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World Religions Exam I > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

1
Q

Hinduism: Ultimate Reality

A

Brahman is supreme. It manifests itself as the world in all forms, all things are inherently divine for monistic Hindus. Humans are unable to apprehend this because of attachment, delusion, and identification with ego-self. For dualistic/devotional Hindus, it is embodied in a deity such as Vishnu or Shiva

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2
Q

Hinduism: How Should We live?

A

moving self toward liberation from samsara. Done through the three paths to moksha (margas/yogas): karma, jnana (knowledge), and bhakti (devotion). All the while, live within one’s dharma

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3
Q

Hinduism: Ultimate purpose

A

Moksha: infinite awareness and eternal bliss

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4
Q

arati

A

Worship with light, involving waving a lamp in front of a deity

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5
Q

bhakti marga

A

the path of devotion

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6
Q

dalit

A

untouchables

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7
Q

darshan

A

seeing and being scene by a deity

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8
Q

hindutva

A

modern term that encompasses hindu nationalism

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9
Q

jati

A

one of the thousands of subcastes

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10
Q

jnana marga

A

path of knowledge

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11
Q

karma marga

A

path of ethical and ritual works

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12
Q

kshatriya

A

warrior/administrator class

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13
Q

mantra

A

ritual to produce spiritual effect

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14
Q

maya

A

magical power gods used to create world in Vedas. In Vedanta, an illusion of the mind that brahman and atman are differnt

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15
Q

Purana

A

myths, sectarian emphasis

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16
Q

sannyasi

A

renouncer, 4 th sage of life

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17
Q

shaiva

A

devotee of Shiva

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18
Q

Shakta

A

devotee of Devi

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19
Q

shruti

A

“that which is heard”, vedic literature

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20
Q

shudra

A

servant class

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21
Q

Upanishad

A

philosophical text from later Vedic Period

600-300 BCE

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22
Q

Vaishnava

A

devotee of vishnu and his avatars

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23
Q

vaishya

A

producer caste

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24
Q

varna

A 
class/caste system 4 main ones
brahmin (priests/scholars)
Kshyatriya (warriors, kings/queens)
Vaishya (merchants, peasants)
Shudra (servants
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25
Q

Vedic World

A

1500-500 BCE

brought vedas and upanishads

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26
Q

Vedanta

A

Synonym for Upanishads

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27
Q

Yoga

A

uniting of self with god, alternative to marga

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28
Q

Hinduism History

A 
no sole founder
very mutable
Indus River
developmental peak between 2300 and 2000 BCE
Oldest religon
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29
Q

4 Stages of Life

A

Student
Householder
Forest-dwelling Hermit
Renouncer

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30
Q

Laws of Manu/dharma debts

A

caste system is established

debts
to ancient seers
to gods
to ancestors

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31
Q

Ramayana

A

Rama and Sita, the ideal wife

story of dharma

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32
Q

Mahabharata

A

Epic poem, Dharma

contains bhagavad ghita

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33
Q

Bhagavad Gita:

A

Pursuit of Moksha
convesration between Arjuna and Krishna
reveals jhana (knowledge), Bhakti, and yoga

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34
Q

Divine Hierarchy

A

Pan-Hindu: cosmic power
Regional
Local deities
personal deities

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35
Q

goddesses

A

earthly, villages, localized

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36
Q

Trimurti

A

Brahma: creator, cursed for lying
Vishnu: preserver, in civilisation, erotic
Devi: Great goddess

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37
Q

Shakti

A

Power from wives, essential

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38
Q

Rta

A

cosmic order

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39
Q

Vedic to Vedantic Period

A

Upanishads: discuses karma, samsara, atman and brahman, atman and brahman are one in the same

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40
Q

Age of Guptas

A

remarkable creativity, worship in temples, devotional hinduism

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41
Q

Bhakti Movement

A

Emphases on body, emotions, and embodied form of gods, passionate love for god, engagement with others

art, sectarian development, denounced caste system

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42
Q

Tantra

A

possibility of sudden release from samsara, interconnectedness of all things, yoga and rituals

43
Q

Buddhism: Ultimate Reality

A

dharma (nature and it’s laws), impermanence, no identity

no creator

44
Q

Buddhism: How should we live in this world?

A

Noble Eightfold path, correct view of reality

45
Q

Buddhism: Ultimate purpose

A

break free from samsara and achieve nirvana

46
Q

arhat

A

Theravada; one who has attained enlightenment

47
Q

bodhichitta

A

Mahayana; wise and compassionate intention to attain Buddhahood for all sentient beings

48
Q

bodhisattva

A

One on the verge of enlightenment, remains in samsara to work for enlightenment of other beings

49
Q

Chan/Zen

A

meditation school

50
Q

Dharma

A

Buddhist teaching and religion

51
Q

dukkha

A

suffering from desire

52
Q

Four Noble Truths

A

Suffering is inherent in life, suffering is caused by desire, there can be an end to desire, the way to end desire is through the noble eightfold path

