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Anatomy > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the study of the structure of living organism?

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

What considers the organization as segments or major parts based on form and mass?

A

Regional (topographical anatomy)

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3
Q

What considers the organization of the body’s organs into systems that work?

A

Systemic anatomy

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4
Q

What emphasizes aspects of bodily structure and function by taking regional and systemic approaches to studying anatomy and stresses clinical application?

A

Clinical (applied) anatomy

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5
Q

What body system forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; site of cutaneous receptors, and sweat and oil glands?

A

Integumentary system

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6
Q

What body system protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; and stores minerals?

A

Skeletal system

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7
Q

What body system allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; and produces heat?

A

Muscular system

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8
Q

What body system is a fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands?

A

Nervous system

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9
Q

Name the body system: glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

A

Endocrine system

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10
Q

Name the body system: blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.; the heart pumps blood

A

Cardiovascular system

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11
Q

Name the body system: Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; house WBCs involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body

A

Lymphatic System/Immunity

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12
Q

Name the body system: keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

A

Respiratory system

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13
Q

Name the body system: breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells: indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

A

Digestive system

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14
Q

Name the body system: eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood

A

Urinary system

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15
Q

Name the body system: overall function is production of offspring. testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; remain structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

A

Reproductive system

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16
Q

What refers to the bottom of the foot?

A

Sole

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17
Q

What refers to the flat side of the hand?

A

Palm

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18
Q

What refers to the superior or posterior portion of any part of the body that protrudes anteriorly from the body?

A

Dorsum

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19
Q

What term is used to describe occurring on both sides of the body?

A

Bilateral

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20
Q

What term is used to describe occurring on one side of the body?

A

Unilateral

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21
Q

What term is used to describe occurring on the same side of the body?

A

Ipsilateral

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22
Q

What term is used to describe the opposite side of the body?

A

Contralateral

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23
Q

What two cavities is the dorsal cavity subdivided into?

A

Cranial cavity and spinal cavity

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24
Q

What are the thoracic cavity subdivisions?

A

Mediastinum, pleural cavities, and pericardial cavities

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25
Q

What are the adominopelvic cavity subdivisions?

A

Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

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26
Q

What is a conical sac of fibrous tissue that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great blood vessels?

A

Parietal pericardium

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27
Q

What’s the general term used to describe surrounding the organ?

A

Visceral pericardium

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28
Q

Give two examples of flat bones

A

(1) Carpals of the wrist

(2) Tarsals of the foot

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29
Q

What reduces the angle between bones?

A

Flexion

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30
Q

What increases the angle between bones?

A

Extension

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31
Q

What occurs when the extension goes beyond the normal upright position?

A

Hyperextension

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32
Q

What is movement of the limb away from the midline of the body?

A

Abduction

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33
Q

What is movement of the limb towards the midline of the body?

A

Adduction

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34
Q

What is the term used to describe “moving the distal portion of a limb in a circular direction?”

A

Circumduction

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35
Q

What is the turning of a bone around its long axis also in a circular pattern?

A

Rotation

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36
Q

Supination and pronation refer to the movement of the _(1)_____ around the _(2)______.

A

(1) Radius

(2) Ulna

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37
Q

What’s the term used to describe the sole of the foot facing medially?

A

Inversion

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38
Q

What’s the term used to describe the sole of the foot facing laterally?

A

Eversion

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39
Q

Protraction and retraction are _______ movements of the bone anteriorly or posteriorly

A

Non-angular

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40
Q

__(a)____ and _(b)______ are movements of a body superiorly or inferiorly

A

(a) Elevation

(b) Depression

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41
Q

What is the action that occurs when the thumb moves to touch the tips of the other digits?

A

Opposition

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42
Q

Name gliding/plantar joints

A

Carpal bones of the wrist and the tarsal bones of the ankle

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43
Q

Name two hinge joints

A

Knee and elbow

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44
Q

Name condyloid joints

A

Metacarpals/metatarsals and phalanges

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45
Q

Give an example of a saddle joint

A

Thumb (Metacarpal and Trapezium)

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46
Q

Give examples of pivot joints

A

Atlas and axis or the radius and ulna

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47
Q

Give examples of ball and socket joints

A

Shoulder and hip

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48
Q

When the ligaments of a joint are stretched or torn what is this called?

