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My Physiology of Behavior > Exam I: Neurons & Structure > Flashcards

Exam I: Neurons & Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Binding Site

A

“key hole”

location on a receptor protein to which a ligand binds

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2
Q

Ligand

A

“Key”

chemical that binds with the binding site of a receptor

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3
Q

• How many neurons?

A
  • 100 Billion neurons in human nervous system, most common estimate (book)
  • 100-1000 Billion neurons estimated (according to lecture notes)
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4
Q

• Multipolar neuron

A

*Focus studies on this one, know what it looks like
o A neuron with one axon and many dendrites attached to its soma
o Building block
o Most abundant in CNS, diversity of presentations
o what they are,
o what they do
o Motor Neuron
• Located within CNS
• Controls contraction of muscle or secretion of gland, efferent response)
• Efferent: moving outward, moving potentials outward from the CNS

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5
Q

Meninges

A

Three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, consisting of the Dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid mater

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6
Q

What are the three membranes that cover brain and spinal cord?

A

Meninges

Dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid mater

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7
Q

1) Dura Mater

A

Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

3) pia mater

A

The third layer of the meninges, located nearest to the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

2) arachnoid mater

A

Which resembles a spider web, is the second layer of the meninges and is located between the Dura mater and the pia mater

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10
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

A space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater that contains the cerebrospinal fluid

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11
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

A clear fluid the circulates around through the brain and spinal cord that helps to physically support the brain and act as a shock absorber, and that also exchanges nutrients and wastes with the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

Major Division of the Nervous System

A

CNS: Brain and Spinal Chord
PNS: Nerves and Peripheral Ganglia

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13
Q

Ventricle

A

One of the hollow spaces within the brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

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14
Q

Lateral Ventricle

A

One of the two ventricles located in the center of the telencephalon.

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15
Q

Third Ventricle

A

The ventricle located in the center of the diencephalon

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16
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

A narrow tube interconnecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain, located in the center of the mesencephalon

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17
Q

Fourth Ventricle

A

The ventricle located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in the center of the metencephalon.

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18
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

The highly vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricles and produces cerebrospinal fluid.

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19
Q

Arachnoid Granulation

A

Small projections of the arachnoid membrane through the Dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus; CSF flows through them to be reabsorbed into the blood supply

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20
Q

Superior Sagittal Sinus

A

A venous sinus located in the midline just dorsal to the corpus callosum, between the two cerebral hemisphere.

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21
Q

The CSF route

A

Choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles produce cerebrospinal fluid and it flows into the third ventricle. More CSF is produced in this ventricle which then flows through the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle where still more CSF is produced. The CSF leaves the fourth ventricle through small openings that connect the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain where it is reabsorbed into the blood supply.

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22
Q

forebrain

A

The most rostral of the three major divisions of the brain; includes the telencephalon and diencephalon.

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23
Q

cerebral hemisphere

A

One of two major portions of the forebrain, covered by the cerebral cortex

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24
Q

subcortical region

A

The region located within the brain, beneath the cortical surface.

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25
Q

neocortex

A

The phylogenetically newest cortex, including the primary sensory cortex, primary motor cortex, and association cortex

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26
Q

fissure

A

A major groove in the surface of the brain, larger than a sulcus.

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27
Q

sulcus

A

A groove in the surface of the cerebral hemisphere, smaller than a fissure.

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28
Q

gyrus

A

A convolution of the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, separated by sulci or fissures.

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29
Q

frontal lobe

A

The anterior portion of the cerebral cortex, rostral to the parietal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe.

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30
Q

parietal lobe

A

The region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the frontal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe.

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31
Q

temporal lobe

A

The region of the cerebral cortex rostral to the occipital lobe and ventral to the parietal and frontal lobes.

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32
Q

occipital lobe

A

The region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the parietal and temporal lobes.

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33
Q

limbic system

A

A group of brain regions including the anterior thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, and parts of the hypothalamus, as well as their interconnecting fiber bundles.

