yauuuuuup

Question 61

T/F Up to 87% of pediatricians and family practitioner do not believe Hep B vaccine is needed for their newborn patients

Answer 61

True

Question 62

What is the Hib vaccine for?

Answer 62

Haemophilus influenzae b. Bacterial infxn primarily causes meningitis in kids

Question 63

Does Hib contain Al?

Answer 63

Uh huh, yea.. yeah this one does.. definitely

Question 64

What alarming risks are associated with getting Hib?

Answer 64

Hib-vaccinated children are 2-6x more likely to contract Hib disease during the first week following vaccination

Question 65

What does rotavirus?

Answer 65

Viral infxn that causes mild, self limiting diarrheal illness.

Question 66

Does Hib contain Al?

Answer 66

Uh huh, yea.. yeah this one does.. definitely..mmhmm..for sure

Question 67

What does rotavirus do?

Answer 67

Viral infxn that causes mild, self limiting diarrheal illness.

Question 68

What are the 2 notorious rotavirus vaccines that have been associated with serious reaction?

Answer 68

Rotashield: approved in '98, pulled in '99 Rotateq: added in 2007.

Question 69

What is the epidemiological risk for rotavirus in the US?

Answer 69

Minor disease in the US. Preventing dehydration is only recommended treatment pre-vaccine

Question 70

What are the diseases MMR is designed to protect against?

Answer 70

Viral infections: Measles: contagious rash, resolved in healthy children Mumps: Parotitis, orchitis... may lead to sterility Rubella: Mild rash in kids, prossible link to diabtetes; in pregos -> CRS (congenital rubella syndrome)

Question 71

What happens in 20% of cases with MMR induced CRS?

Answer 71

Spontaneous abortion

Question 72

What is Hepatitis A?

Answer 72

Viral infxn, generally self limiting liver disease resolving in 4-8 weeks. NOT chronic.

Question 73

What is the name of the Hep A vaccine, and does it contain Al?

Answer 73

Havrix. Yes aluminum

Question 74

What most notable conditions can be causes by the Hep A vaccine?

Answer 74

Hepatitis (the freaking disease they're supposed to defend against. Derp) GBS

Question 75

How is Hep transmitted?

Answer 75

Fecal-oral

Question 76

What is HPV?

Answer 76

Viral infection, MC STD in the US. CAN lead to cervical cancer in women, oropharyngeal cancer in men.

Question 77

Does the HPV vaccine (Gardasil) contain Al?

Answer 77

mmhmm

Question 78

What associated conditions are found with the Gardasil vaccine

Answer 78

Blood clots, GBS mainly.

Question 79

T/F Gardasil is a freakin miracle that has prevented countless cases of cervical cancer

Answer 79

No actual cases of cervical cancer have been shown to be prevented by the vaccine. The study that was done was not long enough of a period for cervical cancer to develop.

Question 80

T/F 95% of women who are infected with HPV never, EVER, get cervical cancer.

Answer 80

True

Question 81

What is MCV and what condition is it for?

Answer 81

Meningococcal vaccine. Bacterial infection caused by an unbolded (in the notes), therefore irrelevant, bacterium.

Question 82

What is the fatality rate for the infection that MCV attempts to treat?

Answer 82

10%

Question 83

What is the most notable associated condition with the MCV vaccine?

Answer 83

GBS