Exam I Topics Flashcards
What are the five fetal circulation adaptations?
- umbilical vein
- ductus venous
- foramen ovale
- ductus arteriosus
- umbilical artery
What causes medial winging of the scapula?
Injury of the long thoracic nerve (innervates serratus anterior).
What color does air appear as on x-ray?
black
What color does bone appear as on an x-ray?
white
What is the mnemonic for reading an x-ray?
Airway
Bones
Cardiac silhouette
Diaphragm
Extra-pulmonary
Fields (lungs)
Gastric bubble
Hilum
What is a way to determine if a patient has inspired adequately during an x-ray?
9-10 ribs are visisble
Signs of hypovolemic “burn” shock
increased capillary permeability
leakage of intravascular fluids
decreased perfusion
decreased blood pressure
decreased cardiac output
increased heart rate
Parkland Formula
FR = 4 mL x Kg x TBSA %
1/2 of fluids in first 8 hours
1/2 of fluids in last 16 hours
What ribs are true?
1-7
What ribs are false?
8-10 (one piece of cartilage connects them)
What ribs are floating?
11 and 12 (doesn’t attach to the sternum)
How many vertebrae are there?
33
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
How many lumber vertebrae are there?
5
How many sacral vertebrae are there?
5
How many coccyx segments are there?
4
Why do the vertebrae become larger as you get closer to the sacrum?
bears more weight
Cervical Lordosis
2 degree curve
Thoracic Kyphosis
1 degree curve
Lumbar Lordosis
2 degree curve
Sacral Kyphosis
1 degree curve
What is scoliosis?
lateral curvature of the spine
most commonly affects girls 12 -15 years old
What is lordosis?
increase in lumbar curvature
What is kyphosis?
increase in thoracic curvature
commonly seen in osteoporosis
Where do the spinal nerves exit?
intervertebral foramina
C1
Atlas
No vertebral body
C2
Axis
What does the Atlanto-Occipital Joint allow for?
(C1 Lateral Masses and Occipital Condyle)
Neck Flexion and Extension (nodding)
Lateral Flexion (Sideways tilt)
What does the Atlanto-Axial Joint allow for?
(C1 and C2)
Side to Side movement (No)
What is the name of the pivot point on C2?
Dens
What is a Hangman’s fracture?
fracture of C2 (axis)
hyperextension
best seen on lateral view x-ray
What region of the back do most sources of pain come from?
Lumbar
Ligament that limits extension, is wide, and located on vertebral bodies?
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Ligament that limits flexion and is located within the vertebral canal?
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Medial ligament of the neck that substitutes as bone for muscle attachment from C3-C5 spinous process?
Nuchal Ligament
Ligament that is located between the lamina and arrest abrupt flexion to prevent injury to the intervertebral discs
Ligament Flavum
How long is the spinal cord?
45 cm
At what level does the spinal cord end?
L1-L2
What is the primary function of the cauda equina?
send and receive messages between the lower limbs and the pelvic organs.
bladder
rectum
internal genitals
Outermost layer of the meninges
Duramater
Where are spinal blocks given?
Between L3 and L4 or L4 and L5
Most inner layer of the meninges that is a vascular membrane that covers the spinal cord
Pia mater
Middle layer of the meninges
Arachnoid mater
Space that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Subarachnoid space
What is cerebrospinal fluid formed by?
Choroid plexuses of the brain
What holds the spinal cord in place?
Film terminale
Subarachnoid space between conus medullaris and the end of the dural sac
Lumbar cistern
Location of the brachial plexus
Cervical Enlargement
Location of the lumbar and sacral plexus
Lumbar Enlargement
End of the spinal cord
Conus Medullaris
How many spinal nerves are there?
31
SAME DAVE
Sensory - Afferent
Motor - Efferent
Dorsal - Afferent
Ventral - Efferent
What do the posterior and anterior roots unite to form?
Spinal Nerves
Where do the spinal nerves exit the spine?
intervertebral foramina
Where do cervical spinal nerves exit?
Above their corresponding vertebral body
C7 exits between C6 and C7
Where do thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves exit?
Below their corresponding vertebral body
L3 exits between L3 and L4
Nerve root injury and compression
Radiculopathy (Referred Pain)
Jelly-like material that consists of mainly water and allows the vertebral disc to withstand forces of compression and torsion
Nucleus pulposus
Ring of ligament fibers that connects the spinal vertebrae and is on the outside of the intervertebral disc
Annulus fibrosus
Where do most disk herniations occur?
L4 and L5
L5 and S1
Insertion of the Trapezius
Clavicle (lateral third)
Acromion Process
Spine of Scapula
Origin of the Trapezius
Nuchal Ligament
Spinous Process of C7-T12
Superior Nuchal Line
External Occipital Protuberance
What nerve innervates the Trapezius?
Spinal Accessory (CN XI)
What artery supplies blood to the Trapezius?
Transverse Cervical Artery
What nerve is affected with lateral winging of the scapula?
Dorsal Scapular Nerve
What muscle allows for extension of the neck?
Splenius
What muscle allows for extension and lateral flexion of the spine?
Erector Spinae
Branches of the Axillary Artery
(HOTEL SPA)
Highest Thoracic Artery
o
Thoracoacromial Artery
e
Lateral Thoracic Artery
Subscapular Artery
Posterior Humeral Circumflex Artery
Anterior Humeral Circumflex Artery
What layer of the skin are melanocytes found in?
Epidermis
What layer of the skin are keratinocytes found in?
Epidermis
What layer of the skin are papillary ridges found in? (Fingerprints)
Epidermis
What layer of the skin are hair follicles found in?
Dermis
What layer of skin are sweat glands found in?
Dermis
These sweat glands regulate heat and are found on the palms, forehead, and neck
Eccrine
These sweat glands start to appear after puberty and are found in the groins and arm pits
Apocrine
Subcutaneous Injections Examples
Insulin
Heparin
Allergy injections
Burn that is limited to the epidermal layer. It appears pink and is painful with edema.
First Degree Burn
Burn that affects the epidermis and papillary region of the dermis. Blisters and serous fluid. Cherry red and moist appearance. PAINFUL.
Superficial Second Degree Burn
Burn that affects the epidermis and reticular region of the dermis. Pale or ivory with a moist appearance. PAINFUL.
Deep Second Degree Burn
Burn that extends into subcutaneous tissue. Appears white, yellow, or brown and leathery. Thromboses vessels, loss of elasticity. Possible escharotomy. PAINLESS. Requires grafting.
Third Degree Burn (Full Thickness)
Burn that extends to muscle. Black charred appearance. May require amputation. NO PAIN. NO FUNCTION
Fourth Degree Burn
Rule of 9s