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34
Q

What makes up the limbic system?

A

anterior thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, and parts of the hypothalamus, as well as their interconnecting fiber bundles.

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35
Q

limbic cortex

A

Phylogenetically old cortex, located at the medial edge (“limbus”) of the cerebral hemispheres; part of the limbic system.

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36
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

A strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the groove separating the cerebral hemispheres, just above the corpus callosum

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37
Q

hippocampus

A

A forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, constituting an important part of the limbic system; includes the hippocampus proper (Ammon’s horn), dentate gyrus, and subiculum.

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38
Q

amygdala

A

A structure in the interior of the rostral temporal lobe, containing a set of nuclei; part of the limbic system.

emotion, survival, memory

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39
Q

fornix

A

A fiber bundle that connects the hippocampus with other parts of the brain; including the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus; part of the limbic system.

memory

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40
Q

mammillary bodies

A

A protrusion of the bottom of the brain at the posterior end of the hypothalamus, containing some hypothalamic nuclei; part of the limbic system

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41
Q

Basal ganglia

A

collection of subcortical nuclei that lie just under the anterior aspect of the lateral ventricles

makes sustantia negra, thus dopamine, important to parkinsons

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42
Q

afferent neurons

A

(AKA sensory neurons)

they bring the stimuli from the sensors (e.g., skin, eyes, ears) TOWARD the CNS. The efferent neurons are also known as motor neurons: they bring the responses from the brain to the muscles and the glands.

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43
Q

thalamus

A

both process and relay sensory information selectively to various parts of the cerebral cortex, as one thalamic point may reach one or several regions in the cortex. The hypothalamus regulates certain metabolic processes and other activities of the Autonomic Nervous System

sensory, motor system relay
consciousness and sleep

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44
Q

Neurogenesis

A

(birth of neurons) is the process by which neurons are generated from neural stem cells and progenitor cells. It plays a central role in neural development. Neurogenesis is most active during pre-natal development and is responsible for populating the growing brain with neurons

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45
Q

efferent neurons

A

(AKA motor neurons, motoneuron, motor nerve fiber, motor neuron)

they bring the responses from the brain to the muscles and the glands.

a neuron conducting impulses outwards and AWAY from the brain or spinal cord

a nerve that conveys impulses toward or to muscles or glands

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46
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Broca’s (expressive or motor) Aphasia. Damage to a discrete part of a the brain in the left frontal lobe (Broca’s area) of the language-dominant hemisphere has been shown to significantly affect use of spontaneous speech and motor speech control.

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47
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Trouble speaking fluently but comprehension relatively preserved
Non-fluent or expressive aphasia.
Difficulty producing grammatical sentences, speech is limited, laborious process
May understand speech relatively well when simple

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48
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Fluent Aphasia
Ability to grasp the meaning of spoken words is impaired, while producing connected speech is not much affected.
speech is not normal, don’t necessarily make sense,
Reading and writing are often severely impaired.

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49
Q

What are brain ventricles?

A

The ventricles of the brain are a communicating network of interconnected cavities filled with (CSF), also produced there via region of choroid plexus
2 lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, the cerebral aqueduct, and the fourth ventricle
The ventricular system is a set of four interconnected cavities (ventricles) in the brain, where the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced.

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50
Q

Lateral Ventricles

A

The right and left lateral ventricles are structures within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. Along with the structures known as the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle, they are part of the body’s ventricular system.

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51
Q

3rd Ventricle

A

forebrain, diencephalon

CSF from lateral ventricles via foramen

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52
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

mesencephalon

CSF from 3rd to 4th ventricle

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53
Q

fourth ventricle

A

metencephalon

CSF from aqueduct, through medial foramen into subarachnoid space, diffuses to brain, spinal cord

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54
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Within each ventricle is a region of choroid plexus, a network of ependymal cells involved in the production of CSF.

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55
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

the continuation of the spinal cord within the skull, forming the lowest part of the brainstem and containing control centers for the heart and lungs.