53
Q

Mahayana

A

everyone, not just monks can attain nirvana

Great vehicle; most prominent form

2 schools: pureland and zen

54
Q

mandala

A

circular diagram representing entire universe

55
Q

Tripitaka/Pali Canon

A

first cannon of Buddhist texts, collection of sutras

56
Q

parinirvana

A

full entry into nirvana that occurs at the death of one who achieved nirvana in their lifetime

57
Q

skandhas

A

5 components that give rise to sense of self

58
Q

stupa

A

mound in which relics of buddha or buddhist saint are buried and venerated

59
Q

Theravada

A 
teachings of buddha
pursuit of nirvana through diligence
sangha
arhats
pali canon/tripitaka

Most prominent form in Sri lanka, cambodia, laos, and vietnam

60
Q

3 marks of existence

A

impermanence, suffering, and nonexistence of self

61
Q

upaya

A

expedient means, practice that encourages imaginatively applying wisdom to whatever circumstances to assist insight or ease suffering, possible lying

62
Q

Vajrayana

A

form of mahayana; prominent in Tibet and Nepal
lamas, yogas
faster enlightenent

63
Q

4 sights

A

old man
sick man
corpse
ascetic man

64
Q

Eightfold path

A

emphasis on wisdom, ethical conduct, and meditation

65
Q

6 realms of rebirth

A 
gods
demigods
humans
animals
hungry ghosts
hell beings
66
Q

Buddha under the tree

A

defeats mara (death & desire)

3 pieces of knowledge: karmalogical (former lifetimes), cosmological (cycle of rebirth), dharmalogical (dependent origination)

67
Q

Buddhacarita

A

“acts of buddha”

68
Q

Buddhism History

A

King asuka of mauryan dynasty converted and used it as an unifying idealogy in India

Mahayana Buddhism arose in N-India/asia

69
Q

koans

A

riddles, intuitive

70
Q

Confucianism: ultimate reality

A

Tian (procreator of universe), communicates with perceptive human beings

no almighty creator/demonic counterpart

emphasis on balance, coexistence, and harmony

71
Q

Confucianism: how should we live?

A

humans are a product of the interation between yin and yang

corporeal aspect/yang (hun)
incorporal aspect/yin (po)

live within tian’s morals
do onto others…

filial piety

72
Q

Confucianism: ultimate purpose

A

way of the Tian, improve human condition and perfect it

73
Q

shen

A

benevolent ghosts

74
Q

gui

A

malevolent ghosts

75
Q

shangdi

A

ancestor deity

76
Q

Confucianism History

A

Warring states period (480-221 BCE), needed order

77
Q

de (confucianism)

A

virtue

78
Q

tianming

A

mandate of heavan, noble man stands in awe of decree of heaven, of great men, and words of sages

79
Q

Dao (confucianism)

A

The way, technique, skill/method

80
Q

Confucianism’s effects

A

on education
chinese government
philosophy
spread to east asia

81
Q

5 classics

A

5 canonical works of confucianism designated by the han dynasty

82
Q

li

A

etiquette and proper manners, ritual, propriety

83
Q

Yi

A

righteousness, fairness, putting life of someone else before yours

84
Q

qi

A

breath, force, power, energy

85
Q

ren

A

human heartedness benevolence

86
Q

shi

A

men of service, military officials in zhou period

87
Q

Ultimate Reality: Daoism

A

Dao “mother of universe”
human and divine forms

no almighty creator/demonic counterpart

emphasis on balance, coexistence, and harmony

88
Q

How should we live in this world: Daoism

A

humans are a product of the interation between yin and yang

corporeal aspect/yang (hun)
incorporal aspect/yin (po)

live healthily, human body is a part of the cosmosm and one should take care internally and exterally through alchemy

filial piety

89
Q

Ultimate Purpose: Daoism

A

engage in exercises and rituals designed to replinish body and spirit, making it as immortal as the Dao

90
Q

waidan

A

daoist external alchemy for immortaility

91
Q

wuwei

A

daoist notion of action without intention

92
Q

wuxing

A

5 elemental phases of wood metal, water, fire and soil that mutually support and overcome one another

93
Q

xian

A

daoist imymortals and perfected individuals

94
Q

xiao

A

filial piet

95
Q

yang

A

south facing side of mountain, bright warm, dry, and masculine

96
Q

yangsheng

A

daoist techniques for nourishing life and attaining immortality

97
Q

yin

A

north side of mountain, cold wet, dark and femine, preferred by daoism

98
Q

zhai

A

Daoist fasts to seek redemption of transgressions by gods

99
Q

ziran

A

Daoist notion of natural spontaneity

100
Q

zuowang

A

sitting and forgetting in the zhuangzi

101
Q

Confucianism and Daoism History

A

Shang Dynasty

Daoism: laozi and Zhuangzi

102
Q

Confucian Analects

A

must allow fate

governed by personal power and virtue not government

maintain confidence of people vs life

103
Q

Daoist texts

A

don’t glorify talented,

reject sageness, knowledge, and selfishness

World Religions Exam I (1 decks)

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