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Radiologic Physics > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

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1
Q

Radon comes to use in which form?

A

Alpha particles

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2
Q

Give or take a little, natural background radiation accounts for about how much of our average annual exposure to ionizing radiation?

A

80%

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3
Q

The beneficial effect of radiation is called

A

Radiation hormesis

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4
Q

Which of the following is NOT a property of x-ray?

A. They are stored in matter
B. They penetrate matter
C. They cause biological effects
D. They cause ionization

A

A. They are stored in matter

No they ain’t

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5
Q

How many rads are in a gray?

A

100

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6
Q

Which unit of measurement is usually used for reporting occupational exposure to radiation?

A

REM

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7
Q

In what year did BJ introduce x-ray into the chiropractic profession?

A

1910

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8
Q

The local spot size is usually set in conjunction with what?

A

The low voltage circuit

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9
Q

What would happen if you lengthened the time of an exposure?

A

You would increase the number of photons hitting the patient

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10
Q

Which primary factor is responsible for the “quality” of an x-ray beam?

A

kVp

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11
Q

Which primary factor(s) is/are responsible for the “quantity” of an x-ray beam?

A

mA and Length of time of exposure

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12
Q

The mA setting determines:

A

The current going through the filament (Tube current)

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13
Q

Which would have the least fluctuation in the kV level?

A

High frequency

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14
Q

What propels the electrons in an x-ray tube?

A

kV (and cathode as well)

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15
Q

A tube warm-up procedure should be performed by using how many exposures?

A

2

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16
Q

Which part of an x-ray tube is the target located in?

A

Anode

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17
Q

The first place that attenuation of any part of the x-ray beam occurs is at which point?

A

Anode

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18
Q

The term “thermionic emission” is most closely related to:

A

The cloud of electrons at the filament

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19
Q

Which of the following is true about a dual focus tube?

A. Has one actual and one effective focal spot
B. Most often used with stationary anodes
C. Has two filaments
D. Has two anodes

A

C. Has two filaments

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20
Q

The purpose of the collimator shutters is to:

A

Filter the periphery of the beam

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21
Q

Which three radiographic projections routinely uses compensating filters?

A

AP thoracic, Lateral thoracic and Full Spine

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22
Q

What is the best way to identify a patients film?

A

A flash on label before processing

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23
Q

When is a fetus the most sensitive to radiation?

A

1st trimester

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24
Q

Which two areas of the body are most susceptible to develop a malignancy from ionizing radiation?

A

Bone marrow and breast

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25
Q

In what country was x-ray discovered?

A

Germany

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26
Q

Which of the following is TRUE about x-rays?

A. They are stored in matter
B. X-ray film will get lighter the longer it is exposed
C. They have no effect on photographic film
D. Some materials fluoresce when exposed to them

A

D. Some materials fluoresce when exposed to them

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27
Q

The initials FFD, TFD and SID refer to what?

A

The distance between the source of the x-ray and the film

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28
Q

What is the most commonly used dosimeter?

A

A film badge

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29
Q

Imagine that you’re a wee little photon that has sailed through space at a high rate of speed which has carried you into and out of a patient. What would be the next thing you encounter?

A

A grid

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30
Q

The number of electrons is controlled by the:

A

Low voltage circuit

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31
Q

The speed of electrons is controlled by the:

A

kV

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32
Q

Which effect would a smaller anode angle have compared to a larger angle?

A

It would create a clearer image

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33
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of x-ray?

A. Long wavelength
B. Short wavelength
C. Same wavelength as radiowaves
D. Same wavelength as microwaves

A

B. Short wavelength

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34
Q

Of the different types of radiation, which is associated with biological effects?

A

Ionizing

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35
Q

What contributes the most radiation to a human’s annual exposure?

A

Radon gas

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36
Q

What is most helpful in producing a good quality A-P full spine x-ray?