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56
Q

Pons

A

the part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus.

The pons contains nuclei that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture.

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57
Q

Cerebellum

A

the part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates. Its function is to coordinate and regulate muscular activity.

The cerebellum receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.

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58
Q

Tegmentum

A

The midbrain tegmentum is the part of the midbrain extending from the substantia nigra to the cerebral aqueduct in a horizontal section of the midbrain. It forms the floor of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct.

The VTA is the origin of the dopaminergic cell bodies of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system and is widely implicated in the drug and natural reward circuitry of the brain. It is important in cognition, motivation, orgasm,[2] drug addiction, intense emotions relating to love, and several psychiatric disorders.

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59
Q

tectum

A

The tectum is located in the dorsal region of the mesencephalon (mid brain). It consists of the superior colliculi (visual receptors) and inferior colliculi (auditory receptors).

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60
Q

Thalamus

A

send signals all around the structures
sensory and motor signal relay
regulation of consciousness and sleep.
smell, all other sensory processes
thalamic nucleus receiving signal, direct it
controlling the motor systems (voluntary bodily movement and coordination)

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61
Q

The cingulate gyrus

A

The cingulate gyrus is the part of the cerebrum that lies closest to the limbic system, just above the corpus callosum. It provides a pathway from the thalamus to the hippocampus, seems to be responsible for focusing attention on emotionally significant events, and for associating memories to smells and to pain.is the part of the cerebrum that lies closest to the limbic system, just above the corpus callosum. It provides a pathway from the thalamus to the hippocampus, seems to be responsible for focusing attention on emotionally significant events, and for associating memories to smells and to pain.

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62
Q

The ventral tegmental area

A

The ventral tegmental area of the brain stem (just below the thalamus) consists of dopamine pathways that seem to be responsible for pleasure. People with damage here tend to have difficulty getting pleasure in life, and often turn to alcohol, drugs, sweets, and gambling.

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63
Q

The basal ganglia

A

The basal ganglia (including the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the globus pallidus, and the substantia nigra) lie over and to the sides of the limbic system, and are tightly connected with the cortex above them. They are responsible for repetitive behaviors, reward experiences, and focusing attention.

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64
Q

The prefrontal cortex,

A

The prefrontal cortex, which is the part of the frontal lobe which lies in front of the motor area, is also closely linked to the limbic system. Besides apparently being involved in thinking about the future, making plans, and taking action, it also appears to be involved in the same dopamine pathways as the ventral tegmental area, and plays a part in pleasure and addiction.

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65
Q

Function of Limbic system

A

a complex system of nerves and networks in the brain, involving several areas near the edge of the cortex concerned with instinct and mood. It controls the basic emotions (fear, pleasure, anger) and drives (hunger, sex, dominance, care of offspring).

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66
Q

Structures of the Limbic System

A

The primary structures within the limbic system include the amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus. The amygdala is the emotion center of the brain, while the hippocampus plays an essential role in the formation of new memories about past experiences.

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67
Q

Anatomical Subdivisions of the Brain: Forebrain

A

Lateral & 3rd Ventricles
Telencephalon & Diencephalon
Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, Limbic System
Thalamus, Hypothalamus

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68
Q

Anatomical Subdivisions of the Brain: Midbrain

A

Cerebral Aqueduct
Mesencephalon
Tectum
Tegmentum

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69
Q

Anatomical Subdivisions of the Brain: Hindbran

A

4th Ventricle
Metencephalon & Myelencephalon
Cerebellum, Pons, Medulla Oblongata

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70
Q

hypothalamus

A

a region of the forebrain below the thalamus that coordinates both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems, and involved in sleep and emotional activity

71
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

The substantia nigra is the source of the striatal input of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which plays an important role in basal ganglia function. The subthalamic nucleus receives input mainly from the striatum and cerebral cortex, and projects to the globus pallidus.

