Exam I Flashcards
When should a child’s first visit to the dentist be? How is it performed?
- 6 months to a year
- With the baby’s head in the doctor’s lap and the parent at the baby’s feet.
Is it better for teeth to erupt early or late? Timing isn’t very important with teeth eruption, but what is?
- Late
- Symmetrical (both come in at the same time)
What is an inflammation/discoloration seen where newly erupting teeth are?
Erupting Hematoma
What is the order or erupting teeth? *(Mandibular central erupt first)
Central Incisors Lateral Incisors First Molars Canines Second Molars
How many high risk factors are required to put a child in the high carries risk? **(Be familiar with the chart)
Just one
What are two scenarios where radiographs should be taken on an infant?
Trauma or Hypo/Hyperdontia
When a tooth has been impacted or intruded into the bone due to a fall or accident, what is the range before it will not erupt on its own?
4-5 mm
When a fracture occurs and the fragment piece can not be located or accounted for, what should be done?
Take a radiograph
At what age should an orthodontic exam be done?
Age 7
DNA is packaged into X looking things called? What make up Chromosomes? What proteins tightly coil Chromatin into Chromosomes? What is the middle point of a Chromosome called? What are the names of the short arms on a Chromosome called? Long arm? The nucleus of human cells contain how many chromosomes? What amount are autosomes and sex chromosomes? What are the male and female chromosomes?
- Chromosomes
- Chromatin
- Histones
- Centromere
- Short: P-Arm
- Long: Q-Arm
- 46 Chromosomes (23 from mom, 23 from dad)
- 22 autosomes, 1 pair sex chromosomes
- XX Female, XY Male
Mitosis vs Meiosis?
http://www.diffen.com/difference/Meiosis_vs_Mitosis
What are the names of the organelles that migrate to opposite ends of the cells? At the middle of Chromosomes are Centromeres, what do the microtubule fibers from the Centrosomes connect to at the Centromeres?
- Centrosomes
- Kinetochores
In the cell cycle DNA duplication occurs during which phase? Mitosis occurs during which phase? The G1, G2 and S phase make up what?
- S Phase
- M Phase
- Interphase
Phases of Mitosis and Meiosis?
- Picture online
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
• DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid
– Double Helix – 2 chains of
nucleotides.
– Four bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
– A pairs with T and C pairs with G
• RNA: Ribonucleic Acid
– Is typically single stranded
– Is needed for protein
synthesis and DNA replication.
– Four bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
– A pairs with U and G pairs with CWhat type of mutation has no impact on the DNA sequence? What type of mutation which change a DNA sequence and often impact the associated function?
- Silent mutations
- Missense mutations
What is a type of cancer/tumor that has spread from the primary site of origin into different area(s) of the body? A mutation in ________ allows cancer cells to continue growing and accumulating, forming a tumor.
- Metastatic cancer/tumor.
- A mutation in a tumor suppressor gene
What are some general signs and symptoms associated with, but not specific to, oral cancer? Most often these symptoms are caused by other, less serious medical problems, but if any symptoms last for _________ weeks or longer, you should begin to be suspicious?
A mouth sore that doesn’t heal, an area in your mouth that becomes discolored and stays that way, a lump or thickening in your cheek that doesn’t go away, a sore throat that doesn’t go away, voice changes, numbness in your tongue or another part of your mouth, pain or irritation in the mouth that doesn’t go away, unexplained weight loss, swelling in your jaw, the constant feeling that something is caught in your throat.
- Two weeks or longer
What are the 6 stages of tumor portion of the (TNM) system? *(Chart)
• Primary Tumor (T):
– T 0 or T is: - Carcinoma in situ.
• An early stage cancer, meaning that the disease is still localized, or contained within the top layers of cells lining the oral cavity and oropharynx.
• Cancer cells have not invaded the deeper layers of oral or oropharyngeal tissue.
– T1: tumor is 2 cm across or
smaller.
– T2: tumor is larger than 2 cm
across, but smaller than 4 cm.
– T3: tumor is larger than 4 cm
across.
– T4 is divided into two subgroups
• T4a: the tumor is growing into nearby structures. At this stage, the oral cancer is called a moderately advanced local disease. – The areas to which cells have spread vary according to the type of oral cancer.
• T4b: the tumor has grown through nearby structures and into deeper areas or tissues. – At this stage, the cancer is called very advanced local disease.
What are the 5 stages of regional lymph node portion of the (TNM) system? *(Chart)
– N1: the cancer has spread to one lymph
node on the same side of the head or neck
as the primary tumor. – This lymph node is smaller than 3 cm.
• N2a: the oral cancer has spread to one
lymph node on the same side as the primary
tumor, and the lymph node measures 3–6
cm across.
• N2b: the oral cancer has spread to 2 or
more lymph nodes on the same side as the
primary tumor. No lymph nodes are larger
than 6 cm across.
• N2c: the oral cancer has spread to one or
more lymph nodes on both sides of the neck
or on the side opposite the primary tumor.
No lymph nodes are larger than 6 cm
across.
- N3: the cancer has spread to a lymph node
that measures more than 6 cm across.
across.
