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Brain and Behavior > Exam I Review > Flashcards

Exam I Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary function of the brain?

A

To produce movement, collectively known as behavior

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2
Q

Behavior

A

A collection of coordinated movements that are intentionally generated, often in response to external stimuli

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3
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The nervous system’s ability to change (physically or chemically) in response to environmental, age-related, or injurious factors

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4
Q

Phenotypic Plasticity

A

The individual’s capacity to develop a range of phenotypes

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5
Q

Name the four (4) lobes of the Brain

A

1) Frontal 2)Temporal 3) Occipital 4)Parietal

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6
Q

What is the function of the Parietal Lobe?

A

Information Processing and Goal-directed Movement

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7
Q

What is the function of the Occipital Lobe?

A

Visual Processing

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8
Q

What is the function of the Frontal Lobe?

A

Executive Function, Planning, and Execute Movement

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9
Q

What is the function of the Temporal Lobe?

A

Auditory Processing and Memory

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10
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

The Brain and Spinal Cord

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11
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

The nerves and ganglia out side of the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

What is the Somatic PNS?

A

Conveys sensory information to the CNS and motor information from the CNS to the muscles

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13
Q

What does PNS stand for?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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14
Q

What is the Autonomic PNS?

A

Enables the CNS to control the internal organs

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15
Q

Who are the “founding fathers” of Ethology?

A

Nikolaas Tinbergen, Konrad Zacharias Lorenz, Karl Ritter Von Frisch

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16
Q

What is Innate Behavior?

A

Fixed action patterns

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17
Q

Imprinting

A

Any kind of phase-sensitive learning

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18
Q

What ideas did Aristotle propose?

A

The brain cooled the blood and had no role in behavior. Our actions are controlled by a soul or psyche

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19
Q

Dualism

A

The idea that both a non-material mind and the material body contribute to behavior.

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20
Q

What is the “Mind-Body Problem”?

A

The problem of explaining how a non-material mind can control a material body

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21
Q

What is Materialism?

A

The idea that there is only the physical reality and it can be understood through scientific inquiry

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21
Q

Who proposed Dualism?

A

Descartes

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22
Q

What is Homology?

A

The likeness in structure between parts of different organisms due to evolutionary differentiation from a corresponding part in a common ancestor

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23
Q

Gyrus

A

A small protrusion or bump formed by the folding of the cerebral cortex

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24
Q

Sulcus

A

A groove in brain matter, usually found in the neocortex or cerebellum

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25
Q

Fissure

A

A very deep sulcus

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26
Q

Grey Matter

A

Predominately composed of cell bodies and blood vessels; Where neurons collect and modify information.

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27
Q

White Matter

A

Areas of the Nervous System rich in fat-sheathed neural axons; long-distance connections between brain neurons

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28
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

Offers protection and chemical stability in the CNS and suspends the brain.

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29
Q

Where can CSF be found?

A

It circulates through the ventricles, spinal cord and subarachnoid space

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29
Q

What is the Brainstem?

A

Central structure of the brain that’s responsible for most life-sustaining, unconscious behavior

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30
Q

Ventricles

A

Cavities in the brain that make and contain CSF

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31
Q

How many ventricles are there?

A

Four (4)

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31
Q

What substructures are part of the brainstem?

A

The hindbrain, midbrain, and diencephalon

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32
Q

Where is the brainstem located?

A

Begins where the spinal cord enters the skull and extends upward into the lower areas of the forebrain

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33
Q

What are the substructures of the Diencephalon?

A

The thalamus and hypothalamus

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34
Q

What are the substructures of the hindbrain?

A

The Reticular Formation (RF), Pons, Medulla, and Cerebellum

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35
Q

What is the function of the hindbrain?

A

Controls motor functions, balance, and fine movement

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36
Q

What is the evolutionary oldest structure of the brain?

A

The hindbrain

37
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Brainstem area in which nuclei and fiber pathways are mixed, producting a netlike appearance; associated with sleep-wake behavior and behavioral arousal

38
Q

Pons

A

Receives inputs from the cerebellum and connects it with the rest of the brain structure

39
Q

In general, what do the Pons and Medulla do together?

A

They control many vital body movements

40
Q

What is the Midbrain?

A

Central part of the brainstem; contains neural circuits for hearing and seeing as well as for orienting movements

41
Q

Medulla

A

At the rostral tip of the spinal cord, it regulates vital function (i.e., breathing and cardiovascular system)

42
Q

What are the substructures of the midbrain?

A

The tectum and tegmentum

43
Q

Tectum

A

(Roof) Located posteriorly in humans; Recieves sensory information from the eyes and ears; Processes sensory information and produces orienting movements related to sensory inputs (i.e., turning towards a sound)

44
Q

Tegmentum

A

(Floor) Located ventral to the tectum; Largely related with movement-related functions.

45
Q

What are the substructures of the Tectum and their function?