72
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

e.g. smell, taste, some vision

73
Q

contralateral

A

movement

touch and other sensation, some vision

74
Q

Idiopathic = Don’t know what it is

How would you go about diagnosing something that is unknown?

A

Onset, course, symptoms and signs. How important is the cause?
Normal pressure hydrocephalous-enlarged ventricles, wacky, wet, wobbly

75
Q

choroid plexus

A

The highly vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricles and produces cerebrospinal fluid.

76
Q

obstructive hydrocephalus

A

A condition in which all or some of the brain’s ventricles are enlarged; caused by an obstruction that impedes the normal flow of CSF.

77
Q

arachnoid granulation

A

Small projections of the arachnoid membrane through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus; CSF flows through them to be reabsorbed into the blood supply.

78
Q

superior sagittal sinus

A

A venous sinus located in the midline just dorsal to the corpus callosum, between the two cerebral hemispheres.

79
Q

CSF Flow

A
  1. CSF formed in lateral ventricles, passes to:
  2. Interventricular foramina (of Monro) to:
  3. 3rd Ventricle through:
  4. Cerebral Aqueduct to (structural landmark)
  5. 4th Ventricle
  6. Foramen of Magendie; Foramina of Lushka
    (Medial | Lateral)
  7. Cisterna Magna, Pontine Cistern
  8. Tentorial Notch, Cerebral Hemispheres
  9. Arachnoid Villi (site at which we see CSF finding way back)

*subarachnoid space, arachnoid granulation to superior sagittal sinus

80
Q

Tectum

A

Midbrain tectum. The tectum (Latin: roof) is a region of the brain, specifically the dorsal part of the mesencephalon (midbrain). This is contrasted with the tegmentum, which refers to the region ventral to the ventricular system. The tectum is responsible for auditory and visual reflexes.

81
Q

Tegmentum

A

Controls Motor Functions
Regulates Awareness and Attention
Regulates Some Autonomic Functions
The tegmentum is the area within the brainstem that forms the base of the mesencephalon (mid brain). It consists of the cerebral aqueduct, periaqueductal gray, reticular formation, substantia nigra and the red nucleus.

82
Q

3 Theoretical Contributors to Hydrocephalus

A

Excess CSF Production (e.g., as result of papilloma/choroid plexus tumor)
Obstruction of CSF Circulation
Deficiency in CSF Reabsorption (In arachnoid villa)

83
Q

CNS

A

The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord

84
Q

Stages of Brain Development

A

Cell Birth (Neurogenesis)
Cell Migration
To intended destination before they differentiate
Cell Differentiation
Cell Maturation (Dendrite/Axon growth)
Synaptogenesis
Cell Death/Synaptic Pruning
Apoptosis: programmed cell death, natural
Myelogenesis
Evidence that this continues throughout adolescence

85
Q

Neural Tube

A

A hollow tube, closed at the rostral end, that forms from the ectoderm tissue early in embryonic development; serves as the origin of the central nervous system.

86
Q

Ventricular Zone

A

A layer of cells that line the inside of the neural tube; contains founder cells that divide and give rise to the central nervous system.
Early phases of brain and spine

87
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The outermost layer of gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres.

88
Q

Radial Glia

A

Special glia with fibers that grow radially outward from the ventricular zone to the surface of the cortex; provide guidance for neurons migrating outward during brain development.
Scaffold for neurons to climb to specific destination

Radial glial cells help to guide migration of newly formed neurons

89
Q

CNS Development: Days 18, 21, 28, 30

A

CNS development occurs ~18 days post-conception

Portion of ectoderm thickens, forms plate; ridges in plate form ridges in rostral-caudal manner; fuse to form neural tube day 21

Neural tube gives rise to brain and spinal cord
~Day 28: Rostral end of neural tube forms 3 chambers (to become ventricles)

Cortex surrounding chambers become: 1 month post conception

(1) forebrain
(2) midbrain
(3) hindbrain

90
Q

Brainstem includes:

A

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla

91
Q

Founder Cells

A

Cells of the ventricular zone that divide and give rise to cells of the central nervous system.