A

Having the anode toward the cervicals (anode is +, cerv are -)

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37
Q

Positive beam limitation systems (PBL) would include which of the following?

A. Semiautomatic collimation
B. Manual collimation
C. Cones and cylinders
D. A lead aperture

A

A. Semiautomatic collimation

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38
Q

In checking your collimator, what percentage is the limit for inaccuracy?

A

2%

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39
Q

What is used to tell us that the x-ray beam is centered to the part being radiographed?

A

The light and mirror

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40
Q

At a set FFD and film size the less collimation used the ______ the film will be.

A

Darker

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41
Q

Where does the electron cloud form?

A

The filament

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42
Q

You’ve taken an A-P thoracic radiograph and notice that the upper part of the spine is overexposed. What should you have done to get a better film?

A

Used a filter for the upper part of the film

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43
Q

Federal regulation requires how much filtration for an x-ray machine that operates at 70-100 kV?

A

2.5mm

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44
Q

What material is used for the construction of most compensating filters?

A

Aluminum

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45
Q

What part of the tube complex allows one to move the tube stand?

A

The tube track

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46
Q

When taking an A-P full spine film of a young female patient, which structure should you be most concerned with?

A

Breast

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47
Q

The ten day rule concerns:

A

Patients during a ten day period from the onset of menses

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48
Q

A 13-year-old female patient has been diagnosed with scoliosis by the school nurse. You know that a 14”x36” full spine is indicated and you remember that a P-A would be better than an A-P. Why?

A

It will decrease breast and gonad exposure

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49
Q

Your 10-year-old daughter just put your 7-year-old son in an Angle Ankle lock, which then doesn’t hurt his ankle, but rather his lumbar spine. You decide to take a lumbar series on your son. What should you do?

A

Put a contact gonad shield on him

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50
Q

A dual focus tube has which characteristic that a single focus tube doesn’t?

A

Two filaments

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51
Q

When taking an A-P full spine film of a young female patient, which structure should be most concerned with in reducing exposure to prevent the possibility of cancer?

A

Breast

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52
Q

Who is credited with the discovery of x-ray?

A

WC Roentgen

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53
Q

If you had a film that was too dark, what would solve your problem?

A

Decrease the mAs (or kV)

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54
Q

What is an advantage of using a small focal spot?

A

A clearer image

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55
Q

Before using a high setting with a tube that has been shut down overnight, it is advisable to do what?

A

Use a tube warm up procedure

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56
Q

The “useful beam” exits which part of the tube?

A

Window

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57
Q

What is the international unit designation for the rad?

A

Gray

58
Q

The filament is surrounded by what?

A

The focusing cup

59
Q 
Of the following, which part limits the size of the useful x-ray beam?
A. Anode
B. Window
C. Collimator
D. Added filtration
A

C. Collimator

60
Q

In which year was x-ray discovered?

A

1895 (same as chiropractic!)

61
Q

What is recommended for a full spine film?

A

Compensating filtration

62
Q

Which part of the tube complex has, as its main function, the removal of soft x-rays?

A

Tube filters

63
Q

Where is oil normally found in the tube complex?

A

Between the tube and tube housing

64
Q

The primary controlling factor for contrast is?

A

kV

65
Q

What would be the last thing you should do before pressing the exposure button?

A

Activate the rotor

66
Q

The main purpose of oil in the tube complex is to aid in:

A

Cooling the tube (thermal insulator)

67
Q

What type of anode should you use?

A

Rotating

68
Q

What is the “half value layer” (HVL) used for?

A

For filtration recommendations

69
Q

Before moving the tube stand on the track, what must be done?

A

The lock must be released

70
Q

About how much reduction of gonad exposure occurs with a P-A lumbar film as compared to an A-P lumbar film?

A

95% (90% in the notes)

71
Q

You have decided to take a full spine A-P and lateral sectional series on a patient. As you are setting him up for the full spine, you notice that there is a minus sign on the upper cable attachment on the tube and a plus sign on the lower. What do you think will be the probable outcome of your full spine film?