A

The Superior Colliculus (recieves visual input) and The Inferior Colliculus (recieves auditory input)

46
Q

Red Nucleus

A

Nuclei in the Tegmentum, controls limb movement

47
Q

Substratia Nigra

A

Substructure in the Tegmentum that connects to the forebrain, associated with initiating movements and placing value on objects

48
Q

Periaqueductal Gray Matter

A

Cell bodies that surround the aqueduct joining the third and fourth ventricles, containing circuits that control sical behavior.

49
Q

Diencephalon

A

The “top” of the brainstem and intergrates sensory and motor information on its way to the cerebral cortex

50
Q

Hypothalamas

A

A Diencephalon structure composed of 22 nuclei that contains nuclei mediating regulatory functions

51
Q

Where is the Hypothalamus located?

A

Below the Thalamas, along the brain’s midline

52
Q

What critical function does the Hypothalamas do in tandem with the pituitary gland?

A

Control the body’s production of hormones

53
Q

What behaviors does the Hypothalamas play a role in?

A

Feeding, Sleeping, Temperature Regulation, Sexual and Emotional Behavior, and Movement

54
Q

How does the Hypothalamas engage the pituitary gland?

A

With neurohormones

55
Q

Thalamas

A

Diencephalon structure through which information from all sensory systems is organized, intergrated, and projected into the appropriate region of the neocortex

56
Q

What are the substructures of the Forebrain?

A

The Cerebral Cortex and Basal Ganglia

56
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

Processes information from the optic tract and sends it to the visual region in the occipital lobe in each hemisphere

56
Q

What are the substructures of the Cerebral Cortex?

A

The Neocortex and the Allocortex

57
Q

What is the most recent part of the brain to evolve?

A

The Forebrain

58
Q

Forebrain

A

The largest part of the brain; coordinates advanced cognitive functions, such as thinking, planning, and language

59
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Regulates a host of mental activities ranging from pereception to planning to emotions and memory

60
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Subcortical forebrain nuclei that coordinate voluntary movements of the limbs and body; connected to the thalamus and to the midbrain

60
Q

Allocortex

A

Part of the cerebral cortex, composed of three or four layers; plays a role in controlling motivational and emotional states as well as in cretain forms of memory

61
Q

Neocortex

A

Outermost layer of the forebrain that is visibly folded in humans; composed of about six layers of cells; constructs a perceptual world and responds to that world.

62
Q

What are the substructures of the Allocortex?

A

The Hippocampus, The Cingulate Cortex, and the Amygdala

63
Q

What is the function of the Hippocampus?

A

Consolidation

63
Q

Consolidation

A

The process whereby the short-term memories are solidified to long-term memories.

63
Q

Cingulate Cortex

A

Lies above the Corpus Callosum; involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, memory, and is influencial to linking behavior with motivation

64
Q

What is the function of the Amygdala?

A

Plays a role in anxiety and fear

65
Q

Limbic System

A

A conceptual system controlling affective and motivated behaviors and certain forms of memory, who anatomy lies between the neocortex and brainstem. For some neuroscientist, the Limbic System is obsolete and was replaced with the allocortex.

65
Q

How many layers on in the cortex?

A

Six (6)

65
Q

Cytoarchitectonic Map

A

Map of the neocortex based on the organization, structure, and distribution of the cells

66
Q

What does layer four (4) of the cortex do?

A

Afferent sensory input

67
Q

What do layers one (1) through three (3) of the cortex do?

A

Integrative functions

67
Q

What do layers five (5) and six (6) of the cortex do?

A

Output to other parts of the brain (efferent)

68
Q

Need a break?

A

Hope you’re feeling better now! :3

69
Q

Vomeronasal Organ

A

Collection of neurons that direct pheromones; it plays a role in reproduction and social behavior in many mammals, though its specific function in humans is disputed

70
Q

The ____ recieves sensations from the skin and muscles and produces movements independent of the brain.

A

Somatic Nervous System

71
Q

What does FACT stand for?

A

Function, Anatomy, Connections, and Topography

72
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

The twelve (12) nerve pairs that control sensory and motor functions of the head, neck, and internal organs

73
Q

Cranial Nerve #1

A

Olfactory | Controls smell

74
Q

Cranial Nerve #2

A

Optic | Controls vision

75
Q

Cranial Nerve #3

A

Oculomotor | Controls eye movement

76
Q

Cranial Nerve #4

A

Trochlear | Controls eye movement

77
Q

Cranial Nerve #5

A

Trigeminal | Masticatory movements and facial sensations

78
Q

Cranial Nerve #6

A

Abducens | Controls eye movement

79
Q

Vertebrae

A

The bones that form the spinal column

80
Q

What are the five (5) regions of the spine?

A

1) Cervical 2) Thoracic 3) Lumbar 4) Sacral 5) Coccygeal

81
Q

Deramtome

A

Body segment corresponding to a segment of the spinal cord

82
Q

Law of Bell and Magendie

A

Sensory fibers are dorsal/posterior and motor fibers are ventral/anterior, with an exception

83
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body for action

84
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system that acts in opposition to the sympathetic division

85
Q

Ganglia

A

Collections of neural cells that connect the autonomic control centers to the spinal cord and controls interal organs

Brain and Behavior (1 decks)

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