Exam I prep

Question 0

standard metabolic rate

Answer 0

rate during COMPLETE inactivity. Very impractical to measure

Question 1

routine metabolic rate

Answer 1

rate during minimal activity or “rest”

Question 2

Field metabolic rate

Answer 2

rate over long period of time to ensure constant body mass and that food inputs balance metabolic outputs. Most useful.

Question 3

active metabolic rate

Answer 3

level required for specified levels of exercise activity,up to maximum possible metabolic rate.

Question 4

factorial aerobic scope

Answer 4

maximal MBR : basal MBR

Question 5

absolute aerobic scope

Answer 5

maximal MBR - basal MBR

Question 6

specific dynamic action

Answer 6

metaolic increase after ingesting meal. Increase thought to be due to digestion, assimilation of energy and manufacture of biological molecules, and excretion (particularly of nitrogenous wastes)

Question 7

VO2max

Answer 7

maximum aerobic capacity or power. Maximum rate of O2 consumption. indicates maximum rate of ATP synthesis during aerobic catabolism

Question 8

leptin

Answer 8

hormone involved in metabolic regulation. regulates energy metabolism by decreasing food intake/apetite. secreted by adipocytes, so secretion is related to energy stores. Acts on hypothalamus.

Question 9

Neuropeptide Y

Answer 9

neurotransmitter that stimulates food intake/ apetite. Acts on hypothalamus.

Question 10

Cholecystokinin / gastrin

Answer 10

induces secretion of digestive enzymes. released in response to nutrients in the intestine.

Question 11

insulin

Answer 11

lowers blood glucose, amino acid, and fatty acid levels. Promotes energy storage.

Question 12

glucagon

Answer 12

opposes insulin. promotes energy availability.

Question 13

thyroid hormones

Answer 13

major regulators of metabolism; increase general metabolic rate.

Question 14

What factors affect metabolic rate?

Answer 14

1) at biochemical level: substrate/enzyme availability
2) overall rate affected by
Size
temp
O2 availability
Taxonomy
complexity?
oxy-thermo regulators or conformers?

Question 15

physiology

Answer 15

study of the functions of living organisms and their parts

Question 16

characteristics of water as a habitat

Answer 16

high specific heat capacity
high latent heat of melting
high latent heat of vaporization
universal solvent

Question 17

parameters that can vary in the aquatic environment

Answer 17

pH
temp
light
salinity
food 
dissolved gasses
pollutants
geomagnetism
currents
dissolved organics
chemical energy

Question 18

adaptation

Answer 18

changes in function of a trait due to selection.
or
modification in the characteristics of organisms that enhanvce thier ability to survive.

Adaptations are heritable between generations.

Question 19

examples of interiorized adaptations

Answer 19

generation of metabolic function
changes in ability to transport gas between cells and the environment
maintenance of proper solute microenvironment (pH and osmotic conditions)
exploitation of different energy resources

Question 20

examples of exteriorized adaptations

Answer 20

cryptic coloration
bioluminescence
chemical signaling and defense

Question 21

phenotypic plasticity

Answer 21

same genome, different expression of the genes, in response to environmental conditions or variation

Question 22

acclimation

Answer 22

short term compensatory changes in response to environmental change and due to phenotypic plasticity

acclimatization in the wild
acclimation in the lab

Question 23

time frames of physiological change

changes due to varying environmental conditions

Answer 23

acute–changes exhibited immediately after environmental change
chronic–changes that are long term—after they have been in the environment for weeks or months
evolutionary—changes in gene frequency that are passed down through generations as a result of response to changing environment

Question 24

time frames of physiological change

internally programmed to occur regardless of environment

Answer 24

developmental

biological clocks

Question 25

homeostasis

Answer 25

preservation of a constant internal state

Question 26

enantiostasis

Answer 26

preservation of constant function, there there may be changes in state (example: phospholipid composition of membranes in cold systems, changes in plasma osmolality in changing salinities, blood and intercellular ph change with temperature)

Question 27

isometry

Answer 27

changes in size do not lead to changes in proportion

Question 28

allometry

Answer 28

changes in size lead to changes in proportion

Question 29

scaling: implications

Answer 29

larger organisms have larger surface area.
larger organisms have high metabolic rates (but allometric!)
energy used for locomotion (esp in aquatic environments!)