A

The cervicals will be too dark and the lumbars will be too light

72
Q

A patient presents with an injured thoracic spine. You’ve x-rayed his thoracic spine and find that all is well on your 7”x17” A-P except for the upper region, which is way too dark. What happened?

A

Didn’t filter the upper part

73
Q

Which statement is true about radon?

A. It is an odoriferous release of gas
B. It makes up more than 50% of our average annual exposure to radiation
C. It is an internal type of radiation that we ingest via food and water
D. It bombards us from the sun annually

A

B. It makes up more than 50% of our average annual exposure to radiation

74
Q

Of your body systems, which will require the most radiation in an acute blast to screw it up?

A

Your nervous system

75
Q

Of the following, which would cause more penumbra?

A. Long SID
B. Large focal spot
C. Short OFD
D. Small collimation field

A

B. Large focal spot

76
Q

X-ray is produced at which part of the tube?

A

The target

77
Q

What is the anode heel responsible for?

A

A reduction in the beam intensity

78
Q

Which part of the tube prevents the electron cloud from dispersing beyond its desired location?

A

The focusing cup

79
Q

The filtration of the x-ray beam as it passes through the collimator is mostly due to:

A

The shutters

80
Q

If you were taking an APOM film for an upper cervical technique, what should you do?

A

Use selective filtration over the eyes

81
Q

What part of the tube complex allows one to move the tube stand in order to set the SID for an upright film?

A

The tube track

82
Q

The single greatest risk for a fetus from ionizing radiation exposure from x-ray is:

A

Childhood leukemia

83
Q

If you took a radiograph at 72” and then another one at 40”, what would you have to do to maintain the same radiographic density?

A

Decrease the mAs by 1/3

84
Q

What does the “p” stand for in kVp?

A

Peak

85
Q

What type(s) of collimation are PBL devices?

A

Semiautomatic and fully automatic

86
Q

What are examples of electromagnetic ionizing radiation?

A

X-ray and gamma radiation

87
Q

Which type of dose is attributed to harmful effects from low levels of radiation?

A

Genetic

88
Q

Is there any logical way that our time spent in Davenport, IA would be exposed to alpha particles?

A

Yes, by breathing the QC air

89
Q

The large or small focal spot is usually set simultaneously with what?

A

The milliamperes (mA)

90
Q

If you wanted to increase the number of photons reaching your film what could you do?

A

Increase the mA or decrease the distance

91
Q

Comparing two films with the kV and mAs constant, one taken at 40” FFD and the other at 72” FFD, what would occur?

A

Increased density of the 40” film and decreased image size on the 72” film

92
Q

What is responsible for changing AC current to DC current?

A

Rectifier

93
Q

How would one figure heat units if one was so inclined to do so?

A

mA x time x kVp

94
Q

At the usual kV range that you’ll be x-raying spines with, what makes up the majority of the beam?

A

Bremsstrahlung radiation

95
Q

How much of the energy created by an exposure in an x-ray tube is useful for the production of a radiograph?

A

1% (99% is heat)

96
Q

What is the main function of the anode?

A

To stop the electrons

97
Q

What produces thermionic emissions?

A

The low voltage circuit

98
Q

What is responsible for the anode heel effect?

A

The bevel of the anode

99
Q

If someone accused you of producing an under-penetrated film, how would you correct the problem?

A

Increase the kVp

100
Q

The “boiling off” of electrons is known by which term?

A

Thermionic emission

101
Q

Which of the following increases patient exposure to radiation?

A. Increased tube distance
B. Collimation
C. Rotating anode
D. Splitscreens

A

D. Split screens

102
Q

Where is added filtration located?

A

On the port of the tube housing

103
Q

Which part of the tube complex will you have to unlock and move to set the tube distance for an upright lateral lumbar film?

