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Greek and Roman Religions > Exam I Flashcards > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

1
Q

Ancient Greece includes what modern-day countries?

A

Turkey, Italy, and North Africa.

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2
Q

A polis

A

an urban core, self-governed political community, ethnic community, and religious community.

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3
Q

An epithet

A

a nickname or specification. Ex. Poseidon Hippios (“of horses”)

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4
Q

A locale

A

a placename. Ex. Poseidon Soter of Sunium.

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5
Q

Cultural forces associated with Hellenism tended to…

A

…consolidate and systemize the endless local variety of gods.

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6
Q

Embeddedness

A

People pray, perform rituals, celebrate festivals, or otherwise honour the gods frequently in everyday life.

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7
Q

Polytheism

A

Polytheism is bout having many gods but it’s also about how the gods are related to each other and to humanity.

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8
Q

Religious Specialists

A

People who claim expertise or authority in religious matters.

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9
Q

Poets

A

singers of songs about the gods/heroes (including epic songs).

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10
Q

Seers

A

experts in divination.

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11
Q

Priests

A

experts in religious rituals, especially sacrifice; oversees sanctuaries.

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12
Q

What kinds of beings are the gods?

A

Gods are immortal. Gods can be imprisoned but never destroyed. Gods have certain superpowers.

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13
Q

Ouranic Gods

A

associated with the sky, the upper world of living humans; received a particular style of sacrifices.

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14
Q

Chthonic Gods

A

associated with the earth, the lower world of the dead; received a different style of sacrifices than Ouranic gods.

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15
Q

Olympians

A

the central dieties in Greek religious life, most frequently worshipped or celebrated in myth and art.

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16
Q

The children of Kronos and Rhea

A

Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Hestia

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17
Q

The children of Zeus

A

Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, Hermes, Dionysus, Hephaestus, Area

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18
Q

Heroes

A

a complicated category in-between gods and humans that received chthonic rituals. After their death, Heroes continued to exert a power for good or evil.

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19
Q

Timai

A

the core of a god’s identity.

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20
Q

The god’s functions

A

the god’s functions divide up all the domains of human experience.

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21
Q

The god’s system

A

the gods form a (messy) system defined by a complex distribution of functions among the gods based on their timai.

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22
Q

Zeus’ functions

A

God of the sky; the cloud gatherer.

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23
Q

Hera’s functions

A

Goddess of Marriage and Birth; Goddess of Fertile Plains.

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24
Q

Poseidon’s functions

A

God of the Sea; Master and Helper of Fishermen; Husband of Earth; Father of the Horse.

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25
Q

Athena’s functions

A

The Armed Maiden; Goddess of Carpenters; Inventor of Wool-Working; Inventor of the Chariot, Bridle, First Ship.

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26
Q

Apollo’s functions

A

God of Healing and Plague; God of Poetry, Song, and Dance; Sun God; Epitome of the Threshold of Manhood.

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27
Q

Artemis’ functions

A

Mistress of the Animals; Mistress of the Whole of Wild Nature, of the Fish of the Water, the Birds of the Air.

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28
Q

Aphrodite’s functions

A

Goddess of Love; Mistress of the Animals.

29
Q

Hermes’ functions

A

Divine Trickster; Messenger of the Gods; Patron of Herdsmen, Thieves, Graves, and Heralds; Giver of the Good.

30
Q

Demeter’s functions

A

Earth Mother; Corn Goddess; Mistress of the Dead.

31
Q

Dionysos’ functions

A

God of Wine and Intoxicated Ecstasy.

32
Q

Hephaestus’ functions

A

God of Blacksmiths; Craftsman God.

33
Q

Ares’ function

A

God of War and Battle

34
Q

Zeus’ abilities

A

He commands an invincible thunderbolt, which can control the weather. This weather often reflects his temperament.

35
Q

Hera’s abilities

A

She is commonly seen wearing a high crown. She has the power of mind control, which she often uses to interfere with one’s sanity.

36
Q

Poseidon’s abilities

A

He commands the sea and water to move at his word. Wields a trident harpoon. He can control natural disasters, like earthquakes and sea storms.

37
Q

Athena’s abilities

A

She is commonly seen with a helmet, shield, and a raised weapon. Whenever she raises up, her enemies are overtaken by panic and soon are lost.

38
Q

Apollo’s abilities

A

He often appears with a bow and arrow. He held three Charities, the graces, in his right hand, and the bow in his left hand; this signified that the favour of the god is prior to, and stronger than the destructive power.

