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Biomaterials > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

What does a low hysteresis indicate about a surface?

A

The surface is homogenous.

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2
Q

What does a high hysteresis indicate about a surface?

A

The surface is heterogeneous.

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3
Q

Analytical instruments for characterizing biomaterial properties are classified in what three ways:

A

surface characterization, chromatographic analysis, bulk characterization

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4
Q

In cases of high wettability, how do the adhesive and cohesive forces compare?

A

In cases of high wettability, the cohesive forces are lower than that of the adhesive forces created between the surface and the liquid.

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5
Q

In cases of low wettability, how do the adhesive and cohesive forces compare?

A

In cases of low wettability, the cohesive forces far exceed that of the adhesive forces.

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6
Q

When is the dynamic contact angle measured?

A

When liquid, solid, and vapor boundaries are in motion.

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7
Q

What are the cons of tensiometry, or the measurement of the change in forces with solid and liquid in contact?

A

need for material consistency, dependent on size of material bc liquid must be in contact with entire material.

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8
Q

What are the benefits of using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)?

A

low signal to noise ratio, non-destructive technique

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9
Q

Attenuated total reflection (sampling mode used in conjunction w/ FTIR) is used to study what?

A

polymers and proteins

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10
Q

Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) is performed in what way?

A

The sample is pressed against a crystal w/ high refractive index.

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11
Q

Specular reflectance is used to study what?

A

thin films on smooth & reflective surfaces

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12
Q

Infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) is used to study why?

A

Monolayers on reflective surfaces or films less than 10 nanometers

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13
Q

Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) is used to study what?

A

particles, powders, and rough surfaces, w/ particle sizes of 5 micrometers or less

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14
Q

How is X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is performed?

A

A beam of x-rays w/ photons is irradiated on the surface and the sample surface ejects electrons.

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15
Q

What elements does X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) not detect?

A

Hydrogen and helium

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16
Q

What is the function of XPS?

A

Providing bond information at sampling depths of 1-10 nanometers.

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17
Q

Is secondary ion mass spectrometry a destructive technique? What information does it provide?

A

Yes. It provides molecular and atomic composition.

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18
Q

What does scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study?

A

Topography, or distribution of features on surface

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19
Q

What must the material be for SEM to be utilized?

A

Conductive or semi-conductive. If the material is not conductive, a thin layer of metal must be deposited to avoid build-up of electrons

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20
Q

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) produces what?

A

3D images of material surfaces

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21
Q

Tapping imagining mode on AFM is used for what kind of species as opposed to contact imaging mode?

A

polymers & proteins (soft specimens)

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22
Q

Transmission electron microscopy produces:

A

images based on density, with a smaller number of electrons passing through denser areas of the material.

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23
Q

What interactions allow for separation in High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

A

polarity and non-polarity interactions between molecules in sample

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24
Q

How does separation occur in Gel permeation chromatography (GPC)?

A

Separation based on size or hydrodynamic volume?

