Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biomaterials > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

What does a low hysteresis indicate about a surface?

A

The surface is homogenous.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does a high hysteresis indicate about a surface?

A

The surface is heterogeneous.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Analytical instruments for characterizing biomaterial properties are classified in what three ways:

A

surface characterization, chromatographic analysis, bulk characterization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In cases of high wettability, how do the adhesive and cohesive forces compare?

A

In cases of high wettability, the cohesive forces are lower than that of the adhesive forces created between the surface and the liquid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In cases of low wettability, how do the adhesive and cohesive forces compare?

A

In cases of low wettability, the cohesive forces far exceed that of the adhesive forces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When is the dynamic contact angle measured?

A

When liquid, solid, and vapor boundaries are in motion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the cons of tensiometry, or the measurement of the change in forces with solid and liquid in contact?

A

need for material consistency, dependent on size of material bc liquid must be in contact with entire material.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the benefits of using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)?

A

low signal to noise ratio, non-destructive technique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Attenuated total reflection (sampling mode used in conjunction w/ FTIR) is used to study what?

A

polymers and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) is performed in what way?

A

The sample is pressed against a crystal w/ high refractive index.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Specular reflectance is used to study what?

A

thin films on smooth & reflective surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) is used to study why?

A

Monolayers on reflective surfaces or films less than 10 nanometers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) is used to study what?

A

particles, powders, and rough surfaces, w/ particle sizes of 5 micrometers or less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is performed?

A

A beam of x-rays w/ photons is irradiated on the surface and the sample surface ejects electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What elements does X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) not detect?

A

Hydrogen and helium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of XPS?

A

Providing bond information at sampling depths of 1-10 nanometers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Is secondary ion mass spectrometry a destructive technique? What information does it provide?

A

Yes. It provides molecular and atomic composition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study?

A

Topography, or distribution of features on surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What must the material be for SEM to be utilized?

A

Conductive or semi-conductive. If the material is not conductive, a thin layer of metal must be deposited to avoid build-up of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) produces what?

A

3D images of material surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Tapping imagining mode on AFM is used for what kind of species as opposed to contact imaging mode?

A

polymers & proteins (soft specimens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Transmission electron microscopy produces:

A

images based on density, with a smaller number of electrons passing through denser areas of the material.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What interactions allow for separation in High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

A

polarity and non-polarity interactions between molecules in sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does separation occur in Gel permeation chromatography (GPC)?

A

Separation based on size or hydrodynamic volume?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Major components of phospholipids

A

hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic head (includes phosphate & carbohydrate bond)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What makes up 50% of the mass of a typical cell membrane?

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which kind of hydrocarbon chains possess double bonds?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbon chains have double bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The membrane is permeable to what?

A

gases and small uncharged molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

to provide mechanical strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

position organelles and direct intracellular transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the function of microfilaments (actin)

A

Control shape and movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Cytoskeleton is ___ and ____

A

Modular, Dynamic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are some major types of intermediate filaments?

A

lamins, neurofilaments, keratins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the structure of actin filaments?

A

Actin filaments, or microfilaments, are two-stranded helical polymers of the protein actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Formation of filaments occur in what 3 phases

A

nucleation, elongation, equilibrium (where subunits are added/loss at a similar rate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Actin can hydrolyze what?

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The structure of microtubules mirrors a:

A

tube/cylindrical body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Tubulin, or microtubules, can hydrolyze what and what does that result in?

A

GTP, resulting in dynamic instability –> shrinking of the tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Intermediate filaments’ structures mirror that of what?

A

a ropelike filament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Actin is like train tracks for what to move along?

A

ATP-powered motor proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What main motor protein acts on microfilaments (actin)?

A

Myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Which two motor proteins run on microtubules?

A

kinesin and dynein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Which way does dynein move along the microtubule?

A

from (+) to (-), or towards the cell center as the microtubules are arranged radially w/ (+) to the outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Tight junctions are barrier-like connection that:

A

inhibits the transport of material across the junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What junction has a direct connection between the cytosol (internal fluid) of the two cells?

A

Gap junctions

46
Q

Gap junctions connect cells chemically and electrically. How does this affect muscle cells?

A

Electrical coupling allows for the synchronization of contractions of muscle cells

47
Q

What are the four kinds of anchoring junctions?

A

cell-cell and cell-matrix for actin and intermediate filament attachment sites.

48
Q

What is the cell-cell junction at actin filament attachment sites?

A

Adherens junction

49
Q

What is the cell-matrix junction at actin filament attachment sites?

A

Actin-linked cell-matrix adhesions

50
Q

What is the cell-cell junction at intermediate filament attachment sites?

A

desmosomes

51
Q

What is the cell-matrix junction at intermediate filament attachment sites?

A

hemidesmosomes

52
Q

What links the cytoskeleton to extracellular structures and two families are they classified by?

A

Transmembrane adhesion proteins; cadherins (cell-cell) & integrins (cell-matrix)

53
Q

What proteins are involved in gap junctions?

A

Connexins

54
Q

How do integrins work w/ other signal to strengthen/weaken the matrix/cytoskeleton link?

A

By regulating actin-binding proteins

55
Q

What does a cluster of integrins form?

A

focal adhesion

56
Q

Cells sense the spatial-mechanical nature of their external environment by attachment via focal adhesions

A

Mechanobiology

57
Q

What are the four factors that impact biocompatibility?