What are the 2 stages of the distant metastasis portion of the (TNM) system? *(Chart)
– M0 – No metastasis
– M1 – The oral cancer has spread to distant sites outside the head and neck region (for example, the lungs, liver or bones).
What is the difference between ‘n’ and ‘N’ in genetics?
- Ploidy (n): Refers to the number of full, single set(s) of chromosomes in a cells
nucleus, not including duplicated DNA set(s) in the nucleus. - N number: Refers to the number of full, single set(s) of chromosomes including duplicated DNA sets in the nucleus.
Immature gametes are produced from the _______ _____ cells, and are _______ _____, and are called what?
- Primordial germ
- Diploid 2N
- Spermatogonia (males) and Oogonia (females)
What is the is the development and production of male and female mature gametes?
- Gametogenesis
How does Down Syndrome occur? What are some side effects from Down Syndrome? This can also happen on chromosome 14 attachment, if this happens it’s called what?
- If a gamete with two copies of chromosome
21 fuses with a normal gamete, the
resulting trisomy 21 embryo may survive
and this condition is referred to as Down
syndrome. (Also known as Nondisjunction) - Hypodontia, Tongue appears large due to midface deficiency (Not true macroglossia), Small stature, hyper flexibility of joints, mouth breathing, Fissured tongue, Angular Cheilitis, Delayed tooth eruption and abnormal eruption patterns are common, Class III occlusion, severe periodontal disease and cardiac abnormalities.
- Robertsonian Translocation
What is it is called when a cell contains an incorrect number of chromosomes? What is a condition in which cells within the same person have a different genetic makeup? What does it mean when the gene for a trait are expressed in all the population who have the gene? What does it mean when the genetic trait is expressed in only part of the population, and that appears to be what happens in the variability with trisomy 21? What is it when males have an extra X chromosome in most of their cells? What results when one normal X chromosome is present in a female’s cells and the other sex chromosome is missing or structurally altered?
- Aneuploidy
- Mosaicism
- Complete Penetrance
- Incomplete penetrance
- Klinefelter syndrome (Possible crowding, Growth abnormalities, and Taurodaontism)
- Turner syndrome (extra folds of skin on the
neck, early loss of ovarian function, heart
defect, normal intelligence, SHOX gene)
A man by the name Buonocore created the first type of etch, what did he use for this? Currently ________ resins are the most popular, they were developed by a man named Bowen.
- 85% phosphoric acid
- Bis-GMA Resins
Why are sealants generally not done on pediatric patients? If a sealant is needed but there are signs of slight decay, what technique can be used? ________ have been shown to be ineffective as a sealant?
- Too small of pits/fissures.
- Minimal-Enameloplasty technique
- Glass-Ionomer
What are the 8 steps to applying a sealant? Applying a resin?
- Identify tooth
- Clean with rotary brush
- Etch
- Clean/Dry
- Apply bond
- Apply sealant
- Polymerize
- Check occlusion
- Basically the same just use resin instead of sealant.
What are the 6 classes of carries restorations? **(If tooth has 3+ surfaces, should consider a full coverage)
Class 1: Occlusal surface Class 2: Inter-proximal (Posterior teeth) Class 3: Inter-proximal (Anterior teeth) Class 4: Tip of anterior teeth Class 5: Cervical Class 6: Cusp
Pediatric full coverage crowns are custom fitted?
- False, they are pre-made and then conformed to the patients mouth.
Starting at the ___ cell stage, the zygote subdivides without increasing its size (cleavage). How does it do this? At this stage, a blastomere can be removed for patients with _______ age and a high risk of transmitting a ________/_______ in patients interested in In-Vitro Fertilization. What is this process called?
- 8 Cell Stage
- Blastomeres flaten, the outer surfaced cells become convex and the inner surfaced cells become concave.
- Increased Age
- Disease/Mutation
- Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis.
After cleavage of the Zygote, what happens next? What are the two layers of the bilaminar disc called? This blastocyst then becomes a _________ and implants the blastocyst into the uterine wall? This then begins to form what? As cells continue to proliferate in the amniotic cavity, what is formed? What cells are found within this sac? It is at this point that the Primitive Streak appears in the ________?
- Becomes a blastocyst which splits into two layers forming a bilaminar disc.
- Epiblast (Ectoderm), Hypoblast (Endoderm)
- Syncytiotrophoblast
- The Amniotic Cavity
- Definitive Yolk Sac
- Primordial Germ Cells
- Epiblast (Ectoderm)
After the Primitive Streak forms, flattened cells begin to migrate into the space between the Epiblast and the Hypoblast in a process called what? This migration at the primitive streak then gives rise to the Intraembryonic Mesoderm. What does the Intraembryonic Mesoderm give rise to? These cells then migrate more and give rise to the Prechordal Plate, what does this give rise to? As this continues to progress it forms the Neural Plate, what forms from here? Neuroepithelium also forms here which leads to what?
- Gastrulation
- Somitomeres: Vertebral column, skeletal musculature, tendons, bone, cartilage and dermis.
- Forms the mouth opening.
- Broad portion: The brain and Narrow portion: The spinal chord.
- Central Nervous System
