Exam I Study Guide Flashcards
Sarcopenia
Age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, function, and ability to regenerate.
Effects of sarcopenia
slower gait speed, difficulty completing ADLs requiring significant muscle power
Myositis Ossificans
Abnormal formation of bone within a muscle following a muscle contusion injury
Myositis Ossificans symptoms
prolonged disability, severe pain, loss of function
Myositis Ossificans signs
a large, firm/tender mass within a contused muscle in concert with restricted joint motion
Myositis Ossificans risk factors
hematoma formation, severe contusion, injury to bone or periosteum
Tendinitis
inflammation of tendon
tendinosis
degenerative
Tendon rehabilitation
Modified tension in the line of stress is the optimal stimulus for tendon regeneration, wait until 1 week after injury, progress slowly.
Grade I ligament sprain
mild with no increased laxity
Grade II ligament sprain
moderate with slight laxity (may not involve surgery)
Grade III ligament sprain
severe with complete disruption of ligament fibers and significant laxity (will involve surgery)
Articular Cartilage Type I defect
superficial laceration, doesn’t reach subchondral bone
Articular Cartilage Type II defect
deep, full-thickness injury penetrating to the subchondral bone
osteoporosis causes
estrogen loss, corticosteroids, loss of weightbearing, bed rest, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, chronic renal failure
pathogenesis of osteoporosis
Imbalance between osteoclastic and osteoblastic function, Greatest effect on trabecular bone (vertebrae) and metaphysis of long bones
Primary osteoporosis
idiopathic, post-menopausal, senile
Secondary osteoporosis
Endocrine disorders
Malabsorption syndromes
Chronic Renal Failure
Rheumatoid arthritis
Loss of menses
clinical features of osteoporosis
back pain, loss of height, fractures, postural changes
Osteomalacia
softening of bone, in children it is called rickets
pathogenesis of osteomalacia
Inadequate mineralization of newly formed bone
clinical manifestations of osteomalacia
bowing of tibia and femur, fractures, neuropathies
Hemangioma of Vertebrae
Most common benign spinal neoplasm, women between 40-50 years, thoracic and Lumbar spine
Hemangioma symptoms
Back pain, radicular pain, or spinal cord compression, compression fracture
Avascular necrosis
Death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply
Most often occurs at hip
Avascular necrosis symptoms
Pain, decreased ROM, for femoral head, pain may radiate into groin
Osteomyelitis
Infection of the bone (e.g. staphylococcus aureus)
Osteomyelitis symptoms
pain/tenderness in infected area, swelling and warmth, fever, nausea
Scoliosis
lateral curves in excess of 10 degrees, 60% idiopathic
Scoliosis treatment
less than 25 degrees: no aggressive treatment
25-40 degrees: braces often used to slow progression
curves greater than 40 usually need surgery.
Infantile Scoliosis
lateral curvature in the spine of >10 degrees, spine usually bends to the left, likely have cardiopulmonary abnormalities
Thoracic Insufficiency Syndrome
Inability of the chest to support normal breathing or lung growth
Kyphoscolosis
scoliosis + kyphosis, can be caused by trauma, tumor, infection ,Scheuermann’s disease, or a congenital r developmental process, osteoporosis
Scheuermann’s Vertebral Osteochondrosis
Ossification and endochondral growth w/ pathologic changes to discs & vertebral body junctions
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)
Grouping of complex painful disorders that develop as a consequence of trauma affecting the extremities with or without an obvious peripheral nerve lesion
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Type I
no nerve injury evident
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Type II
peripheral nerve injury present
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) clinical features
Pain, Hyperesthesia (increased sensitivity to sensation), Tenderness, Swelling
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome stage I
acute/reversible stage that may last 3 - 6 months, can include vasodilation, pain and edema. Early intervention may prevent progression
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome stage II
dystrophic/ischemic stage that may last 3-9 months, can include vasoconstriction, pain and edema, cold and dry skin, hypersensitivity to cold
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome stage III
atrophic stage that may last years, although spontaneous recovery often occurs within 18-24 months, pain can increase or decrease, atrophy, severe osteoporosis.