92
Q

Symmetrical Division

A

Division of a founder cell that gives rise to two identical founder cells; increases the size of the ventricular zone and hence the brain that develops from it.

93
Q

Asymmetrical Division

A

Division of a founder cell that gives rise to another founder cell and a neuron, which migrates away from the ventricular zone toward its final resting place in the brain.

94
Q

Apoptosis

A

Death of a cell caused by a chemical signal that activates a genetic mechanism inside the cell.
Programmed cell death, instrumental in pruning process

95
Q

Gyri, Sulci, and Fissures

A

Gyri=hills
Sulci=valleys
Fissures=really big valleys

96
Q

Early Developmental Malformations

A 
If Neural Tube Fails to Close
(1) Completely
Cranioarchishosis (Fatal)
(2) Rostrally
Anencephaly (may result from deficient folic acid)
(3) Caudally
Spina Bifida (Myelomeningocele)
97
Q

Multiple Scleroses

A

scleroses are lesions/wounds/scar tissue areas on brain where a person’s immune system started attacking their own myelin sheaths, prevents certain messages, action potentials to be carried out, loss of function
autoimmune disease possibly caught in childhood

98
Q

Wata Test

A

anesthetize one hemisphere of brain
requires brain mapping
locate “hemisphericity” of language

99
Q

Generally, 3 Critical Age Divisions in Determination of Effects of Early Lesions:

A

5 years: Little or no sparing of function

100
Q

cerebral hemisphere

A

One of two major portions of the forebrain, covered by the cerebral cortex.

101
Q

forebrain

A

The most rostral of the three major divisions of the brain; includes the telencephalon and diencephalon.

102
Q

subcortical region

A

The region located within the brain, beneath the cortical surface.

103
Q

neocortex

A

The phylogenetically newest cortex, including the primary sensory cortex, primary motor cortex, and association cortex. Visual cortext, outwardly presented
Newest of evolution

*primary=initial analysis of information, secondary, tertiary cortices offer backup and further processing

104
Q

Fissure

A

A major groove in the surface of the brain, larger than a sulcus.
Midsagettal fissure—separates hemisphere

105
Q

Sulcus

A

A groove in the surface of the cerebral hemisphere, smaller than a fissure.

106
Q

Gyrus

A

A convolution of the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, separated by sulci or fissures.

107
Q

Insula

A

is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus (the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes).

108
Q

primary visual cortex

A

The region of the posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system.

109
Q

lateral fissure

A

The fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobes.

110
Q

calcarine fissure

A

A fissure located in the occipital lobe on the medial surface of the brain; most of the primary visual cortex is located along its upper and lower banks.

111
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

The region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system.

112
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

The region of the anterior parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system.

113
Q

primary motor cortex

A

The region of the posterior frontal lobe that contains neurons that control movements of skeletal muscles.

114
Q

central sulcus

A

The sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

115
Q

insular cortex

A

A sunken region of the cerebral cortex that is normally covered by the rostral superior temporal lobe and caudal inferior frontal lobe. Deep, critical role in hyp. formation
Learning and memory

116
Q

sensory association cortex

A

Those regions of the cerebral cortex that receive information from the regions of the primary sensory cortex.

117
Q

corpus callosum

A

A large bundle of axons that interconnect to corresponding regions of the association cortex on each side of the brain.

118
Q

motor association cortex

A

The region of the frontal lobe rostral to the primary motor cortex; also known as the premotor cortex.

119
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

The region of the frontal lobe rostral to the motor association cortex.

planning complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making, and moderating social behaviour.

120
Q

limbic system

A

A group of brain regions including the anterior thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, and parts of the hypothalamus, as well as their interconnecting fiber bundles.

121
Q

limbic cortex

A

Phylogenetically old cortex, located at the medial edge (“limbus”) of the cerebral hemispheres; part of the limbic system.