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25
Major components of phospholipids
hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic head (includes phosphate & carbohydrate bond)
26
What makes up 50% of the mass of a typical cell membrane?
Proteins
27
Which kind of hydrocarbon chains possess double bonds?
Unsaturated hydrocarbon chains have double bonds.
28
The membrane is permeable to what?
gases and small uncharged molecules
29
What is the function of intermediate filaments?
to provide mechanical strength
30
What is the function of microtubules?
position organelles and direct intracellular transport
31
What is the function of microfilaments (actin)
Control shape and movement
32
Cytoskeleton is ___ and ____
Modular, Dynamic
33
What are some major types of intermediate filaments?
lamins, neurofilaments, keratins
34
What is the structure of actin filaments?
Actin filaments, or microfilaments, are two-stranded helical polymers of the protein actin
35
Formation of filaments occur in what 3 phases
nucleation, elongation, equilibrium (where subunits are added/loss at a similar rate)
36
Actin can hydrolyze what?
ATP
37
The structure of microtubules mirrors a:
tube/cylindrical body
38
Tubulin, or microtubules, can hydrolyze what and what does that result in?
GTP, resulting in dynamic instability --> shrinking of the tubule
39
Intermediate filaments' structures mirror that of what?
a ropelike filament
40
Actin is like train tracks for what to move along?
ATP-powered motor proteins
41
What main motor protein acts on microfilaments (actin)?
Myosin
42
Which two motor proteins run on microtubules?
kinesin and dynein
43
Which way does dynein move along the microtubule?
from (+) to (-), or towards the cell center as the microtubules are arranged radially w/ (+) to the outside
44
Tight junctions are barrier-like connection that:
inhibits the transport of material across the junction
45
What junction has a direct connection between the cytosol (internal fluid) of the two cells?
Gap junctions
46
Gap junctions connect cells chemically and electrically. How does this affect muscle cells?
Electrical coupling allows for the synchronization of contractions of muscle cells
47
What are the four kinds of anchoring junctions?
cell-cell and cell-matrix for actin and intermediate filament attachment sites.
48
What is the cell-cell junction at actin filament attachment sites?
Adherens junction
49
What is the cell-matrix junction at actin filament attachment sites?
Actin-linked cell-matrix adhesions
50
What is the cell-cell junction at intermediate filament attachment sites?
desmosomes
51
What is the cell-matrix junction at intermediate filament attachment sites?
hemidesmosomes
52
What links the cytoskeleton to extracellular structures and two families are they classified by?
Transmembrane adhesion proteins; cadherins (cell-cell) & integrins (cell-matrix)
53
What proteins are involved in gap junctions?
Connexins
54
How do integrins work w/ other signal to strengthen/weaken the matrix/cytoskeleton link?
By regulating actin-binding proteins
55
What does a cluster of integrins form?
focal adhesion
56
Cells sense the spatial-mechanical nature of their external environment by attachment via focal adhesions
Mechanobiology
57
What are the four factors that impact biocompatibility?
toxicology, extrinsic organisms (endotoxin contamination), mechanical effects, cell-biomaterial interactions
58
The leaching of substances from the biomaterial falls under what factor that affects biocompatibility?
Toxicology
59
Extrinsic organisms is not the same as a live infection
True, live infections have live organisms that proliferate
60
Communities of bacteria attach and grow on surfaces of abiotic materials and tissues
Bacterial Biofilms
61
What environmental stresses are bacterial biofilms more resistant to?
dehydration, metal toxicity, UV light exposure, antibiotics
62
What does toxicity depend on?
dose & duration
63
What is a crosslink?
A crosslink is a covalent or secondary connection point of several chains
64
What is a junction?
A junction is secondary interactions of permanent or semi-permanent nature
65
Hydrogels can be classified as ionic hydrogels, which include what subcategories?
neutral hydrogels, anionic hydrogels, cationic hydrogels, ampholytic hydrogels
66
What are the properties of acrylic hydrogels?
inert, resists degradation, can be heat sterilized, easily prepared in different shapes/forms
67
What are the properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels?
non-toxic, promising drug delivery matrix
68
What are two examples of properties that hydrogels can be "environmentally" responsive to?
ph, temperature
69
What features must natural biomaterials satisfy?
non-toxic, non-inflammatory, non-allergenic, satisfactory mechanical properties, induce cell attachment (if needed), affordable
70
What are some uses for collagen?
used in the construction of artificial skin substitutes for burn patients, as a drug delivery platform, in tissue regeneration
71
What are some drawbacks to collagen?
does not possess adequate mechanical properties, unpredictable degradation rate
72
What is the structure of collagen?
3 left-handed helical polypeptides w/ regular arrangements of glycine-X-Y
73
Where is Type I collagen found?
skin, blood vessels, bone, tendon, ligament
74
What is the function of Type I collagen?
structural building unit
75
Where is Type II collagen found?
articular cartilage
76
What is the function of Type II collagen?
tensile integrity to tissues; shock absorber for joints/vertebrae
77
Where is Type III collagen found?
in organs and ligaments
78
What characteristic is Type III collagen known for?
elastic properties/suppleness
79
What is the function of Type IV collagen?
filtration
80
What structures does Type IV collagen form?
networks, meshes
81
What does Type IV collagen interact with to form meshes?
non-collagenous components
82
Irreversibly denatured collagen
Gelatin
83
What is gelatin used for in pharmaceuticals?
capsules
84
What is the structure of elastin?
Elastin has relatively loose, unstructured polypeptide chains that are covalently crosslinked
85
What is the function of elastin?
To allow for the stretching and contracting of tissue
86
Where is elastin found?
skin, bladder, lungs, arteries
87
Examples of when elastin is used as a biomaterial:
where elasticity can be exploited (autographs, allografts, xenografts for burn wounds, aortic heart valves)
88
What is fibrin used as in biomaterial applications
bioadhesives/bio"glues"
89
Fibrin is made from what?
the polymerization of fibrinogen and thrombin
90
What sequence of fibronectin does it use to interact with cells?
arg-gly-asp (RGD)
91
Fibronectin is involved in what functions?
cell growth & differentiation, cell adhesion, cell-matrix interactions
92
What do laminins self-assemble into?
feltlike sheets
93
What is the structure of laminin?
composed of three long polypeptide chains in an asymmetric cross, held together by disulfide bonds
94
What two parts is silk made up of?
sericin and fibroin
95
Where is fibroin located?
Fibroin is the structural center of the two-part silk
96
Where is sericin located?
Sericin is a glue-like protein surrounding the fibroin
97
Chitin is the structural element in what?
the exoskeleton of crustaceans
98
What applications is chitosan applied?
would healing applications
99
The deacetylation of chitin produces what?
Chitosan
100
Greater deacetylation leads to:
more free amino groups to bind with negatively charged
101
What is alginate made from?
extracted from brown seaweed
102
What are glycosaminoglycans made of?
linear carbohydrate chains made of repeating disaccharides
103
What are the examples of classes of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?
hyaluronic acid, keratan sulfates, chondroitin sulfates, heparin
104
where are keratan sulfates found?
bone, cartilage (shock absorber)
105
where is chondroitin sulfates found?
ECM of cartilage (shock absorber)
106
where is hyaluronic acid found?
epithelial & connective tissues
107
Heparin is produced and released by:
immune cells
108
Function of hyaluronic acid?
lubricate joints, resist compressive forces
109
What is Proteoglycans comprised of?
protein core, covalently attached to at least one GAG
110
Which PG assists collagen assembly
Decorin

Biomaterials (1 decks)

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