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PSYC 107 > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

What is Development?

A

A pattern of change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the life.

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2
Q

What are the 3 Processes of Development? (And a quick description of each).

A
  • Physical (changes in biological something)
  • Cognitive (change in thought, intelligence, laguage)
  • Psychosocial (changes in social relatoinship emotions, and personality)
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3
Q

Define the Normative Approach.

A

Average development for people.

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4
Q

Define Developmental Milestones.

A

Approximate ages at which kids meet developmental tasks. Biological milestones are universal while psychosocial milestones vary by culture.

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5
Q

Define Continuous vs Discontinuous Development Issue.

Which is more common?

A

Continuous means that development gradually changes over time. Discontinuous implies stages of development (at specific times or ages).

Used to be discontinuous, currently mostly continuous!

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6
Q

Define Nature vs Nuture Issue.

What is the consensus?

A

Challenge btwn whether kids are who they are because of how they were raised or simply because of their genetics.

They’re intertwined! Both are equally important.

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7
Q

Define Earlier vs Later Experiences Issue.

A

Challenge about whether expereinces as a child have a bigger, smaller, or same sized impact on a person than experiences when they’re older.

Not a lot of people studied old age, so infancy had a bias advantage.

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8
Q

Define Conception.

A

When the sperm penetrates the egg.

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9
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A fertilized egg.

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10
Q

What are the 3 prenatal periods?

A

1) Germinal: (0-2 weeks) cell division, zygote clings to uterus, 150 cells
2) Embryonic: (3-8 weeks) spinal cord, eyes, heart, arms, legs, intestines, and placenta form
3) Fetal Period: (2-9 months) many things and developmnts

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11
Q

What developes each month during the fetal period (2-9 months)?

A
  • 5th: hear sounds; sleep patterns.
  • 6th: eyes & eyelids form, grasp reflex.
  • 7th: slowed growth
  • 8th: sense functioning; prep for birth
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12
Q

Prenatal Influences:

What are teratrogens? (monsters!)

Give example!

A

Agent that damages the fetus, timing is important.

FASD!

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13
Q

Prenatal Influences:

What is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)?

A

Cluster of abnormalities in children. like small head, heart problems, disfunctional limbs, lower IQ due to overconsumption of alcohol during pregnancy.

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14
Q

What reflexes are infants born with and that they keep?

A

Blinking, coughing, yawning.

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15
Q

What reflexes do infants lose after a few months after being born?

A

1) Rooting (boobie reflex)
2) Sucking
3) Palmer’s grasping
4) Moro reflex (startled reflex)
5) Stepping
6) Babinski (footsies).

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16
Q

What happens during infancy that increases connections?

A

Blooming! It’s a mass increase of dendrites and synaptic connections.

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17
Q

What percent of a 2 year old’s brain is developed? What about a 6 year old?

A

At 2 years, 60%! At 6, 90%!

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18
Q

In what way does growth rate change in early childhood?

A

It sloooows

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19
Q

What are gross and fine motor skills? What stage of life do they begin increasing?

A

Gross motor skills are big skills like running and jumping while fine motor skills are small like writing. These skills increase in early childhood!

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20
Q

What part of the brain experiences rapid growth between the ages 3 and 6?

A

The frontal lobe!

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21
Q

At what age does the brain weigh 95% of its adult weight?

A

Age 10!

AKA in late childhood

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22
Q

What is brain pruning? At what stage of life does it occur?

Why does it happen?

A

It is the process of reducing excess neural connections (due to blooming) and occurs in late childhood.

To help brain function more efficiently & allow for “mastery” of complex

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23
Q

Who believed that “children actively construct their world through schemas”?

What’s a schema?

A

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

Framework that exists in your mind that organizes/interprets information

Don’t need to know year, just for reference

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24
Q

Jean Piaget beliefs:

What is accomodation vs assimilation?

A
  • Assimilation: to incorporate new information into existing knowledge.
  • Accomodation: to adjust schemas to new information

