Exam I

Question 1

Observation and Monitoring

Answer 1

benefits: observe organisms in natural ecosystem
limitations: lacks control; multiple factors considered

Question 2

Natural Experiment

Answer 2

benefits: natural spatial/temporal scale
limitations: lack of replication/control; lucky data

Question 3

Manipulative Field Experiment

Answer 3

benefits: direct test of predictions; natural ecosystem
limitations: altering natural ecosystem; lack of replication

Question 4

Manipulative Artificial Experiment

Answer 4

benefits: well controlled, replicable; tests magnitude
limitations: not real ecosystem; temporal/spatial limitations

Question 5

Conceptual Modeling

Answer 5

benefits: qualitative
limitations: reduces complexity; not real ecosystem

Question 6

Mathematical Modeling

Answer 6

benefits: quantitative
limitations: reduces complexity; not real system

Question 7

What 4 things determine global climate?

Answer 7

Tilt, Orbit, Rotation, and Shape

Question 8

Earth is tilted at a ___° angle.

Answer 8

23.5°

Question 9

Energy from the sun is most intense at the ______.

Answer 9

equator

Question 10

Where are Hadley cells found?

Answer 10

Between 0° and 30°

Question 11

Where are Ferrel cells found?

Answer 11

Between 30° and 60°

Question 12

Where are Polar cells found?

Answer 12

Between 60° and the poles

Question 13

Which direction does water flow in the northern hemisphere?

Answer 13

Clockwise

Question 14

Which direction does water flow in the southern hemisphere?

Answer 14

counter-clockwise

Question 15

What % of water is in the oceans?

Answer 15

97

Question 16

What % of water is in the ice caps?

Answer 16

2

Question 17

What % of water is freshwater?

Answer 17

1

Question 18

What is the turnover time of water in the atmosphere?

Answer 18

9 days

Question 19

What is the turnover time of water in the rivers?

Answer 19

12-20 days

Question 20

What is the turnover time of water in the oceans?

Answer 20

3,100 years

Question 21

Air masses in the northern hemisphere tend to deflect toward the _____.

Answer 21

Right

Question 22

Air masses in the southern hemisphere tend to deflect toward the _____.

Answer 22

Left

Question 23

Biomes

Answer 23

repeatable patterns of climate and vegetation type

Question 24

Anthromes

Answer 24

repeatable patterns of human land use

Question 25

Euphotic Zone

Answer 25

Up to 200 m depth; Most life

Question 26

Dyphotic Zone

Answer 26

200m-1000m; no plants

Question 27

Aphotic Zone

Answer 27

1000m- ; No light

Question 28

Thermocline

Answer 28

Steep change in temperature marked by a layer above and below.

Question 29

Chemosynthesis

Answer 29

synthesis of organic materials using energy from inorganic chemicals. Feeds most deep sea food webs

Question 30

Estuaries

Answer 30

transition region between seas and rivers

Question 31

Freshwater wetlands

Answer 31

transition regions between land and freshwater

Question 32

Salt Marshes

Answer 32

transition region between land and sea

Question 33

Mangrove Forest

Answer 33

transition region between land and sea or land and river

Question 34

Basin

Answer 34

Area that is drained by a river

Question 35

Flow is _____ in tropical/arid rivers and _____ in temperate forests.

Answer 35

variable; constant

Question 36

[Oxygen] is highest in ____(warm/cold) water.

Answer 36

cold

Question 37

Lake

Answer 37

depression in a landscape caused by glaciers, volcanoes, or tectonics and filled with water.

Question 38

Epilimnion

Answer 38

top layer of a lake where most light is visible

Question 39

Metalimnion

Answer 39

Middle layer of a lake. Often where the thermocline is

Question 40

Hypolimnion

Answer 40

Bottom layer of a lake. Dark, cold.

Question 41

Oligotrophic

Answer 41

Low levels of nutrients and relatively unproductive

Question 42

Eutrophic

Answer 42

High levels of nutrients, very productive. May often be low in Oxygen

Question 43

Adaptation

Answer 43

When an organism or species becomes better at dealing with their environment

Question 44

Evolution

Answer 44

Development and diversification of species over time.

Question 45

Mutation

Answer 45

a random change in the base sequence of the genetic material

Question 46

Genetic Drift

Answer 46

change in allele frequency within a population from chance events.

Question 47

Gene Flow

Answer 47

succesful movement of alleles from one population to another.

Question 48

Directional Selection

Answer 48

when natural selection favors the evolution of one extreme phenotype, such that the mean phenotype shifts in one direction along a range of phenotypes.

Question 49

Heritability

Answer 49

the proportion of the variation in that trait that is due to genetic variation