122
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

A strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the groove separating the cerebral hemispheres, just above the corpus callosum.
Key structure

123
Q

Hippocampus, seahorse

A

A forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, constituting an important part of the limbic system; includes the hippocampus proper (Ammon’s horn), dentate gyrus, and subiculum.
New memories

124
Q

Amygdala, almond

A

A structure in the interior of the rostral temporal lobe, containing a set of nuclei; part of the limbic system. emotion
Just posterior to hippocampus

125
Q

fornix

A

A fiber bundle that connects the hippocampus with other parts of the brain; including the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus; part of the limbic system.
Verniquis corsecough syndrom, degen of mam bodies, alcohol addiction, amnesia

126
Q

mammillary bodies

A

A protrusion of the bottom of the brain at the posterior end of the hypothalamus, containing some hypothalamic nuclei; part of the limbic system.

127
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

predoimant role in regulation of extrapyramidal movement

5 Major Nuclei

128
Q

5 Major Nuclei of Basal Ganglia

A

1-3 for sure; 4-5 sometimes added

(1) Putamen
(2) Caudate nucleus
(3) Globus Pallidus
(4) Subthalamic nucleus
(5) Substantia Nigra (both compact and reticular parts) technically in midbrain but in same network as BG; parkinsons, becomes bleached bc cell death

129
Q

Basal Ganglia crucial role in movement, involvement contributes to variety of involuntary movement disorders contributing to:

A

Dystonia,
Athetosis, Chorea, Hemiballismus (throwing of given extermity)
Parkinson’s disease and other parkinsonian conditions
Huntington’s disease

130
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Diencephalic nuclei beneath thalamus
involved in regulation of ANS, pituitary, and integration of species-typical behaviors.

Hypothalamus=fight flight feed fornicate, primitive, old structure, important adaptively
HPA axis, activate release of

131
Q

Thalamus

A

Largest portion of the diencephalon (3rd ventricle),
located above the hypothalamus;
contains many nuclei that project information to specific regions of the cerebral cortex and receive information from it.

Thalamus grand central station
Primary inputs, primary outputsvision audition motor functions
Not olfactionfast track to limbic

132
Q

Thalamic Nuceli

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

Ventrolateral nucleus

133
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

A

Thalamic nucleus that receives fibers from the retina and projects fibers to the primary visual cortex.
One of many nucleus in Thal that is input/output site

134
Q

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

A

Thalamic nucleus that receives fibers from the auditory system and projects fibers to primary auditory cortex.

135
Q

ventrolateral nucleus

A

Thalamic nucleus that receives inputs from cerebellum and sends axons to the primary motor cortex

136
Q

Diencephalon

A 
Thal, Hypothal
Third ventricle 
optic chiasm
neurosecretory cell
anterior pituitary gland
posterior pituitary gland
137
Q

neurosecretory cell

A

A neuron that secretes a hormone-like substance.

138
Q

optic chiasm

A

An X-shaped connection between the optic nerves, located below the base of the brain, just anterior to the pituitary gland.
Adolescent male cranial tumors; visual disturbance, lose lateral aspects of visual fields, activate pituitary gland, gigantism,

139
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

The anterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones.

140
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

The posterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland that contains hormone-secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell bodies lie within the hypothalamus.

141
Q

Midbrain

A

Mesencephalon, a region of the brain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; includes the tectum and the tegmentum, brain stem, reticular formation, periaqueductal gray matter, substantia nigra, red nucleus, periaqueductal gray matter

142
Q

Tectum (pp notes)

A

in midbrain, more dorsally in mb
The dorsal part of the midbrain; includes the superior and inferior colliculi.
superior colliculi
Protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the visual system.
Orienting for visual
inferior colliculi
Protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the auditory system
Same orienting role for aud stimuli

Tectum two bumps on top, two on bottom
Important role in same entwork
Facilitating oreinting to visual information
Real rich interconnectivity

143
Q

tegmentum (pp notes)

A

The ventral part of the midbrain; includes the periaqueductal gray matter, reticular formation, red nucleus, and substantia nigra (in midbrain, closely alligned with BG)
Cortex immediately surrounding aquedcut

144
Q

brain stem

A

The “stem” of the brain, from the medulla to the diencephalon, excluding the cerebellum.

