Exam I Study Guide

Question 1

Sarcopenia

Answer 1

Age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, function, and ability to regenerate.

Question 2

Effects of sarcopenia

Answer 2

slower gait speed, difficulty completing ADLs requiring significant muscle power

Question 3

Myositis Ossificans

Answer 3

Abnormal formation of bone within a muscle following a muscle contusion injury

Question 4

Myositis Ossificans symptoms

Answer 4

prolonged disability, severe pain, loss of function

Question 5

Myositis Ossificans signs

Answer 5

a large, firm/tender mass within a contused muscle in concert with restricted joint motion

Question 6

Myositis Ossificans risk factors

Answer 6

hematoma formation, severe contusion, injury to bone or periosteum

Question 7

Tendinitis

Answer 7

inflammation of tendon

Question 8

tendinosis

Answer 8

degenerative

Question 9

Tendon rehabilitation

Answer 9

Modified tension in the line of stress is the optimal stimulus for tendon regeneration, wait until 1 week after injury, progress slowly.

Question 10

Grade I ligament sprain

Answer 10

mild with no increased laxity

Question 11

Grade II ligament sprain

Answer 11

moderate with slight laxity (may not involve surgery)

Question 12

Grade III ligament sprain

Answer 12

severe with complete disruption of ligament fibers and significant laxity (will involve surgery)

Question 13

Articular Cartilage Type I defect

Answer 13

superficial laceration, doesn’t reach subchondral bone

Question 14

Articular Cartilage Type II defect

Answer 14

deep, full-thickness injury penetrating to the subchondral bone

Question 15

osteoporosis causes

Answer 15

estrogen loss, corticosteroids, loss of weightbearing, bed rest, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, chronic renal failure

Question 16

pathogenesis of osteoporosis

Answer 16

Imbalance between osteoclastic and osteoblastic function, Greatest effect on trabecular bone (vertebrae) and metaphysis of long bones

Question 17

Primary osteoporosis

Answer 17

idiopathic, post-menopausal, senile

Question 18

Secondary osteoporosis

Answer 18

Endocrine disorders
Malabsorption syndromes
Chronic Renal Failure
Rheumatoid arthritis
Loss of menses

Question 19

clinical features of osteoporosis

Answer 19

back pain, loss of height, fractures, postural changes

Question 20

Osteomalacia

Answer 20

softening of bone, in children it is called rickets

Question 21

pathogenesis of osteomalacia

Answer 21

Inadequate mineralization of newly formed bone

Question 22

clinical manifestations of osteomalacia

Answer 22

bowing of tibia and femur, fractures, neuropathies

Question 23

Hemangioma of Vertebrae

Answer 23

Most common benign spinal neoplasm, women between 40-50 years, thoracic and Lumbar spine

Question 24

Hemangioma symptoms

Answer 24

Back pain, radicular pain, or spinal cord compression, compression fracture

Question 25

Avascular necrosis

Answer 25

Death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply
Most often occurs at hip

Question 26

Avascular necrosis symptoms

Answer 26

Pain, decreased ROM, for femoral head, pain may radiate into groin

Question 27

Osteomyelitis

Answer 27

Infection of the bone (e.g. staphylococcus aureus)

Question 28

Osteomyelitis symptoms

Answer 28

pain/tenderness in infected area, swelling and warmth, fever, nausea

Question 29

Scoliosis

Answer 29

lateral curves in excess of 10 degrees, 60% idiopathic

Question 30

Scoliosis treatment

Answer 30

less than 25 degrees: no aggressive treatment
25-40 degrees: braces often used to slow progression
curves greater than 40 usually need surgery.

Question 31

Infantile Scoliosis

Answer 31

lateral curvature in the spine of >10 degrees, spine usually bends to the left, likely have cardiopulmonary abnormalities

Question 32

Thoracic Insufficiency Syndrome

Answer 32

Inability of the chest to support normal breathing or lung growth

Question 33

Kyphoscolosis

Answer 33

scoliosis + kyphosis, can be caused by trauma, tumor, infection ,Scheuermann’s disease, or a congenital r developmental process, osteoporosis

Question 34

Scheuermann’s Vertebral Osteochondrosis

Answer 34

Ossification and endochondral growth w/ pathologic changes to discs & vertebral body junctions

Question 35

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)

Answer 35

Grouping of complex painful disorders that develop as a consequence of trauma affecting the extremities with or without an obvious peripheral nerve lesion

Question 36

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Type I

Answer 36

no nerve injury evident

Question 37

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Type II

Answer 37

peripheral nerve injury present

Question 38

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) clinical features

Answer 38

Pain, Hyperesthesia (increased sensitivity to sensation), Tenderness, Swelling

Question 39

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome stage I

Answer 39

acute/reversible stage that may last 3 - 6 months, can include vasodilation, pain and edema. Early intervention may prevent progression

Question 40

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome stage II

Answer 40

dystrophic/ischemic stage that may last 3-9 months, can include vasoconstriction, pain and edema, cold and dry skin, hypersensitivity to cold

Question 41

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome stage III

Answer 41

atrophic stage that may last years, although spontaneous recovery often occurs within 18-24 months, pain can increase or decrease, atrophy, severe osteoporosis.