39
Q

Artemis’ abilities

A

She has eastern lions in her train. She is a goddess, often with wings, standing between symmetrically arranged wild animals. She is usually accompanied by a stag or doe.

40
Q

Aphrodite’s abilities

A

She is represented at a naked goddess. Fine attire her specialty, most notably necklaces and occasionally brightly coloured robes intended to give an oriental effect.

41
Q

Hermes’ abilities

A

He glides across the waves in his golden shoes, shown on paintings as winged sandals, and with a magical staff which causes men to sleep or wake at his will.

42
Q

Demeter’s abilities

A

She appears in a wreath of ears of corn, with more of them in her hand. Her mother-daughter relationship becomes the pivot for the human level, with the anguish of the mother at the loss of her child, and her joy when they are reunited.

43
Q

Dionysos’ abilities

A

He may be represented by a mask which is hung on a column and arrayed with a piece of cloth, almost like a scarecrow.

44
Q

Hephaestus’ abilities

A

He has an intimate association with fare as his name stands for fire itself. He has crippled feet, making him an outsider among the perfect Olympians.

45
Q

Ares’ abilities

A

An armoured, brazen warrior whose war chariot is harnessed by fear and terror. He is depicted with a spear and shield.

46
Q

When was Theogony composed and what is it?

A

It is a song composed around 700 BCE.

47
Q

Why is there tension between religious variety and religious consolidation in Ancient Greece?

A

Because having a variety of gods of hyper-specific areas of life allows for all aspects of humanity to be tended to, but consolidation allows for more practical and intimate daily prayers and practices for the humans.

48
Q

What role did epic songs play in religious consolidation?

A

Epics (from poets like Homer or Hesiod) provide the depictions of the gods that exerted a standardising influence on Greek Religious experience.

49
Q

What does Theogony (“theogonia”) mean?

A

theoi (gods) + gonē (birth/generation) = gods birth/ gods generation

50
Q

What is Theogony about?

A

It tells the story of how the gods were created, how they fought with each other, and how the Olympian gods gained control of the cosmos.

51
Q

What was Zeus’ solution to succession of generations (incorporation)?

A

Giving allied gods timai, eating Metis, and promoting procreating with humans to create demigods.

52
Q

Why is there tension between gonē and order in the Theogony?

A

Gonē is a messy process but the world that we curently inhabit seems stable, ordered, and amenable to human life.

53
Q

What is a locative worldview?

A

A locative worldview emphasises keeping one’s place and reinforcing boundaries.

54
Q

What are some examples of how Greek religion policed boundaries?

A

Policed boundaries between gods and humans, between the living and the dead, and between territories and private estates.

55
Q

How does Zeus’ struggles in Theogony reflect locative values and ideas?

A

He distributed timai to allied gods and imprisoned incorrigible gods to stabalise the cosmos to grant a place to/maintain order for the gods.

56
Q

What does the Greek sanctuary term “hieron” mean?

A

Hieron means “a sacred place”.

57
Q

What does the Greek sanctuary term “temenos” mean?

A

Temenos means a cut off place.

58
Q

What are the two essential features of a sanctuary?

A

A boundary and an altar.

59
Q

What is a suppliant and why are they able to seek protection in sanctuaries?

A

A suppliant is a person who seeks asylum from pursuers. They are protected because they are in a liminal space.

60
Q

What are dedications or votive offerings and how are they connected to sanctuaries?

A

A dedication is a sacrifice made by worshippers to the god/gods of the sanctuary. Votive offerings are offerings that are promised to a god if a future endeavour is successful.

61
Q

What was the function of temples in sanctuaries?

A

It is meant to store a statue of the god/gods of the sanctuary plus other expensive dedications.

62
Q

What does “liminality” mean and how does that relate to Greek sanctuaries?

A

A boundary or portal that represents the concept of betweenness or a passage. Greek sanctuaries reside in the liminal space between the human world and the divine world.

63
Q

What was the Pythia?

A

The priestess who performed the role of Apollo’s prophet.

64
Q

Where does the Pythia practice divination?

A

The sanctuary of Apollo.

65
Q

How did divination work in the Oracle of Delphi?

A

The Pythia interpreted divine signs from Apollo to answer practical questions from Greecian people.

66
Q

What was the Parthenon and where was it located?

A

The Parthenon is a temple devoted to Athena, which is located on the acropolis.

67
Q

What was the Areopagus and where was it located?

A

The Areopagus is a hill containing the oldest Athenian court of law and was located immediately west of the acropolis.

68
Q

What is purification of suppliants?

A

A cleansing of spiritual contamination or pollution

Greek and Roman Religions (2 decks)

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