145
Q

reticular formation

A

A large network of neural tissue located in the central region of the brain stem, from the medulla to the diencephalon.
Crucial for attention and arousal, stroke dev. delirium

146
Q

periaqueductal gray matter

A

The region of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct; contains neural circuits involved in species-typical behaviors.

147
Q

red nucleus

A

A large nucleus of the midbrain that receives inputs from the cerebellum and motor cortex and sends axons to motor neurons on the spinal cord.

148
Q

substantia nigra

A

A darkly stained region of the tegmentum that contains neurons that communicate with the caudate nucleus and putamen in the basal ganglia.

149
Q

hindbrain

A

The most caudal of the three major divisions of the brain; includes the metencephalon and the myelencephalon.
cerebellum, cerebellar cortex, deep cerebellar nuclei

150
Q

cerebellum

A

A major part of the brain located dorsal to the pons, containing two cerebellar hemispheres, covered with the cerebellar cortex; an important component of the motor system.
Own little brain, sophisticated, complex structure
Coordinating movements

151
Q

cerebellar cortex

A

The cortex that covers the surface of the cerebellum.

152
Q

deep cerebellar nuclei

A

Nuclei located within the cerebellar hemispheres; receives projections from the cerebellar cortex and send projections out of the cerebellum to other parts of the brain.

153
Q

spinal cord

A

The cord of nervous tissue that extends caudally from the medulla.

Also includes: cauda equina, dorsal root, ventral root

154
Q

cauda equina

A

A bundle of spinal roots located caudal to the end of the spinal cord.
caudal block
The anesthesia and paralysis of the lower part of the body produced by injection of a local anesthetic into the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the cauda equina.

155
Q

dorsal root

A

The spinal root that contains incoming (afferent) sensory fibers.

156
Q

ventral root

A

The spinal root that contains outgoing (efferent) motor fibers.

157
Q

PNS

A

Spinal Nerves
Cranial Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System

158
Q

spinal nerve

A

A peripheral nerve attached to the spinal cord.

159
Q

afferent axon

A

An axon directed toward the central nervous system, conveying sensory information.

160
Q

efferent axon

A

An axon directed away from the central nervous system, conveying motor commands to muscles and glands.

161
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

A nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent spinal nerve neurons.

162
Q

cranial nerve

A

outside but essential

A peripheral nerve attached directly to the brain (12 in total)

163
Q

vagus nerve

A

The largest of the cranial nerves, conveying efferent fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system to organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

164
Q

olfactory bulb

A

The protrusion at the end of the olfactory nerve; receives input from the olfactory receptors.

165
Q

somatic nervous system

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the central nervous system.

166
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

The portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s vegetative functions.

167
Q

sympathetic division

A

The portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy.

168
Q

sympathetic ganglia

A

Nodules that contain synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system.

169
Q

sympathetic chain

A

Nodules of a pair of groups of sympathetic ganglia that lie ventrolateral to the vertebral column.

170
Q

preganglionic neuron

A

The efferent neuron of the autonomic nervous system whose cell body is located in a cranial nerve nucleus or in the intermediate horn of the spinal gray matter and whose terminal buttons synapse upon postganglionic neurons in the autonomic ganglia.

171
Q

postganglionic neuron

A

Neurons of the autonomic nervous system that form synapses directly with their target organ.

172
Q

adrenal medulla

A

The inner portion of the adrenal gland, located atop the kidney, controlled by sympathetic nerve fibers; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

173
Q

parasympathetic division

A

The portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls functions that occur during a relaxed state.

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