Exam II Flashcards
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T12?
2
How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T12?
4 are typically identified (as many as 6 if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
Which muscle is attached to the vertebral body of T12?
psoas major and minor
What does the superior tubercle of T12 represent?
the mammillary process of lumbar vertebrae
What does the inferior tubercle of T12 represent?
the accessory process of lumbar vertebrae
What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of the 12th rib?
the superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1
Which costotransverse ligaments are attached at T12?
none; the capsular, superior, inferior and lateral costotransverse ligaments lack an attachment of T12
What muscles attach to the transverse process region of T12?
the longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus and brevis, and intertransversarii
Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum brevis attachment?
T11
Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum longus attachment?
T10
What is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T12?
backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of t12?
forward, downward, and lateral (FoLD)
How many synovial joints are typically present at T12?
6
What is the generic appearance of the spinous process of T12?
lumbar like, similar in length to T11
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T12?
traps, lats, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus and brevis, and interspinalis
What accounts for the direction of the lumbar curve?
the vertebral body and intervertebral disk have a greater anterior height than posterior height
What is the effect of aging on the vertebral body of a lumbar vertebra?
decrease in height, increase in circumference
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?
6
What muscles may attach to a typical lumbar vertebral body?
psoas major and minor
Psoas minor will only attach to the vertebral body of which segments?
T12, L1
What is the name given to ligaments which attach the vertebral body to articular process?
transforaminal ligaments
Hofmann ligaments are identified in which regions along the vertebral column?
cervical - upper thoracic region and lumbar region
Cervical - upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?
dura mater to segments above
What is the highest level known to demonstrate Hofmann ligaments?
C6
What is the proposed function of the cervical - upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments?
resist caudal movement of the dural sac; resist gravitational forces on the dura and cord
Lumbar Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?
dura mater to lower segmental levels
What is the proposed function of the lumbar Hofmann ligaments?
resist cranial movement of the dural sac during flexion
What osseous conditions of lumbar vertebrae facilitate a spinal tap in this region?
overlap of the laminae, shingling, diminishes; overlap of spinous processes, imbrication diminishes
Beginning with the L1 transverse process, what is the generic direction and relative length of each succeeding lumbar transverse process?
each transverse process is directed straigh lateral and increases in length from L1-L3. L4 then begins to decrease in length
What is the name of the elevation near the origin of the lumbar transverse process?
accessory process
Congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process results in what feature?
styloid process
Congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process occurs with what frequency?
7% occurrence
What ligaments will attach to the lumbar accessory process?
mammillo-accessory ligament
What was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligament?
the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve
What muscles attach to the lumbar accessory process?
longissimus thoracis and intertransversarii
What ligament attaches the 12th rib to the transverse process of L1?
the lumbosacral ligament
What muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical lumbar vertebra?
psoas major, quadratus lumborum, longissimus thoracis, rotator brevis and longus, and intertransversarii
What ligaments attach to the transverse process of a typical lumbar vertebra?
the lumbocostal, mammillo-accessory and intertransverse ligaments
What is the orientation of the typical lumbar superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medail (BUM), and typically concave
what is the orientation of the typical lumbar inferior articular facet?
forward, lateral, downward (FoLD); significant convexity
What is the name given to the projection on the lumbar superior articular process?
mammillary process
What muscles will attach to the mammillary process?
multifidis and intertransversarii
How many synovial joints are present on a typical lumbar vertebra?
4
What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in children?
the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane
What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in adults?
the zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane for L1/L2, L2/L3, and L3/L4; the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L4/L5 and L5/S1
What names are given to the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane or position and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane or position?
joint asymmetry or joint tropism
What is the name of the condition in which the typical lumbar spinous process increases in length due to the aging process
Baastrup’s syndrome or kissing spines
What is Baastrup’s syndrome?
elongatoin of the lumbar spinous process as a result of aging
What muscles will attach to the typical lumbar spinous process?
lats, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus and brevis, and interspinalis
What characteristic of the L1-L4 pedicle may be used to differentiate it from the L5 segment?
On cranial view: the lateral surface of the pedicle is apparent on a L1-L4 segment. At the L5 the transverse process originates from the vertebral body, pedicle and lamina-pedicle region
What muscles may attach to the transverse process of the 5th thoracic vertebra?
psoas major, quadratus lumborum, longissimus thoracis, rotator brevis and longus, and intertransversarii
What ligaments traditionally attach to the transverse process of the 5th lumbar vertebra?
lumbosacral, iliolumbar and mammillo-accessory ligaments
What is the name given to the congenital condition in which the fifth lumbar spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain?
Knife Clasp Syndrome
What muscles will attach to the fifth lumbar spinous process?
latissimus dorsi, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus and brevis, and interspinalis
What is the position of the sacral zygapophysis in adults?
the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L5/S1
What is the orientation of the first sacral superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave
From the anterior view, the intervertebral discs of the sacrum will be replaced by what feature?
transverse ridges
What forms the median sacral crest?
fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles
What forms the intermediate sacral crest?
fused articular processes and their facets
What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?
the mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5
What is the sacral hiatus?
the inferior opening of the sacral spinal canal
An imaginary line drawn from the transverse process of S1 to the inferior lateral sacral angle will form what feature?
the lateral sacral crest
What is the sacral tuberosity?
the enlarged transverse tubercle of S2
What is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?
the accessory sacro-iliac joint
What feature is associated with the transverse tubercle of S5?
the inferior and lateral (inferolateral) sacral angle
What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?
auricular surface
