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Biology Lab > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Probability

A

The number of specified events / total number of possible events

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2
Q

What happens to the observed frequency as sample size gets larger?

A

The observed outcome or frequency gets closer to the expected frequency as a sample size gets larger.

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3
Q

Who worked with pea plants and first explained the principles of inheritance?

A

Gregor Mendel

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4
Q

Tall or short plants, purple flowers or white flowers, green peas or yellow peas are examples of a…

A

Phenotype

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5
Q

The genes present in an organism, like PP or Pp, are examples of…

A

Genotype

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6
Q

What is the section of DNA on a chromosome that usually codes for a protein?

A

A Gene

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7
Q

What are different forms of a gene on homologous chromosomes?

A

Alleles

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8
Q

What kind of alleles are represented by lower-case letters?

A

Recessive alleles

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9
Q

What kind of alleles are represented by capitol letters?

A

Dominant alleles

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10
Q

How many genes do you need to produce a recessive characteristic?

A

Two

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11
Q

How many genes do you need to produce a dominant characteristic?

A

At least one

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12
Q

Breed true

A

PP or pp

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13
Q

How can you tell the gender of a fruit fly?

A

Males are smaller, have darker abdomens, and sex combs. Females are larger with lighter abdomen and no sex combs.

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14
Q

What makes fruit flies so good for genetic experiments?

A

They are easily cultured, have short generation times, and produce lots of offspring.

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15
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 (23 homologous pairs)

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16
Q

How many autosomes do humans have?

A

44 (22 pairs)

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17
Q

How many sex chromosomes do humans have?

A

2 (1 pair)

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18
Q

What are the chromosomes for male and female?

A

Male: XY
Female: XX

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19
Q

How many chromosomes do fruit flies have?

A

8 (4 homologous pairs)

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20
Q

How many autosomes do fruit flies have?

A

6 (3 pairs)

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21
Q

How many sex chromosomes do fruit flies have?

A

2 (1 pair)

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22
Q

What alpha value do we use for t-test or Chi-square table?

A

0.05 (5%)

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23
Q

If we tested fruit flies and observed number of males, females, winged, and wingless, what is the degree of freedom?

A

3 (4 choices - 1)

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24
Q

What makes data statistically significant?

A

When the observed values are significantly different than the expected.

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25
Q

If we tested pea plants and observed purple flowers, white flowers, tall plants, short plants, yellow peas, green peas, found peas and wrinkled peas, what is the degree of freedom?

A

7 (8 choices - 1)

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26
Q

What makes data not statistically significant?

A

When the observed values are not significantly different than the expected.

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27
Q

What type of amino acid does UCA code for?

A

Serine

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28
Q

What is the start codon and what amino acid does it code for?

A

AUG, always codes for methionine

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29
Q

What are the three stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, and UGA

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30
Q

Who developed the theory of natural selection?

A

Charles Darwin with Alfred Wallace

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31
Q

What are the four basic components of the theory of natural selection?

A

Parents have lots of offspring, not many offspring make it to adulthood, variation exists in the population and has genetic basis, reproductive success occurs in favored individuals

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32
Q

Does natural selection occur in the individual or the population?

A

The individual

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33
Q

Does evolution work on the individual or the population?

A

The population

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34
Q

What is Batesian mimicry?

A

When an edible animal is protected by resembling a poisonous one avoided by predators.

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35
Q

What kind of coloring do poisonous animals have?

A

warning coloring. Example: bees

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36
Q

What is the model species?

A

The poisonous species like the coral snake

37
Q

What is the mimic species?

A

Resembles model but is harmless like the king snake

38
Q

When two different species live in the same geographic area?

A

Sympatry

39
Q

When two different species live in different geographic areas?

A

Allopatry

40
Q

What is needed for Batesian mimicry to work?

A

Sympatry

41
Q

What was the hypothesis in the Wooly Worm experiment?

A

The 10 different colors of worms all had an equal chance of being found and eaten by predators.

42
Q

What was the result of the Wooly Worm experiment?

A

The Chi-square table value was high so the hypothesis was rejected. some worms were easier to see and some were more camouflaged.

43
Q

How many degrees of freedom for the Wooly Worm experiment?

A

10 different color worms - 1 = 9

44
Q

What were the two colors of wooly worms that were more likely to survive?

A

Brown and dark green

45
Q

What are lizards most closely related to?

A

Snakes

46
Q

What is the end result of meiosis?

