Exam II

Question 1

osteoclast

Answer 1

breaks down bone

Question 2

osteoblast

Answer 2

builds bone

Question 3

osteocyte

Answer 3

maintain bone

Question 4

growth process of long bones

Answer 4

chondrocytes calcify in the epiphysial plate, then calcified cartilage is turned into bone

Question 5

coronal suture

Answer 5

between the frontal and parietal bone

Question 6

squamous suture

Answer 6

between the temporal bone and parietal bone

Question 7

lambdoid suture

Answer 7

between occipital and parietal bone

Question 8

sagittal suture

Answer 8

between parietal bones

Question 9

vertebral column

Answer 9

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccyx

Question 10

difference between male and female pelvis

Answer 10

male subpubic angle is 90* or less, while female subpubic angle is 90* or more

Question 11

flexion and extension

Answer 11

flexion decreases angle, extension increases angle

Question 12

abduction and adduction

Answer 12

abduction is away from the midline, adduction is toward the midline

Question 13

pronation and supination

Answer 13

pronation is posterior facing up, supination is anterior facing up

Question 14

eversion and inversion

Answer 14

eversion is away from the midline, inversion is towards the midline

Question 15

rotation

Answer 15

rotating joints

Question 16

protraction and retraction

Answer 16

protraction is moving anteriorly, while retraction is moving posteriorly

Question 17

elevation and depression

Answer 17

elevation is moving up (superior), depression is moving down (inferior)

Question 18

excursion

Answer 18

moving jaw to the left or right

Question 19

opposition and reposition

Answer 19

opposotion is grasping of the thumb and fingers, and reposition is restoring an object to its natural condition

Question 20

circumduction

Answer 20

distal end describes a circle while the proximal end remains fixed

Question 21

long bones

Answer 21

hard and dense bones that provide strength, structure, and mobility

Question 22

short bones

Answer 22

shaped roughly as a cube and contain mostly spongy bone

Question 23

flat bones

Answer 23

made up of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone

Question 24

irregular bones

Answer 24

vary in shape and structure and therefore do not fit into any other category

Question 25

contractibility

Answer 25

ability to shorten with force

Question 26

excitability

Answer 26

capacity to respond to stimulus

Question 27

extensibility

Answer 27

can be stretched to normal length and beyond to a limited degree

Question 28

elasticity

Answer 28

ability to recoil to original resting length

Question 29

neuromuscular junctions

Answer 29

junctions between a branch of an axon and a muscle fiber

Question 30

motor unit

Answer 30

a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers in innervates

Question 31

role of atp in muscle contraction

Answer 31

breaks the myosin-actin cross-bridge, freeing the myosin for the next contraction

Question 32

role of atp in muscle relaxation

Answer 32

lower myoplasmic calcium levels

Question 33

muscle contraction sequence of events

Answer 33

release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction which generates action potential in the sarcolemma binding of ca++ with troponin of actin filaments and thereby removing the masking of active sites for myosin binding of myosin head to the exposed active site of actin forming the cross-bridge by utilizing the energy from hydrolysis of ATP releasing the ADP and Pi from myosin so they can go back to their relaxed state

Question 34

slow twitch

Answer 34

contract slowly, fatigue more slowly, depend heavily on aerobic metabolism, contains myoglobin

Question 35

fast twitch

Answer 35

contract relatively quickly, fatigue relatively quickly, and usually meet their needs through anaerobic metabolism

Question 36

what makes up the peripheral nervous system (pns)

Answer 36

cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves

Question 37

what makes up the central nervous system (cns)

Answer 37

brain and spinal cord

Question 38

attachment sites (3 Ts)

Answer 38

tubercles, tuberosities, trochanters

Question 39

olecranon process

Answer 39

head of ulna

Question 40

radial tuberosity

Answer 40

small bump below head of radius

Question 41

styloid poprcess

Answer 41

bottom bumps of ulna

Question 42

ischial tuberosity

Answer 42

lower medial part of the pelvic girdle

Question 43

greater trochanter

Answer 43

small bump below head of femur

Question 44

lesser trochanter

Answer 44

small bump on medial side below head of femur

Question 45

tibial tuberosity

Answer 45

non-medial bump on the tibia

Question 46

compact bone tissue

Answer 46

outer layer of all bones

Question 47

cancellous bone tissue

Answer 47

inner layer of all bones

Question 48

mechanoreceptors

Answer 48

mechanical stimuli (bend, stretch of receptor)

Question 49

chemoreceptors

Answer 49

respond to chemicals (such as odor molecules)

Question 50

photoreceptors

Answer 50

respond to light

Question 51

thermoreceptors

Answer 51

respond to temp changes

Question 52

nociceptors

Answer 52

respond to pain stimulation

Question 53

phantom pain

Answer 53

amputee still feels pain in amputated limb

Question 54

referred pain

Answer 54

pain perceive to originate from an area that is not the source of pain