Exam I prep Flashcards
standard metabolic rate
rate during COMPLETE inactivity. Very impractical to measure
routine metabolic rate
rate during minimal activity or “rest”
Field metabolic rate
rate over long period of time to ensure constant body mass and that food inputs balance metabolic outputs. Most useful.
active metabolic rate
level required for specified levels of exercise activity,up to maximum possible metabolic rate.
factorial aerobic scope
maximal MBR : basal MBR
absolute aerobic scope
maximal MBR - basal MBR
specific dynamic action
metaolic increase after ingesting meal. Increase thought to be due to digestion, assimilation of energy and manufacture of biological molecules, and excretion (particularly of nitrogenous wastes)
VO2max
maximum aerobic capacity or power. Maximum rate of O2 consumption. indicates maximum rate of ATP synthesis during aerobic catabolism
leptin
hormone involved in metabolic regulation. regulates energy metabolism by decreasing food intake/apetite. secreted by adipocytes, so secretion is related to energy stores. Acts on hypothalamus.
Neuropeptide Y
neurotransmitter that stimulates food intake/ apetite. Acts on hypothalamus.
Cholecystokinin / gastrin
induces secretion of digestive enzymes. released in response to nutrients in the intestine.
insulin
lowers blood glucose, amino acid, and fatty acid levels. Promotes energy storage.
glucagon
opposes insulin. promotes energy availability.
thyroid hormones
major regulators of metabolism; increase general metabolic rate.
What factors affect metabolic rate?
1) at biochemical level: substrate/enzyme availability
2) overall rate affected by
Size
temp
O2 availability
Taxonomy
complexity?
oxy-thermo regulators or conformers?
physiology
study of the functions of living organisms and their parts
characteristics of water as a habitat
high specific heat capacity
high latent heat of melting
high latent heat of vaporization
universal solvent
parameters that can vary in the aquatic environment
pH temp light salinity food dissolved gasses pollutants geomagnetism currents dissolved organics chemical energy
adaptation
changes in function of a trait due to selection.
or
modification in the characteristics of organisms that enhanvce thier ability to survive.
Adaptations are heritable between generations.
examples of interiorized adaptations
generation of metabolic function
changes in ability to transport gas between cells and the environment
maintenance of proper solute microenvironment (pH and osmotic conditions)
exploitation of different energy resources
examples of exteriorized adaptations
cryptic coloration
bioluminescence
chemical signaling and defense
phenotypic plasticity
same genome, different expression of the genes, in response to environmental conditions or variation
acclimation
short term compensatory changes in response to environmental change and due to phenotypic plasticity
acclimatization in the wild
acclimation in the lab
time frames of physiological change
changes due to varying environmental conditions
acute–changes exhibited immediately after environmental change
chronic–changes that are long term—after they have been in the environment for weeks or months
evolutionary—changes in gene frequency that are passed down through generations as a result of response to changing environment
time frames of physiological change
internally programmed to occur regardless of environment
developmental
biological clocks
homeostasis
preservation of a constant internal state
enantiostasis
preservation of constant function, there there may be changes in state (example: phospholipid composition of membranes in cold systems, changes in plasma osmolality in changing salinities, blood and intercellular ph change with temperature)
isometry
changes in size do not lead to changes in proportion
allometry
changes in size lead to changes in proportion
scaling: implications
larger organisms have larger surface area.
larger organisms have high metabolic rates (but allometric!)
energy used for locomotion (esp in aquatic environments!)