Remember girl with cat and dog example

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25
# Jean Piaget beliefs: What are the 4 stages of life for Piaget?
1) Sensorimotor (0-2) 2) Preoperational (2-7) 3) Concrete Operational (7-11) 4) Formal Operational (12-infinity)
26
# This information expresses which of Jean Piaget's stages: Experiencing the world through senses, object permanence isn't evolved. | Define object permanence.
Sensorimotor Stage (0-2) | Object continues to exist even if you can't see it. Evolves 5-8 months.
27
# This information expresses which of Jean Piaget's stages: Represent things with symbols, cannot perform operations (can't reverse operations), lack of conservation (permanence of attributes despite physical changes), egocentrism.
Preoperational (2-7)
28
# This information expresses which of Jean Piaget's stages: Perform operations, develop conservation skills, use logical reasoning in concrete situaions, classification skills increase, can focus on more than one aspect of a problem.
Concrete Operational (7-11)
29
# This information expresses which of Jean Piaget's stages: Thinking more idealistic, abstract, and logical, using hypothetical deductive reasoning (being systematic).
Formal Operational (12-infinity)
30
What are some problems with Piaget's 4 stages?
**Continuous** development is more supported, not everyone earns certain skills at a **certain time/age**, it ignores **individual differences**, ignores **role of culture** and education, lacks acknowledgement of a **Postformal operational** stage.
31
What is the emphasis of Erikson's 8 stages of development?
**Life-long** development
32
What are Erikson's Psychosocial 8 stages of Development? | Define a little.
1) (0-1) Trust vs Mistrust 2) (1-3) Autonomy vs Shame / Doubt 3) (3-6) Initiative vs Guilt 4) (7-11) Industry vs Inferiority 5) (12-18) Identity vs Confusion 6) (19-29) Intimacy vs Isolation 7) (30-64) Generativity vs Stagnation 8) (65-) Integrity vs Despair
33
Define Attachment
The close emotional bond between an infant and its care giver.
34
Which study did Harlow do? What is "contact comfort"?
Monkey study! **Contact Comfort**: figure providing most comfort was the one baby attached to.
35
What theory did John Bowlby follow?
Attachment Theory: infants and their mothers instinctively form attachment, 1st year most important.
36
What study did Mary Ainsworth conduct? What is "strange situation"? What is **secure attachment**?
a) Leaving babies alone study b) Babies had different reactions to their mothers leaving and returning c) Kid distress when mom leave, relief when return
37
What study did Konrad Lorenz conduct? What is imprinting? What is a **sensitive (critical) period**?
a) Duckiessss b) infant animal forms attachment to first moving object that it sees c) either attach within period or not at all
38
What are Baumrind's 4 parenting styles?
Authoritative, authoritarian Indulgent, Neglectful | On high vs low control and high vs low warmth scale.
39
What are the 3 physical developments during puberty?
1) Rapid skeletal & sexual growth 2) Primary sexual characteristics develope (need to have baby) 3) Secondary sexual charactersitics develope (no need, extra)
40
Which part of the brain finishes developing during puberty?
The amygdala!
41
How do testosterone levels change for girls and boys? Estrogen?
Levels *double* for girls and increase *18 fold* for boys. It is the reverse for estrogen.
42
What is Adolecent Egocentrism?
Worrying about everyone worrying about you when everyone is also only worried about themselves.
43
Define Cognitive Empathy.
Ability to concern for others increases during adolescence.
44
Define Ethnic Identity.
45
What is **emerging adulthood**?
46
Describe physical develoment during adulthood.
47
Describe cognitive develoment during adulthood.
48
Describe socioemotional develoment during adulthood.
49
What is the **difference threshold** (just-noticeable-difference)?
The minimum difference needed to detect a difference between 2 stimuli.
50
Define Weber's Law (of Sensation).
To percieve a difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum **percentage**, not a fixed amount (is proportional).
51
Define perception. | What are Bottom Up and Top Down processes?
Organizing and inerpreting sensory information (giving meaning) and recognizing. | Processing starting w/ sensory receptors or with brain.
52
# True or False? Attention is selective and shiftable. | What effect is this??
Yes! | **The cocktail party effect!**
53
What is subliminal perception?
Percieving subconciously (quick instants).
54
Define the Signal Detection Theory.
Decision making about a stimuli in the presence of noise.
55
Describe "Failure of Selective Attention"? What is the Shtroop Test?
It's caused by automatic perception. Test in which you ignore color of a word and only read the word that's written.
56
Define Sensory Adaptation.
Diminished sensitivity because of constant stimulation.
57
Define light.
Form of electromagnetic energy described in terms of **wavelengths**.
58
Define Amplitude.
Height of the wave / brightness. | Get taller = get brighter
59
Define Wavelength.
Length of a wave from one peak t the next // frequency.
60
What are the 3 parts of the visual system?
Eye, visual cortex, neural pathways.
61
What are the 6 parts of the eye ball? | Super Corny Puns Lift Real Frickin moods
**Schlera** (white part), **cornea** (focus/bend light), **pupil** (adjustable openning), **lens** (focus light to retina), **retina** (hold rods/cones), **fovea** (best vision area on retina). | Rods = black and white ; Cones = color
62
Difference between nearsightedness and farsightedness?
