Exam I

Question 1

equilibrium

Answer 1

extent of rxn, how much is made or foormed

Question 2

1st law of thermo

Answer 2

energy neither created nor destroyed

Question 3

enthalpy

Answer 3

heat exchange, H

Question 4

delta H > 0

Answer 4

exothermic, gives off heat

Question 5

H<0

Answer 5

endothermic, takes in heat

Question 6

2nd law

Answer 6

entroypy is always inceraseing S, randomness/disorder

more favorable to increase S

Question 7

s<0

Answer 7

binding

Question 8

s>0

Answer 8

releaese

Question 9

free energy eq

Answer 9

delta G=deltaH-T*DeltaS

Question 10

G

Answer 10

favorable, spont, exergoninc

Question 11

G>0

Answer 11

unfav, nonspont, edergonic

Question 12

G=0

Answer 12

@ equilibrium

Question 13

k

Answer 13

[prod]/[react]

Question 14

deltaG*

Answer 14

-RTln(k)

Question 15

is hydrophobic effect favorable

Answer 15

no but happens anyway

Question 16

pI

Answer 16

pH when net charge = 0

Question 17

pH

Answer 17

net pos

Question 18

pH>pI

Answer 18

net neg

Question 19

formation of salt bridges

Answer 19

stabalizes T state and releases O

Question 20

adding enzyme to rxn at equilibrium

Answer 20

doesnt change concentrations of s or p

only changes rate of reaching eq

Question 21

do reaction starting with product and enzyme

Answer 21

still same [] because rxns are reversible

Question 22

glutamate charge at neutral ph

Answer 22

-1

Question 23

pka vs ph trends

Answer 23

pHpKa is negative

Question 24

know the titration curve

Answer 24

pH is y axis so bases start high and end low or reverse x axis

Question 25

entropy change with hydrophobic in water

Answer 25

delta s is negative because the water becomes more ordered as it goes around the compound

Question 26

sugar code

Answer 26

micro-heterogeneity building blocks of sugar molecules basically like how monosaccharides can bind in different ways and still be sugars but have different func ex. protein lectin is read by cells or pathogens for immunitiy or infection and not for energy

Question 27

amylose vs cellulose

Answer 27

anomers, orientation differs at one carbon. amylose is digestible cellulose is like cell wall of plants and is not

Question 28

subunits of HIV-1 ENV spike

Answer 28

Cap - gp-120 - 3 of them | spike - gp-41 - 3 of them

Question 29

what binds in HIV

Answer 29

gp120 binds w. CD4 on host cell

Question 30

conform changes in HIV binding

Answer 30

gp120 bind CD4 making complex with change that activates gp41's helical bundles to fuse into the cell membrane

Question 31

exp method to determine AA side chains in ENV bind to receptors

Answer 31

mutagenesis: sequence coding for one side chain at a time | is translated and replicated in the host cell

Question 32

spr

Answer 32

d

Question 33

itc

Answer 33

d

Question 34

5' end of DNA

Answer 34

has the phosphate group on the 5th carbon attatched to carbon 4 or the ring

Question 35

3' end of DNA

Answer 35

just has an O coming off the third with anomeric C as number 1 (where base is bound)

Question 36

purines

Answer 36

adenine and guanine

Question 37

adenine

Answer 37

two rings and 2 h bonds to thymine

Question 38

guanine

Answer 38

two rings and 3 binds to cytosine

Question 39

pyrimidines

Answer 39

cytosine and thymine (and Uracil)

Question 40

cytosine

Answer 40

one ring 3 binds to guanine

Question 41

thymine (and Uracil)

Answer 41

one ring and 2 binds to Adenine

Question 42

nitroginous base pairs

Answer 42

AT | GC

Question 43

phosphodiester bonds

Answer 43

between 3' and 5'

Question 44

bases vs sugars in dna

Answer 44

bases link strands | sugars compose backbone

Question 45

why uracil is used in RNA not DNA

Answer 45

DNA glycosides edit DNA and would mistake uracil for degraded (deaminated) cytosine and remove it but thymine is different enough to prevent this

Question 46

most common form of dsDNA

Answer 46

B

Question 47

hydrophobic effect in dsDNA

Answer 47

twist from h-bonds between nitrogenous bases, | keeps hydrophobic bases protected by phosphate-sugar backbone

Question 48

pi energy electro static forces

Answer 48

how does it stabalize base stacking?? | helps solvent channel and helical structure>

Question 49

3rd energetically favorable force in dsDNA form?

Answer 49

j

Question 50

RNA flexibility, why

Answer 50

wobble base pairing different combos | hoogsten base pairing different angles?

Question 51

2 RNA functions

Answer 51

catalityic - ribozymes cleave circular DNA | machine - ribosome make proteins like tRNA and rRNA

Question 52

chris anfinson

Answer 52

foudn ribonuclease that protein folding is inherent in AA structure

Question 53

anfinsens cage and GroES/GroEL

Answer 53

are chaperone proteins that showed that in vivo would have same inhereint folding of proteins as in vitro