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Biology 109 > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

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1
Q

osteoclast

A

breaks down bone

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2
Q

osteoblast

A

builds bone

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3
Q

osteocyte

A

maintain bone

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4
Q

growth process of long bones

A

chondrocytes calcify in the epiphysial plate, then calcified cartilage is turned into bone

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5
Q

coronal suture

A

between the frontal and parietal bone

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6
Q

squamous suture

A

between the temporal bone and parietal bone

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7
Q

lambdoid suture

A

between occipital and parietal bone

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8
Q

sagittal suture

A

between parietal bones

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9
Q

vertebral column

A

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccyx

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10
Q

difference between male and female pelvis

A

male subpubic angle is 90* or less, while female subpubic angle is 90* or more

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11
Q

flexion and extension

A

flexion decreases angle, extension increases angle

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12
Q

abduction and adduction

A

abduction is away from the midline, adduction is toward the midline

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13
Q

pronation and supination

A

pronation is posterior facing up, supination is anterior facing up

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14
Q

eversion and inversion

A

eversion is away from the midline, inversion is towards the midline

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15
Q

rotation

A

rotating joints

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16
Q

protraction and retraction

A

protraction is moving anteriorly, while retraction is moving posteriorly

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17
Q

elevation and depression

A

elevation is moving up (superior), depression is moving down (inferior)

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18
Q

excursion

A

moving jaw to the left or right

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19
Q

opposition and reposition

A

opposotion is grasping of the thumb and fingers, and reposition is restoring an object to its natural condition

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20
Q

circumduction

A

distal end describes a circle while the proximal end remains fixed

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21
Q

long bones

A

hard and dense bones that provide strength, structure, and mobility

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22
Q

short bones

A

shaped roughly as a cube and contain mostly spongy bone

23
Q

flat bones

A

made up of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone

24
Q

irregular bones

A

vary in shape and structure and therefore do not fit into any other category

25
Q

contractibility

A

ability to shorten with force

26
Q

excitability

A

capacity to respond to stimulus

27
Q

extensibility

A

can be stretched to normal length and beyond to a limited degree

28
Q

elasticity

A

ability to recoil to original resting length

29
Q

neuromuscular junctions

A

junctions between a branch of an axon and a muscle fiber

30
Q

motor unit

A

a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers in innervates

31
Q

role of atp in muscle contraction

A

breaks the myosin-actin cross-bridge, freeing the myosin for the next contraction

32
Q

role of atp in muscle relaxation

A

lower myoplasmic calcium levels

33
Q

muscle contraction sequence of events

A

release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction which generates action potential in the sarcolemma
binding of ca++ with troponin of actin filaments and thereby removing the masking of active sites for myosin
binding of myosin head to the exposed active site of actin forming the cross-bridge by utilizing the energy from hydrolysis of ATP
releasing the ADP and Pi from myosin so they can go back to their relaxed state

34
Q

slow twitch

A

contract slowly, fatigue more slowly, depend heavily on aerobic metabolism, contains myoglobin

35
Q

fast twitch

A

contract relatively quickly, fatigue relatively quickly, and usually meet their needs through anaerobic metabolism

36
Q

what makes up the peripheral nervous system (pns)

A

cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves

37
Q

what makes up the central nervous system (cns)

A

brain and spinal cord

38
Q

attachment sites (3 Ts)

A

tubercles, tuberosities, trochanters

39
Q

olecranon process

A

head of ulna

40
Q

radial tuberosity

A

small bump below head of radius

41
Q

styloid poprcess

A

bottom bumps of ulna

42
Q

ischial tuberosity

A

lower medial part of the pelvic girdle

43
Q

greater trochanter

A

small bump below head of femur

44
Q

lesser trochanter

A

small bump on medial side below head of femur

45
Q

tibial tuberosity

A

non-medial bump on the tibia

46
Q

compact bone tissue

A

outer layer of all bones

47
Q

cancellous bone tissue

A

inner layer of all bones

48
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

mechanical stimuli (bend, stretch of receptor)

49
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemicals (such as odor molecules)

50
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to light

51
Q

thermoreceptors

A

respond to temp changes

52
Q

nociceptors

A

respond to pain stimulation

53
Q

phantom pain

A

amputee still feels pain in amputated limb

54
Q

referred pain

A

pain perceive to originate from an area that is not the source of pain

Biology 109 (1 decks)

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