A

4 haploid daughter cells

47
Q

What is a tetrad?

A

Homologous chromosomes

48
Q

What is a chiasma?

A

It’s where crossing over takes place.

49
Q

When does crossing over take place?

A

Prophase I of meiosis I

50
Q

Give an example of a heterozygous pair.

A

Pp

51
Q

Give an example of a homozygous pair.

A

PP or pp

52
Q

What is sampling error?

A

The differences in expected and observed outcome.

53
Q

What happens of the observed frequency as sample size gets larger?

A

Increasing sample size decreases sampling error.

54
Q

What is the difference between an autosome and a sex chromosome?

A

Autosomes code for traits not related to sex.

55
Q

What is the Chi-Square table equation?

A

X^2 = (observed value - expected value)^2 / Expected value

Add all values in individual categories

56
Q

How are DNA strands aligned, and what are the pairing for nitrogenous bases?

A

DNA strands are aligned 5’ to 3’, pairings are AT ( or AU in RNA) and CG

57
Q

What is the purpose of translation, and where does it take place?

A

To make polypeptide chain/protein cells based off mRNA and takes place in the cytoplasm.

58
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

It helps decode mRNA

59
Q

What is the purpose of transcription, and where does it take place?

A

It creates mRNA and takes place in the nucleus.

60
Q

Coding strands

A

read from 5’ –> 3’

61
Q

template strands

A

read from 3’ –> 5’

62
Q

What is the purpose of DNA polymerase?

A

It pries DNA strands apart adding nucleotides. This makes RNA.

63
Q

Know the differences between DNA and RNA. (Strands and nucleotides)

A 
DNA = double stranded, thymine, deoxyribose sugar
RNA = single stranded, uracil, ribose sugar
64
Q

What are the four points of the flow diagram?

A

High reproductive capacities, competition, heritable variation in populations of organisms, differential survival and reproduction.

65
Q

Competition section of flow chart.

A

As individuals increase, competition for available resources increase. Resources limit the rate of population growth.

66
Q

Heritable variation

A

evolution cannot occur unless variation exists, must have genetic bases.

67
Q

Differential survival and reproduction

A

individuals in a population that possess “evolutionary relevant” features

68
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A random change in an organism’s DNA

69
Q

Rock Pocket Mouse Video

A

On desert sand the rock pocket mouse blends in perfectly, but on dark lava it is easily seen by predators.

70
Q

Peppered Moth video

A

Light-colored moths have an advantage in light colored birch tree forests than dark moths do. After the industrial revolution the birch forrest turned dark and the light moths were now easily seen. More dark colored moths frequented the forest now.

71
Q

What are the parts of the phylogenetic tree?

A

Root, node, branch, clade, taxon

72
Q

What is the difference between extinct and extant?

A

Extinct refers to a species that is no longer alive. Extant refers to a species that is currently living.

73
Q

What are tetrapods?

A

four legged animal

74
Q

What is the significance of the Tiktaalik?

A

First known tetrapod. Has fins and gills but also has ribs, neck, and eyes on top of its head. It has a flat triangular shaped head.

75
Q

What is parsimony related to phrenology?

A

The simplest phylogenetic tree must be correct.

76
Q

What is polytomy?

A

The term for an internal node of a cladogram that has more than two immediate descendants.

77
Q

What is Archaeopteryx?

A

A bird-like dinosaur. It has feathers and wings. It also has teeth and a long tail.

78
Q

Are crocodiles more closely related to birds or lizards?

A

Birds

79
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Where organisms not closely related evolve similar traits. Example: Bat and insect wings, or shark and dolphin bodies.

80
Q

How to write a phenotypic ratio vs genotypic

A

Phenotypic: 3 Yellow: 1 Green
Genotypic: 1 YY: 2 Yy: 1 yy

81
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis.

82
Q

What is crossing over?

A

When two homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids. This increases genetic variation.

83
Q

What is chromatin?

A

long thin chromosomes that are not condensed during interphase.

84
Q

What is the difference between a haploid and a diploid cell?

A

A haploid cell has one set of chromosomes and a diploid cell has two. Sex cells are haploid cells.

85
Q

What is the production of egg cells called?

A

Oogenesis

86
Q

What is the production of sperm cells called?

A

Spermatogenesis

87
Q

What is a locus?

A

location of a specific gene

88
Q

What is synapsis?

A

The pairing of two chromosomes during prophase I meiosis I

Biology Lab (1 decks)

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