A

Sprain

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49
Q

When the tendons of a joint are stretched or torn what is this called?

A

Strain

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50
Q

What areas of your body are most vulnerable to sprains?

A

Ankles, knees, and wrists

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51
Q

What types of sports puts an individual at risk for strains?

A

Soccer, football, hockey, boxing, wrestling and other contact sports

52
Q

What’s it called when bones are forced out of alignment?

A

Dislocation

53
Q

What is a partial dislocation of a joint called?

A

Subluxation

54
Q

What is inflammation of a tendon sheath?

A

Bursitis and tendonitis

55
Q

What is an inflammatory or degenerative disease which damages the joints?

A

Arthritis

56
Q

People who have ______ usually have overly flexible joints and stretchy, fragile skin, and bruise easily.

A

Ehler-Danlos syndrome (EDS)

57
Q

Integumentary system: What’s responsible for light-touch sensation (tells us what we’re touching)?

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

58
Q

Integumentary system: What tells us how we’re touching something (light, hard)

A

Pacinian corpuscle

59
Q

Bare nerve endings help us do what?

A

Feel pain and temperature

60
Q

Eccrine glands secretes their products into ____ _____.

A

hair follicles

61
Q

What are the two types of hair?

A

Terminal hair - dark hair on head, armpits, legs

Vellus hair - light hair like what babies have, peach fuzz

62
Q

T or F: arrector pilli pulls on both terminal and vellus hair.

A

True

63
Q

What type of skin covers the hands and sole of the feet? Consists of five layers

A

Thick skin

64
Q

What type of skin covers the rest of the body and only has four layers?

A

Thin skin

65
Q

What layer does thin skin lack?

A

Stratum lucidum

66
Q

What’s the term used to describe thin superficial layer made up of areolar connective tissue?

A

Papillary

67
Q

What’s the term used to describe deeper and thicker layer made of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Reticular

68
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A

Eccrine and Apocrine

69
Q

What are larger sweat glands that secrete sweat into hair follicles?

A

Apocrine

70
Q

What gland is a coiled gland that sits below the surface of the skin and secretes sweat from a long tubular structure onto the skin?

A

Eccrine gland

71
Q

How many bones are there in the human body

A

206

72
Q

The axial includes what?

A

Skull, hyoid, vertebral column, and rib cage

73
Q

The appendicular includes what?

A

Upper extremities and lower extremities

74
Q

Give some examples of long bones.

A

Arm, leg, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges

75
Q

Give some examples of short bones

A

Wrist and ankle

76
Q

Give some examples of flat bones

A

Sternum and skull

77
Q

Give some an example of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae

78
Q

Give an example of round (sqamousal) bone

A

Knee cap

79
Q

List five functions of bones

A

(1) Support
(2) Protection
(3) Movement
(4) Mineral Storage
(5) Blood Cell Formation

80
Q

What is an opening in the bones that provides a passage way for nerves and blood?

A

Foramen

81
Q

What is a shallow depression in the bone?

A

Fossa

82
Q

What is a groove or furrow?

A

Sulcus

83
Q

What is a canal or long tube-like passageway?

A

Meatus

84
Q

What is a narrow slit?

A

Fissure

85
Q

What is a cavity in a bone?

A

Sinus

86
Q

What are the four sinus cavities in the skull?

A

Frontal, maxilla, ethmoid and sphenoid

87
Q

What muscle type controls voluntary muscle and displays light and dark bands giving the appearance of stripes or striations?

A

Skeletal muscle

88
Q

What muscle type is only found in the heart, have striations, and are involuntary?

A

Cardiac muscle

89
Q

What muscle type can be found in the walls of hollow visceral organs like the stomach and bladder. Lacks striations, and is involuntary?

A

Smooth muscle

90
Q

What is the alternating contraction and relaxation of the opposing muscles?

A

Peristalsis

91
Q

What are the nerves that innervate the smooth muscles

A

Varicosities

92
Q

What are automatic movement controlled by reflexive stimuli?

