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Mammalogy > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

1
Q

Taxonomy of Mammals

A 
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia
Subclass: Prototheria
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Metatheria
Infraclass: Eutheria
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2
Q

What does “proto” mean?

A

Before

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3
Q

What does “theria” mean?

A

Placenta

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4
Q

What does “meta” mean?

A

Middle

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5
Q

What does “eu” mean?

A

True

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6
Q

What types of mammals belong to the subclass prototheria?

A

Egg laying mammals

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7
Q

What types of mammals belong to the subclass theria?

A

Mammals with some type of placenta

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8
Q

What type of mammals belong to the infraclass metatheria?

A

Marsupials; mammals with very little placenta development—not all have a pouch.

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9
Q

What type of mammals belong to the infraclass eutheria?

A

Mammals with extensive growth of placenta and lengthy pregnancy.

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10
Q

What are the unique characteristics of mammals?

A
  1. Hair
  2. Skin
  3. Sweat Glands
  4. Sebaceous Glands
  5. Sweat Glands
  6. Heterodont dentition
  7. Muscular Diaphragm
  8. Single innominate Bone
  9. Synapsid Skull
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11
Q

Describe the mammals hair?

A

Grows out of the hair follicle.
Most likely evolved as insulator for nocturnal mammals.
Some mammals are hairless as adults (dolphins).
Made of a protein karotin

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12
Q

What are sweat glands?

A

Cool the body using evaporative cooling.

Humans and horses have the most; most mammals have many fewer; some have none.

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13
Q

What are scent glands?

A

They can be located in many different places including the eyes, anal region, and between the toes.

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14
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

They are associated with almost all hair follicles and they secrete oils to protect the hair.

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15
Q

What is heterodont dentition?

A

Mammals who have different types of teeth.

Incisors, canines, pre-molars, and molars.

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16
Q

Evolution of teeth?

A

Some have secondarily evolved to have no teeth or homodont dentition; some have lost certain types of teeth (i.e. rodents have no canines).

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17
Q

How can you determine a mammals diet?

A

The numbers and shapes of teeth in mammals reflect their diet.

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18
Q

What is the muscular diaphragm?

A

It is the membrane between the abdominal and thoracic cavities. It allows the mammal to actively draw air into the lungs.

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19
Q

What is the single innominate bone?

A

It is the bone in the pelvis that articulates with the bones of the leg and spine. It increases core strength. It is located above the legs rather than side to side of the mammal’s body.

20
Q

How does the innominate bone change the movement patterns of mammals?

A

It causes mammals to undulate up and down while fish, reptiles undulate side to side.

21
Q

What is the synapsid skull?

A

Mammals and the reptile group with which they share a common ancestry, the synapsida, have a skull with one temporal opening by the squamosal bone.

22
Q

What is deciduous dentition?

A

Includes incisors, canines, and premolars, “milk teeth” and are replaced by permanent dentition.

23
Q

Why are deciduous dentition replaced by permanent dentition?

A

As young mammals their diets are different/change as they develop into adults. They have precise inclusion.

24
Q

Evolution of teeth?

A

Ancestral-cusps in a line

25
Q

Tribubercular Pattern?

A

3 cusps in triangle in upper molars

26
Q

Mastication?

A

Complex chewing movements. Used to initially crush and puncture food, and later sliced by shearing surfaces of molars.

27
Q

Teeth patterns of carnivores?

A

Cheek teeth evolve as blade-like (carnassial). They are adapted for slicing flesh and have a jaw action that is scissor-like

28
Q

Teeth patterns of herbivores?

A

Cheek teeth evolve as quadrate with flattened occlusal surfaces and the jaw action is horizontal and transverse.

29
Q

What is the dental formula for mammals?

A

It specifies the number and position of teeth on one side.
Incisors 3/3, canines 1/1, premolars 4/4, molars 2/3 or
(3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 2/3) x 2= 42

30
Q

How are individual teeth distinguished?

A

Individual teeth designated with upper case letters for upper teeth and lower case letters for lower teeth.
P3 is upper premolar 3
m2 is lower molar 2

31
Q

How do you calculate the number of teeth in mammals?

A

(3/1 + 1/0 + 1/1 + 4/4) x2 =30 teeth

32
Q

Describe the tooth structure?

A

Cementum binds the tooth to the jaw (annually laid down)
Inner dentine
Outer enamel

33
Q

Brachydont?

A

short-crowned teeth

34
Q

Hypsodont?

A

high-crowned teeth

35
Q

Ever-growing?

A

continuously growing

36
Q

Diastema?

A

Space between incisors/canines and cheek teeth

37
Q

Bundont?

A

Rounded cusps on molars; covered in enamel

38
Q

Lophodont?

A

Cusps form ridges; not covered in enamel; hypsodont

39
Q

Selenodont?

A

Cusps form crescents; not covered in enamel; hypsodont

40
Q

The skull of mammals?

A 
Single craniomandibular jaw joint
Dentary/squamosal articulation
Brain case is large
Sagittal and lambdoidal crest
Zygomatic arch usually present
Secondary palate present
Three middle ear bones 
Tympanic Auditory bulla
41
Q

What is the sagittal and lambdoidal crest?

A

Jaw muscle attachment

42
Q

What is the zygomatic arch?

A

Jaw muscle attachment

43
Q

What is the purpose of the secondary palate?

A

It increases air intake.

44
Q

What is the purpose of the three middle ear bones?

A

Transmit sound to the cochlea for better hearing.

45
Q

Which bones articulate with the skull?

A

Dentary/squamosal articulation

46
Q

What does articulation mean?

A

Place where bones come together usually in an area where the bones move relative to each other.

47
Q

How many bones does the pelvis consist of?

A

One. It has 3 processes: ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Mammalogy (1 decks)

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