A

Tube stand

104
Q

What is required to appear on a legal ID marker?

A

Patients name and number, the date of the examination, and the doctor’s and clinic’s name

105
Q

Federal standards require 2.5mm of aluminum for which kVp range?

A

70-100

106
Q

If you are collimating from a 14”x17” field to an 8”x10” film, what would you have to do?

A

Increase the tube output

107
Q

You have been exposed to one millisievert. You convert that to the rem unit of measure and find that you have been exposed to how many mrems?

A

100 mrems(or 1 gray)

108
Q

In order to maintain the same film density, what will you have to do if you took a film at 40” and then moved the tube to 72” and took another film?

A

Increase the mAs by 3x

109
Q

Which part of the body would you expect to receive the highest amount of radiation from an x-ray procedure?

A

Skin

110
Q

In which form do we encounter radon?

A

Gas

111
Q

Higher energy photons are present with:

A

Higher frequency

112
Q

Radiation hormesis refers to what?

A

The beneficial effects from exposure to low levels of radiation

113
Q

Dosimetry is used for:

A

Detecting radiation

114
Q

What effect would reducing FFD have?

A

The number of x-rays reaching the film increases

115
Q

What are considered the standard tube distances?

A

40” and 72”

116
Q

Which of the following will reduce penumbra?

A. Short film distance
B. Long film distance
C. Large focal spot
D. Small focal spot

A

D. Small focal spot

117
Q

Describe the proper tube warm-up technique.

A

Two exposures with the 2nd using twice the mAs as the first

118
Q

If you want to produce more x-rays, you should increase _____. If you want to increase the speed with which x-rays are shot, you should increase ______.

A 
Quantity = mA
Speed = kV
119
Q

A decrease in the anode angle would have what effect?

A

A smaller effective focal spot

120
Q

What is the anode heel effect?

A

A reduced intensity of the x-ray beam on the anode side of the tube

121
Q

Where should compensating filtration be used when taking a lateral thoracic film?

A

The lower thoracic spine

122
Q

“Added filtration” is a term used to describe:

A

Filtration between the port and collimator

123
Q

How many rads can a fetus be exposed to before it starts to have an effect?

A

25

124
Q

How much lead equivancy do most shielding devices have in them?

A

0.5mm

125
Q

Which part of the tube experiences thermionic emission?

A

Filament

126
Q

What is the largest contributor to the average annual exposure from man-made sources?

A

Diagnostic x-ray

127
Q

What makes an x-ray dangerous?

A

Ionizing radiation

128
Q

Alpha particles are most harmful in people when they:

A

Inhale them

129
Q

The first body part to be radiographed was?

A

Hand

130
Q

What connects the transformer with the tube?

A

Cables

131
Q

What is the minimum anode angle that can be used if you were going to take a 14”x36” full spine film?

A

14 degrees (same as first measure of film)

132
Q

If you looked into the port of a used x-ray tube and saw that the entire surface of the anode had bumps, what term would you use to describe its appearance?

A

Anode pitting

133
Q

Which structure is responsible for confining the cloud of electrons?

A

Focusing cup

134
Q

The purpose of the collimator shutters is to:

A

Absorb uneeded x-rays

135
Q

What is the most common reason that compensating filtration is used?

A

To reduce film density

136
Q

Which part of the tube complex contains lead?

A

Tube housing

137
Q

Stages of ARS.

A

Prodromal- initial symptoms
Latent- improvement of the symptoms
Manifest- Return of symptoms worse than before
Healing/Death- Recovery or death

138
Q

What does LD 50/60 mean?

A

An acute, whole body exposure that would kill 50% of the people within 60 days

139
Q

What is the LD 50/60 for humans (without medical intervention)?

A

350 rads

140
Q

After encountering the grid, a ray will then:

A

Pass through the front of a cassette through screens, then it appears on the film

Radiologic Physics (2 decks)

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