A

Reflexive contraction

93
Q

What is a slight contraction of the muscles, even when relaxed, that do not produce movement but give muscles firmness to maintain posture and joint stability while awaiting muscle stimuli called?

A

Tonic contraction

94
Q

What are active contractions that cause either a change in length or change in tone

A

Phasic contractions

95
Q

If muscle tension develops but the load is not moved then this is called what?

A

Isometric

96
Q

When muscle tension overcomes the load allowing the muscles to contract and move the load this is called what?

A

Isotonic contraction

97
Q

What’s the term used to describe movement occurring as a result of muscle shortening?

A

Concentric

98
Q

What’s the term used to describe movement occurring as a result of muscle lengthening?

A

Eccentric

99
Q

T or F: one nerve can motivate multiple muscle fibers.

A

True

100
Q

What’s a muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement?

A

Prime movers/agonists

101
Q

What muscles help prime movers by adding extra force to the movement or reducing indescribable or unnecessary movements?

A

Synergists

102
Q

What muscles oppose or reverse particular movement?

A

Antagonsists

103
Q

What functions as synergists that immobilize a bone or a muscle’s origin?

A

Fixators

104
Q

The fascicles are arranged in concentric rings

A

Circular

105
Q

What’s the term used to describe muscles with a broad origin but converge toward a single tendon?

A

Convergent

106
Q

What’s the term used to describe the long axis of the fascicles running down the long axis of the muscle?

A

Parallel

107
Q

What’s it called when two origins fuse together to make one origin?

A

Fusiform

108
Q 
Arrangement of fascicles: 
Give an example of the following 
(a) circular
(b) convergent
(c) parallel
(d) fusiform
A

(a) orbicularis oculi
(b) Pectoralis Major
(c) Satorius
(d) Biceps brachii

109
Q

Give an example of a muscle for the following:

(a) unipennate
(b) bipennate
(c) multipennate

A

(a) extensor digitorum longus
(b) rectus femorus
(c) deltoid

110
Q

A person that does not have a working lymphatic system has ________.

A

Lymphedema

111
Q

List two functions of the lymphatic system

A

(1) transports lymph throughout the body

(2) Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream

112
Q

The CNS is comprised of what?

A

The brain and spinal cord

113
Q

What does the PNS do?

A

It carries sensory input to and motor input away from the CNS

114
Q

Impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints are called what?

A

Somatic

Ex: broken bone

115
Q

Impulses from the organs within the ventral body cavity are called what?

A

Visceral

Ex: heartburn

116
Q

Somatic is also known as _____

A

Voluntary nervous system

117
Q

Visceral/Autonomic is also known as _______

A

Involuntary nervous system

118
Q

What regulates the body functions that prepare the body for fight or flight response?

A

Sympathetic

119
Q

What does the opposite of the sympathetic usually leading to a conservation of energy?

A

Parasympathetic

120
Q

What’s the order of the cranial nerves?

A 
Olfactory nerve (I)
Optic nerve (II)
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Abducens nerve (VI)
Facial nerve (VII)
Vestibulocochlear (Auditory) nerve (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
121
Q

List the characteristics of each cranial nerve

A

Olfactory - smell
Optic - vision
Oculomotor - movement of the eye
Trochlear - movement of eye
Trigeminal - Made up of the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular Nerves
Abducens - movement of the eye
Facial - controls muscles of the face and taste
Auditory (vesibulocochlear) - hearing
Glossopharyngeal - reflexes of the heart, taste and swallowing
Vagus - helps to regulate the heart lungs, and digestive organs
Accessory - responsible for the motor innervation of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle
Hypoglossal - muscles of the tongue

122
Q

What type of cells produce a fibrous protein that allows the skin to have its protective effect?

A

Kertinocytes

123
Q

What type of cell is spider shaped and produces a dark pigment?

A

Melanin

124
Q

What type of cell is spiked and important for touch sensation?

A

Merkel

125
Q

What type of cell is star-shaped and act as macrophages to help our immune system?

A

Langerhan’s cells

Anatomy (3 decks)

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