Nearsightedness: lense not flat enough = focus in front of retina Farsightedness: lense not round enough = focus behind of retina
63
How many receptor cells does the retina have?
126 million receptors! | wOw
64
What is **transduction**? What does it?
Converting light rays into chemicalneuro energy. The receptors!
65
What do the bipolar cells do?
Activated by rods to activate ganglion cells.
66
What is the processing order of the visual system?
1) Retina rod and cone receptors recieve and transduce. 2) Rods activate bipolar cells 3) Bipolar cells activate ganglion cells 4) Ganglion cells bunch up to make optic nerve 5) Nerve crosses **optic chiasm** 6) Info gets to visual cortex in the occipital lobe
67
Where in the eye ball is everyone's blind spot?
Exactly where the optic nerve is.
68
What is the **optic chiasm**?
Point in the brain where the optic nerve fibers divide and half cross over the midline of the brain.
69
How does color vision work tho basically?
Wavelengths and amplitudes (but we dunno)
70
What is **the** Gestalt Principle?
Means of integrating pieces of information into meaning wholes. | Fill in blanks of optical illusions and such
71
What are the 5 main Gestalt Principles?
1) Proximity: closeness = same group 2) Similarity: similar group together 3) Continuity: percieve smooth continuous patterns 4) Connectedness: when object linked, percieve as single unit 5) Closure: fill in gaps to create whole object
72
What is "figure"??
Ground way of seeing! Is the background white with black or black with white?
73
What is the ability to percieve objects 3 dimensionally called?
Depth Perception
74
What are the 2 depth cues? | What's **retinal disparity**?
- Binocular cues: input from both eyes - Monocular cues: input from one eye | The diff btwn images in both eyes! Integrates in binocular.
75
What is the sense of hearing called?
Audition
76
What are sound waves?
A physical stimulus that enters the ear as *vibrations* from objects.
77
Frequency of waves determines the _ _ _ _ _ you hear.
Pitch
78
What is amplitude (pressue) measured in for hearing? | Tall = loud or quiet?
Decibels! | LOUD.
79
What is the visible part of the ear called?
Pinna
80
Name the 2 parts of the Middle Ear.
Eardrum and auditory ossicles.
81
What are the smallest bones in your body called (all 3 individually and in order)? | i HAS an answer
Hammer, anvil, stirrup!
82
What are the 2 (ish 1/2) parts of the **inner ear**?
Oval window (stirrup->cochlea), cochlea (fluid filled tube), and basilar membrane (has little hairs).
83
What lobe is the auditory cortex in? | It's very convenient.
Temporal lobe!
84
Describe **aural cues** and how they differ.
- Monoaural cues: cue coming from one ear (on front, top, back, bottom plane) - Biaural cues: Cue coming from both ears to locate sounds from anywhere (offcentered noises)
85
What is **Interaural Level Difference**?
Difference in intensity of sound waves between 2 ears.
86
What is the **Interaural Timing Difference**?
Small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear.
87
What is "the awareness of internal and external stimuli" known as?
Conciousness
88
What are the 2 levels of conciousness?
- Wakefulness: high sensory awareness, thought, & behavior - Sleep: low physical activity and **reduced** sensory awareness
89
What is a Circadian Rhythm?
Daily (24hr) behavioral or physiological cycle. | Like a sleep wake rhythm (not hibernation or menstrual cycle)
90
What part of the **hypothalamus** detects light and synchronizes you to 24hr cycle?
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
91
What top 2 things *disrupt* circadian rhythms?
Jetlag and shift work!
92
How many Americans are sleep deprived?
1 in 3 | O-o woah
93
What is **sleep debt**?
Chronic cleep deprivation causes missing hours of sleep that you will never get back.
94
What happens 3 to 4 days into sleep deprivation?
Hallucinations and micronaps!
95
What are the **theories** about why we sleep?
1) Preservation & **protection** (ancestor thing) 2) Conservation of **energy** 3) Restoration of resources & dissipate waste (for **brain**) 4) **Long-term Memory** Maintainence 5) Contributes to **growth** for kids (growth hormone while sleep) 6) Might increase **mylin production** cells?
96
What does an Electroencephalograph (EEG) do?
Amplifies & records electrical activity in the brain.
97
"With each [sleep] cycle, REM gets a little _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and N3 gets a little _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ".
Longer, shorter
98
The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?
90 - 100 minutes
99
What does REM stand for?
Rapid Eye Movement
100
How do we go through the stages of sleep?
N1, N2, N3, N2, REM
101
Why do we dream? (3 theories!)
1) Psychodynamic Theory (Freud): wish fullfillment 2) Cognitive Theory: reflects concerns, means to solve problems 3) Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis: brain organize random neural activity bc hyper-active but no sensory intake
102
List sleep disorders!
Insomnia (no/bad sleep), Sleepwalking/talking (non-REM sleep), REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD; REM muscle paralysis NOT work), Nightmares (REM sleep), Night Terrors (non-REM; dunno), Sleep Apnea (stop breathing), Narcolepsy (uncontrollable sleep attacks into REM sleep & trigger by anything).
103
What do psychoactive drugs do?
Alter state of conciousness.
104
What are the 4 types of psychoactive drugs? | Examples?
Depressants (suppress CNS actvivity), stimulants (increase CNS activity), opiods (decrease pain), and hallucinogens (modify perceptual experiences). | Alcohol, cocaine, morphine, and weed.

PSYC 107 (3 decks)

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