A

toxicology, extrinsic organisms (endotoxin contamination), mechanical effects, cell-biomaterial interactions

58
Q

The leaching of substances from the biomaterial falls under what factor that affects biocompatibility?

A

Toxicology

59
Q

Extrinsic organisms is not the same as a live infection

A

True, live infections have live organisms that proliferate

60
Q

Communities of bacteria attach and grow on surfaces of abiotic materials and tissues

A

Bacterial Biofilms

61
Q

What environmental stresses are bacterial biofilms more resistant to?

A

dehydration, metal toxicity, UV light exposure, antibiotics

62
Q

What does toxicity depend on?

A

dose & duration

63
Q

What is a crosslink?

A

A crosslink is a covalent or secondary connection point of several chains

64
Q

What is a junction?

A

A junction is secondary interactions of permanent or semi-permanent nature

65
Q

Hydrogels can be classified as ionic hydrogels, which include what subcategories?

A

neutral hydrogels, anionic hydrogels, cationic hydrogels, ampholytic hydrogels

66
Q

What are the properties of acrylic hydrogels?

A

inert, resists degradation, can be heat sterilized, easily prepared in different shapes/forms

67
Q

What are the properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels?

A

non-toxic, promising drug delivery matrix

68
Q

What are two examples of properties that hydrogels can be “environmentally” responsive to?

A

ph, temperature

69
Q

What features must natural biomaterials satisfy?

A

non-toxic, non-inflammatory, non-allergenic, satisfactory mechanical properties, induce cell attachment (if needed), affordable

70
Q

What are some uses for collagen?

A

used in the construction of artificial skin substitutes for burn patients, as a drug delivery platform, in tissue regeneration

71
Q

What are some drawbacks to collagen?

A

does not possess adequate mechanical properties, unpredictable degradation rate

72
Q

What is the structure of collagen?

A

3 left-handed helical polypeptides w/ regular arrangements of glycine-X-Y

73
Q

Where is Type I collagen found?

A

skin, blood vessels, bone, tendon, ligament

74
Q

What is the function of Type I collagen?

A

structural building unit

75
Q

Where is Type II collagen found?

A

articular cartilage

76
Q

What is the function of Type II collagen?

A

tensile integrity to tissues; shock absorber for joints/vertebrae

77
Q

Where is Type III collagen found?

A

in organs and ligaments

78
Q

What characteristic is Type III collagen known for?

A

elastic properties/suppleness

79
Q

What is the function of Type IV collagen?

A

filtration

80
Q

What structures does Type IV collagen form?

A

networks, meshes

81
Q

What does Type IV collagen interact with to form meshes?

A

non-collagenous components

82
Q

Irreversibly denatured collagen

A

Gelatin

83
Q

What is gelatin used for in pharmaceuticals?

A

capsules

84
Q

What is the structure of elastin?

A

Elastin has relatively loose, unstructured polypeptide chains that are covalently crosslinked

85
Q

What is the function of elastin?

A

To allow for the stretching and contracting of tissue

86
Q

Where is elastin found?

A

skin, bladder, lungs, arteries

87
Q

Examples of when elastin is used as a biomaterial:

A

where elasticity can be exploited (autographs, allografts, xenografts for burn wounds, aortic heart valves)

88
Q

What is fibrin used as in biomaterial applications

A

bioadhesives/bio”glues”

89
Q

Fibrin is made from what?

A

the polymerization of fibrinogen and thrombin

90
Q

What sequence of fibronectin does it use to interact with cells?

A

arg-gly-asp (RGD)

91
Q

Fibronectin is involved in what functions?

A

cell growth & differentiation, cell adhesion, cell-matrix interactions

92
Q

What do laminins self-assemble into?

A

feltlike sheets

93
Q

What is the structure of laminin?

A

composed of three long polypeptide chains in an asymmetric cross, held together by disulfide bonds

94
Q

What two parts is silk made up of?

A

sericin and fibroin

95
Q

Where is fibroin located?

A

Fibroin is the structural center of the two-part silk

96
Q

Where is sericin located?

A

Sericin is a glue-like protein surrounding the fibroin

97
Q

Chitin is the structural element in what?

A

the exoskeleton of crustaceans

98
Q

What applications is chitosan applied?

A

would healing applications

99
Q

The deacetylation of chitin produces what?

A

Chitosan

100
Q

Greater deacetylation leads to:

A

more free amino groups to bind with negatively charged

101
Q

What is alginate made from?

A

extracted from brown seaweed

102
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans made of?

A

linear carbohydrate chains made of repeating disaccharides

103
Q

What are the examples of classes of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

A

hyaluronic acid, keratan sulfates, chondroitin sulfates, heparin

104
Q

where are keratan sulfates found?

A

bone, cartilage (shock absorber)

105
Q

where is chondroitin sulfates found?

A

ECM of cartilage (shock absorber)

106
Q

where is hyaluronic acid found?

A

epithelial & connective tissues

107
Q

Heparin is produced and released by:

A

immune cells

108
Q

Function of hyaluronic acid?

A

lubricate joints, resist compressive forces

109
Q

What is Proteoglycans comprised of?

A

protein core, covalently attached to at least one GAG

110
Q

Which PG assists collagen assembly

A

Decorin

Biomaterials (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions