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gross II > exam I > Flashcards

exam I Flashcards

1
Q

What nerve supplies motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

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2
Q

What nerve supplies sensory innervation to the face?

A

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

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3
Q

What are the three branches of the Trigeminal nerve?

A

Ophthalmic (CN V1)
Maxillary (CN V2)
Mandibular (CN V3)

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4
Q

Which branch of the Trigeminal nerve supplies the face and scalp?

A

Ophthalmic branch (CN V1)

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5
Q

Which branch of the Trigeminal nerve supplies the cheek and area immediately lateral to the orbit?

A

Maxillary branch (CN V2)

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6
Q

Which branch of the Trigeminal nerve supplies the chin and temporal region?

A

Mandibular branch (CN V3)

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7
Q

What are the branches of the Ophthalmic nerve?

A 
Supraorbital
Supratrochlear
External nasal
Infratrochlear 
Lacrimal
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8
Q

What are the branches of the Maxillary nerve?

A

Zygomaticotemporal
Zygomaticofacial
Infraorbital

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9
Q

What are the branches of the mandibular nerve?

A

Auriculotemporal
Buccal
Mental

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10
Q

Sudden attacks of severe pain in an area of sensory distribution of the trigeminal nerve
most commonly in maxillary division
hyper sensitivity
second most common in mandibular division
least common in ophthalmic division

A

Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)

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11
Q

What nerve supplies the occipital region?

A

Greater occipital nerve (posterior primary ramus of C2)

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12
Q

What nerve supplies the upper part of the back and neck?

A

Third occipital nerve (posterior primary ramus of C3)

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13
Q

What nerve supplies the lower part of the back of the neck?

A

Posterior primary ramus of C4

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14
Q

Cervical plexus is formed by which anterior primary rami?

A

C1
C2
C3
C4

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15
Q

What are the sensory branches of the cervical plexus?

A 
Lesser occipital (C2)
Greater auricular (C2, C3)
Transverse cervical (C2, C3)
Supraclavicular (C3, C4)
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16
Q

Which nerve supplies the lateral part of the occipital region, posterior to the ear?

A

Lesser occipital (C2)

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17
Q

Which nerve supplies the angle of the mandible, and the area inferior to the ear and accompanies the external jugular vein?

A

Great auricular (C2, C3)

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18
Q

Which nerve supplies the anterior surface of the neck (the throat)?

A

Transverse cervical (C2, C3)

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19
Q

Which nerve supplies the lateral surface of the neck?

A

Supraclavicular (C3, C4)

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20
Q

What are the three branches of the supraclavicular?

A

Medial Supraclavicular
Intermediate Supraclavicular
Lateral Supraclavicular

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21
Q

What are the motor branches of the cervical plexus?

A 
Superior root (C1 or C1 and C2)
Inferiorroot (C2, C3)
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22
Q

The superior root and inferior root connect to form what?

A

Ansa Cervicalis

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23
Q

Which nerve descends from the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Superior root (C1 or C1 and C2)

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24
Q

The ansa cervicalis supplies which infrahyoid muscles?

A

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid

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25
Q

What is the infrahyoid muscle that isn’t innervated by the Ansa cervicalis?

A

Thyrohyoid

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26
Q

What nerve innervates the thyrohyoid?

A

C1 fibers through the hypoglossal nerve

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27
Q

What is the motor and sensory nerve branch that is part of the cervical plexus?

A

Phrenic nerve

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28
Q

What cervical nerves make up the phrenic nerve

A

C3, C4, C5

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29
Q

The phrenic nerve supplies motor innervation to…

A

the diaphragm

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30
Q

The phrenic nerve supplies sensory innervation to…

A

membranes of the thorax and abdomen

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31
Q

Where is the phrenic nerve found?

A

on the anterior surface of the anterior scalene running down into the thorax

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32
Q

What is the origin of the platysma?

A

superficial fascia over the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles

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33
Q

what is the insertion of the platysma?

A

lower border of the mandible

angle of the mouth

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34
Q

what is the nerve supply of the platysma?

A

cervical branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)

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35
Q

What is the function of the platysma?

A

depress the mandible

draws down corner of the mouth

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36
Q

what is the origin of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

sternal head from the front of the manubrium

clavicular head from the medial third of the clavicle

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37
Q

what is the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

lateral surface of the mastoid process

lateral half of the superior nuchal line

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38
Q

what is the nerve supply of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

accessory nerve (CN XI)

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39
Q

what is the function of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

chief flexor of the head

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40
Q

What is the pathological contraction of the sternocleidomastoid where the head is tilted toward and face turned away from the affected side?

A

Torticollis

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41
Q

What is another name for torticollis?

A

Wry neck

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42
Q

What are the three types of torticollis?

A

Congenital
Muscular
Spasmodic

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43
Q

Which type of torticollis is due to fibrous tissue tumor at or shortly before birth?

A

Congenital

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44
Q

Which type of torticollis is due to a birth injury?

A

Muscular

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45
Q

Which type of torticollis is in adults and due to abnormal tonicity and responds well to chiropractic care?

A

Spasmodic

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46
Q

what is the origin of the trapezius?

A

external occipital protuberance
ligamentum nuchae
spinous processes of the seventh cervical
all thoracic vertebrae

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47
Q

what is the insertion of the trapezius?

A

lateral third of the clavicle
spine of the scapula
acromion process

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48
Q

what is the nerve supply of the trapezius?

A 
accessory nerve (CN XI)
C3, C4 from the cervical plexus
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49
Q

what is the function of the trapezius?

A

upper: elevates
middle: retracts
lower: depresses scapula

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50
Q

which vein drains the face and scalp and contains a large amount of cerebral blood?

A

external jugular vein

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51
Q

The external jugular vein is formed immediately under which structure?

A

Parotid gland

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52
Q

The external jugular vein is formed by the union of which two veins?

A

Retromandibular

Posterior auricular

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53
Q

The external jugular vein runs down the external surface of which muscle?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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54
Q

The external jugular vein drains into what?

A

The subclavian vein

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55
Q

What are the tributaries of the external jugular vein?

A 
Retromandibular
Posterior auricular
Posterior external jugular
Anterior jugular
Transverse cervical
Suprascapular
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56
Q

What causes a prominent external jugular vein?

A

Congestive heart failure or obstruction of superior vena cava

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57
Q

Where are the superficial cervical lymph nodes?

A

Along the external jugular vein superficial to the sternocleidomastoid

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58
Q

What are the major triangles of the neck?

A

Anterior triangle

Posterior triangle

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59
Q

Where is the anterior triangle found?

A

In front of the sternocleidomastoid

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60
Q

Where is the posterior triangle found?

A

Behind the sternocleidomastoid

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61
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?

A

Anterior: posterior sternocleidomastoid
Posterior: anterior trapezius
Inferior: superior middle third of the clavicle

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62
Q

What is found inside the anterior triangle?

A

important visceral structures of the neck

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63
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle?

A

Superior: inferior mandible
Anterior: anterior midline
Posterior: Anterior sternocleidomastoid

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64
Q

What is found inferiorly, at the apex of the anterior triangle?

A

the jugular notch

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65
Q

What forms the roof of the anterior triangle?

A

investing layer of the deep cervical fascia
superficial cervical fascia
platysma

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66
Q

What are the subdivisions of the floor of the anterior triangle?

A

Submental
Submandibular
Carotid
Muscular

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67
Q

Which is the only unpaired subdivision of the anterior triangle?

A

Submental

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68
Q

What are the boundaries of the submental triangle?

A

left and right anterior bellies of the digastric

body of the hyoid bone

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69
Q

What is the floor of the submental triangle?

A

mylohyoid muscle

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70
Q

What does the submental triangle contain?

A

minor veins and submental lymph nodes

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71
Q

What are the boundaries of the submandibular triangle?

A

Inferior border of the mandible

anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric

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72
Q

what is the floor of the submandibular triangle?

A

mylohyoid

hyoglossus

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73
Q

What does the submandibular triangle contain?

A 
Submandibular gland
internal carotid artery
facial artery
internal jugular vein
**glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
**vagus nerve (CN X)
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74
Q

What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?

A

Posterior belly of digastric
superior belly of omohyoid
anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

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75
Q

What is the floor of the carotid triangle?

A

portions of the:
thyrohyoid
hyoglossus
inferior and middle constrictor

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76
Q

What are the contents of the carotid triangle?

A 
common and internal carotid arteries
external carotid artery and its branches:
-superior thyroid
-lingual
-facial
tributaries of the internal jugular vein
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77
Q

Where does the common carotid usually bifurcate?

A

carotid triangle

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78
Q

What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle?

A

superior belly of omohyoid
anterior midline of neck
anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

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79
Q

what is the floor of the muscular triangle?

A

posterior layer of pretracheal fascia

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80
Q

what does the muscular triangle contain?

A 
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
thyroid gland
trachea
esophagus
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81
Q

What bone is located between the mandible and the larynx?

A

hyoid bone

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82
Q

Which muscles function to move the hyoid bone and larynx?

A

infrahyoid muscles

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83
Q

Which infrahyoid muscles are in the superficial layer?

A

omohyoid

sternohyoid

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84
Q

Which infrahyoid muscles are in the deep layer?

A

sternothyroid

thyrohyoid

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85
Q

what is the origin of the omohyoid?

A

upper border of the scapula

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86
Q

what is the insertion of the omohyoid?

A

body of the hyoid

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87
Q

what is the innervation of the omohyoid?

A

ansa cervicalis (C1, C2, C3)

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88
Q

what is the function of the omohyoid?

A

depress hyoid bone and larynx

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89
Q

what is the origin of sternohyoid?

A

posterior surface of the manubrium

medial end of the clavicle

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90
Q

what is the insertion of the sternohyoid?

A

body of hyoid

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91
Q

what is the innervation of the sternhyoid?

A

Ansa cervicalis (C1, C2, C3)

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92
Q

what is the function of the sternohyoid?

A

Depress hyoid and larynx

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93
Q

what is the origin of the sternothyroid?

A

posterior surface of the manubrium

inferior to sternohyoid

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94
Q

what is the insertion of the sternothyroid?

A

oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage

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95
Q

what is the innervation of the sternothyroid?

A

ansa cervicalis (C1, C2, C3)

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96
Q

what is the origin of the thyrohyoid?

A

oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage

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97
Q

what is the insertion of the thyrohyoid?

A

body of hyoid

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98
Q

what is the innervation of the thyrohyoid?

A

C1 through hypoglossal nerve

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99
Q

what is the function of the thyrohyoid?

A

depress hyoid

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100
Q

Why do the infrahyoid muscles depress the hyoid and larynx?

A

swallowing
breathing
speech
open jaw against resistance(if hyoid is fixed by digastric)

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101
Q

What surrounds and supports both the superficial and deep structures of the neck and has two major layers?

A

Cervical fascia

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102
Q

What are the two major layers of the cervical fascia?

A

superficial cervical fascia

deep cervical fascia

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103
Q

Which layer of the cervical fascia is a thin layer which encloses the platysma and contains cutaneous nerves, superficial veins and lymph nodes?

A

Superficial cervical fascia

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104
Q

Which layer of the cervical fascia is subdivided into four different layers?

A

Deep fascia

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105
Q

what are the four layers of deep fascia?

A

investing layer of the deep cervical fascia
pretracheal fascia
prevertebral fascia
carotid sheath

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106
Q

Which layer of the deep fascia of the cervical fascia splits to enclose the sternocleidomastoid anteriorly and the trapezius posteriorly?

A

investing layer of the deep cervical fascia

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107
Q

Which layer of the deep fascia of the cervical fascia envloses the thyroid gland, trachea and esophagus?

A

pretracheal fascia

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108
Q

Which layer of the deep fascia of the cervical fascia encloses the vertebral column and the deep muscles of the back and is just posterior to the sympathetic trunk?

A

prevertebral fascia

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109
Q

Which layer of the deep fascia of the cervical fascia extends from the base of the skull to the root of the neck?

A

carotid sheath

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110
Q

What is contained within the carotid sheath?

A 
common carotid artery
internal carotid artery (direct continuation of common carotid)
internal jugular vein
vagus nerve
deep cervical lymph nodes
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111
Q

what are the functions of fascial layers?

A

provide slippery surface to reduce friction during:

  • gross movements of the head and neck
  • swallowing
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112
Q

what is the clinical significance of fascial layers?

A

may be a tunnel for infection
-pretracheal fascia may allow infection to spread from head/neck to mediastinum directly
cancer involving deep cervical lymph nodes
-can compress internal jugular vein

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113
Q

What is the opening through which structures of the neck pass into the thorax?

A

superior thoracic aperture

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114
Q

what is another name for the superior thoracic aperture?

A

thoracic inlet

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115
Q

what are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?

A

first thoracic vertebra
first ribs and their cartilages
manubrium of sternum

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116
Q

what is the shape of the superior thoracic aperture?

A

kidney shaped

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117
Q

what are the major arteries that pass thought the superior thoracic aperture?

A

brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery
internal thoracic artery

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118
Q

what is the major vein that passes through the superior thoracic aperture?

A

brachiocephalic vein

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119
Q

what are the major nerves that pass through the superior thoracic aperture?

A

phrenic nerve
vagus nerve
recurrent laryngeal nerve
sympathetic trunk

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120
Q

what are the major viscera that pass though the superior aperture?

A 
trachea
esophagus
cervical pleura
apex of lung
thymus
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121
Q

why is there a potential for lung collapse with neck injury?

A

cervical pleura and apex of lung pass through the superior thoracic aperture immediately posterior to the origin of the sternocleidomastoid. if the first rib breaks or there is a penetrating wound of the neck, may cause a lung collapse (atelectasis).

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122
Q

what produces t-lymphocytes?

A

thymus

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123
Q

what is the location of the thymus?

A

behind the manubrium and body of the sternum

inferior to the thyroid gland

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124
Q

what muscles lie anteriorly to the thymus?

A

sternohyoid

sternothyroid

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125
Q

what is the blood supply to the thymus?

A

internal thoracic artery

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126
Q

what is the nerve supply of the thymus?

A

stellate ganglion of sympathetic trunk

vagus

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127
Q

what is an endocrine organ which produces thyroxine and calcitonin?

A

thyroid gland

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128
Q

what is the location of the thyroid gland?

A

cervical vertebra 5 through thoracic vertebra 1

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129
Q

what are the three parts of the thyroid gland?

A

left lobe
right lobe
isthmus

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130
Q

what percentage of people have a pyramidal lobe of their thyroid gland?

A

50%

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131
Q

what is the name of a muscle that some people have that connects the isthmus with the hyoid?

A

levator glandulae thyroideae muscle

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132
Q

what is the blood supply to the thyroid gland?

A

superior thyroid artery

inferior thyroid artery

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133
Q

what is a third artery that only 10% of the population has to the thyroid gland?

A

thyroid ima artery

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134
Q

what does the thyroid ima artery branch from?

A

brachiocephalic trunk

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135
Q

what are the veins from the thyroid gland?

A

superior thyroid vein
middle thyroid vein
inferior thyroid vein

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136
Q

where does the superior thyroid and middle thyroid vein dump into?

A

internal jugular

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137
Q

where does the inferior thyroid vein dump into?

A

brachiocephalic vein

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138
Q

what is the nerve supply to the thyroid gland?

A

from the superior, middle and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia

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139
Q

what is a goiter?

A

abnormal enlargement of thyroid which produces swelling of the anterior neck

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140
Q

what are the two types of goiters?

A

endemic

exophthalamic

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141
Q

what is an endemic goiter?

A

due to dietary deficiency of iodine
gland enlarges to increase output
hormone is highly inactive
symptoms of hypothyroidism

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142
Q

what is an exophthalamic goiter?

A 
due to autoimmune disease
thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins bind to receptor site causing overactive gland
hormone is active
symptoms of hyperthyroidism
-graves disease
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143
Q

what nerve branches off of the vagus nerve and travels up into the neck?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

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144
Q

what is and what does the parathyroid gland do?

A

endocrine gland

calcium homeostasis

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145
Q

where is the parathyroid located?

A

posterior to the thyroid gland

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146
Q

what is the blood supply to the parathyroid gland?

A

inferior thyroid artery

superior thyroid artery

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147
Q

what is the innervation of the parathyroid gland?

A

inferior or middle cervical sympathetic ganglia

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148
Q

what factors contribute to the difficulty of thyroid surgery?

A

parathyroid glands
vascularity
recurrent laryngeal nerve

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149
Q

where does the trachea start?

A

cervical vertebra 6

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150
Q

why are the posterior aspect of the cartilage rings of the trachea open?

A

to allow expansion of esophagus during swallowing

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151
Q

what is the posterior aspect of the cartilage rings spanned by?

A

trachealis muscle

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152
Q

what is the blood supply of the trachea?

A

inferior thyroid artery

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153
Q

what is the nerve supply of the trachea?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

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154
Q

where does the esophagus start?

A

cervical vertebra 6, posterior to the trachea

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155
Q

what are the main arteries of the head and neck?

A

common carotid arteries

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156
Q

what does the common carotid artery split into?

A

internal carotid artery

external carotid artery

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157
Q

which branch of the common carotid artery doesn’t have any branches within the neck and enters skull through the carotid canal?

A

internal carotid artery

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158
Q

which branch of the common carotid artery is the main source of blood to structures of the neck, face, and scalp?

A

external carotid

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159
Q

what are the branches of the external carotid artery?

A 
superior thyroid
ascending pharyngeal
lingual
facial
occipital
posterior auricular
superficial temporal
maxillary
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160
Q

what are the terminal branches of the external carotid artery?

A

superficial temporal

maxillary

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161
Q

what is the slight dilation of the internal carotid artery where it joins the common carotid?

A

carotid sinus

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162
Q

what does the carotid sinus do?

A

it is a blood pressure sensor (baroreceptor)

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163
Q

what is the nerve supply of the carotid sinus?

A

carotid sinus nerve of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

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164
Q

what is a small reddish-brown mass within or deep to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery?

A

carotid body

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165
Q

what does the carotid body do?

A

it is a chemoreceptor which detects changes in the chemical makeup of the blood

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166
Q

what is the nerve supply of the carotid body?

A

carotid sinus branch of the glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

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167
Q

what is the largest vein of the neck?

A

internal jugular vein

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168
Q

where does the internal jugular vein begin?

A

jugular foramen

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169
Q

what is the internal jugular vein a direct continuation of?

A

sigmoid sinus

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170
Q

where does the internal jugular vein drain into?

A

brachiocephalic vein

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171
Q

what is the dilation of the internal jugular vein at its origin below the jugular foramen?

A

superior jugular bulb

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172
Q

what are the tributaries of the internal jugular vein?

A 
inferior petrosal sinus
pharygneal
facial
lingual
superior thyroid
middle thyroid
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173
Q

what is the dilation of the internal jugular vein near it is termination into the brachiocephalic vein?

A

inferior jugular bulb

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174
Q

what are the branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?

A 
tympanic
branch to the carotid sinus
pharyngeal
branch to the stylopharyngeus
tonsillar
lingual
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175
Q

which branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve is the sensory to the tympanic cavity and secretomotor to the parotid gland?

A

tympanic nerve

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176
Q

which branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve is sensory to both the carotid sinus and carotid body?

A

branch to the carotid sinus

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177
Q

which branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve unites with branches from the vagus and sympathetic trunk to form the pharyngeal plexus and is sensory to the pharynx?

A

pharyngeal branch

178
Q

which branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve is motor supply to the stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

branch to the stylopharyngeus

179
Q

which branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve is sensory to the mucous membrane over the tonsil and to the soft palate?

A

tonsillar branch

180
Q

which branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve supplies taste and general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue?

A

lingual branch

181
Q

what are the two ganglia of the vagus nerve in the neck?

A

superior (jugular) ganglion

inferior (nodose) ganglion

182
Q

what are the branches of the vagus nerve?

A 
meningeal
auricular
pharyngeal
superior laryngeal
recurrent laryngeal
183
Q

Which branch comes from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve and supplies the dura mater with sensory innervation?

A

meningeal

184
Q

Which branch comes from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve and is sensory to the auricle, the flood of the external auditory meatus and the typmanic membrane?

A

auricular

185
Q

Which branch comes from the inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve and is the chief motor nerve of the pharynx and the soft palate?

A

pharyngeal

186
Q

Which branch arises from the inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve and divides into two nerves?

A

Superior laryngeal

187
Q

what are the two branches of the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

internal laryngeal

external laryngeal

188
Q

Which branch of the superior laryngeal nerve is sensory innervation to the mucous membrane of the larynx?

A

internal laryngeal nerve

189
Q

which branch of the superior laryngeal nerve is motor innervation to the cricothyroid and inferior constrictor muscles?

A

external laryngeal nerve

190
Q

Which branch of the vagus nerve arises directly from the vagus nerve ascends back into the neck and is sensory innervation to mucous membrane of the larynx and is motor innervation to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

191
Q

Unilateral damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve can cause…

A

respiratory distress

hoarsness (partial aphonia)

192
Q

Bilateral damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve can cause…

A

complete aphonia

may result in suffication

193
Q

Causes of damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve are…

A

trauma during thyroid surgery
goiter/thyroid tumor
lung tumor (apex of lung)
aortic aneurysm (left side only)

194
Q

The accessory nerve (CN XI) is formed by a cranial part which originates from the __________ and a spinal part which originates from the sides of the ___________.

A

medulla oblongata, spinal cord

195
Q

The spinal part of the accessory nerve (CN XI) ascends through the ________ to join the cranial part then both exit thru the _________.

A

foramen magnum, jugular foramen

196
Q

The cranial part of the accessory nerve (CN XI) joins what nerve just above the inferior vagal ganglion?

A

vagus nerve

197
Q

The cranial part of the accessory nerve supplies the vagus nerve with motor fibers which travel thru which branches of the vagus nerve?

A

pharyngeal branch of the vagus

recurrent laryngeal nerve

198
Q

The spinal part of the accessory nerve (CN XI) is motor innervation to what?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

199
Q

Which nerve is the motor nerve to the tongue?

A

hypoglossal nerve

200
Q

The hypoglossal nerve originates from the _________ and exits the skull thru the _________.

A

medulla oblongata, hypoglossal canal

201
Q

What are the branches of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

meningeal
superior root of the ansa cervicalis
nerves to thyrohyoid and geniohyoid
lingual

202
Q

which branch of the hypoglossal nerve supply the dura mater?

A

meningeal

203
Q

which branch of the hypoglossal nerve supplies motor innervation to the infrahyoid muscles and consist of mainly C1 fibers?

A

superior root of the ansa cervicalis

204
Q

which branch of the hypoglossal nerve consists of C1 fibers and is motor innervation to the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid?

A

nerves to the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid

205
Q

which branch of the hypoglossal nerve is motor innervation to the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

lingual

206
Q

Where does the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk begin?

A

Base of the skull

207
Q

The preganglionic sympathetic fibers which supply structures of the head and neck originate where?

A

T1 to T3

208
Q

Where do preganglionic sympathetic fibers synapse?

A

Cervical ganglia

209
Q

Postganglionic fibers distribute from cervical ganglia and supply…

A

blood vessels
smooth muscle
glands of the head and neck

210
Q

What are the different cervical sympathetic ganglia?

A

superior
middle
vertebral
cervicothoracic (stellate)

211
Q

which cervical sympathetic ganglion is at cervical vertebrae level 1 - 3 immediately below base of skull and has 3 branches?

A

superior

212
Q

What are the branches of the superior cervical ganglion?

A

internal carotid nerve
superior cervical cardiac nerve
branches to the pharyngeal plexus

213
Q

which cervical sympathetic ganglion lies at the cervical vertebra 6 level and has 1 branch?

A

middle

214
Q

What is the branch off the middle cervical ganglion?

A

middle cervical cardiac nerve

215
Q

which cervical sympathetic ganglion is often fused and is at at the level of cervical vertebra 7?

A

vertebral ganglion

216
Q

which cervical sympathetic ganglion is a fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion to the first thoracic ganglion and is at the level of cervical vertebra 7 to thoracic vertebra 1?

A

cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion

217
Q

What is the branch off the cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion?

A

inferior cervical cardiac nerve

218
Q

What is a nerve bundle that loops anterior to the subclavian artery connecting the vertebral ganglion to the cervicothoracic ganglion?

A

ansa subclavia

219
Q

what is the largest and sturdiest facial bone?

A

mandible

220
Q

what part of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone?

A

condylar process

221
Q

what part of the mandible is an area of attachment for muscles of mastication?

A

coronoid process

222
Q

what is the upper border of the body of the mandible?

A

alveolar process

223
Q

what is the origin of the posterior belly of the digastric?

A

mastoid process

224
Q

what is the origin of the anterior belly of the digastric?

A

digastric fossa

225
Q

what is the insertion of the digastric

A

hyoid bone by the intermediate tendon

226
Q

what is the nerve supply of the posterior belly of the digastric?

A

cervical branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)

227
Q

what is the nerve supply of the anterior belly of the digastric?

A

nerve to the mylohyoid of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

228
Q

what is the function of the digastric?

A

elevate hyoid

depress mandible when hyoid is fixed

229
Q

what is the origin of the mylohyoid?

A

mylohyoid line of the mandible

230
Q

what is the insertion of the mylohyoid?

A

body of the hyoid

median raphe

231
Q

what is the nerve supply of the mylohyoid?

A

nerve to the mylohyoid of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

232
Q

what is the origin of the geniohyoid?

A

inferior mental spine

233
Q

what is the insertion of the geniohyoid?

A

body of hyoid

234
Q

what is the nerve supply of the geniohyoid?

A

C1 fibers through hypoglossal

235
Q

what is the function of the geniohyoid?

A

elevate hyoid and tongue

236
Q

what is the origin of the genioglossus?

A

superior mental spine

237
Q

what is the largest tongue muscle?

A

genioglossus

238
Q

what is the insertion of the genioglossus?

A

tip and entire undersurface of tongue

239
Q

what is the origin of the hyoglossus?

A

body and greater horn of hyoid

240
Q

what is the insertion of the hyoglossus?

A

sides of the tongue

241
Q

what is the nerve supply of the hyoglossus?

A

hypoglossal

242
Q

what is the nerve supply of the genioglossus?

A

hypoglossal

243
Q

what is the function of the genioglossus?

A

draws tongue forward

protrudes tip of tongue

244
Q

what is the function of the hyoglossus?

A

draws tongue downward

245
Q

What is it called if part of the hyoglossus takes origin on the lesser horn of the hyoid?

A

chondroglossus

246
Q

what is the origin of the styloglossus?

A

styloid process

247
Q

what is the insertion of the styloglossus?

A

sides of the tongue

248
Q

what is the nerve supply of the styloglossus?

A

hypoglossal

249
Q

what is the function of the styloglossus?

A

draws tongue upward and backward

250
Q

What is the origin of the stylohyoid?

A

styloid process

251
Q

what is the insertion of the stylohyoid?

A

body of hyoid

252
Q

what is the nerve supply of the stylohyoid?

A

facial nerve

253
Q

what is the function of the stylohyoid?

A

elevates hyoid and tongue

254
Q

the submandibular gland wraps around the posterior border what what muscle?

A

mylohyoid

255
Q

Which part of the submandibular gland is large and lies within the submandibular triangle and submandibular fossa?

A

superficial part

256
Q

which part of the submandibular gland is small and lies superior to the mylohyoid?

A

deep part

257
Q

How does the submandibular gland open into the oral cavity?

A

sublingual caruncle

258
Q

where is the sublingual caruncle located?

A

lateral to the frenulum of the tongue

259
Q

what is the smallest of the three major salivary glands?

A

sublingual

260
Q

where is the sublingual gland located?

A

superior to mylohyoid in sublingual fossa

261
Q

where does the sublingual gland empty into?

A

floor of the mouth along sublingual fold

262
Q

what is the innervation of the submandibular gland?

A

parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve (CN VII) via the submandibular ganglion

263
Q

what is the innervation of the sublingual gland?

A

parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve (CN VII) via the submandibular ganglion

264
Q

what are the nerves associated with the mandible?

A

lingual
glossopharyngeal
hypglossal

265
Q

what are the blood vessels associated with the mandible?

A

lingual artery and vein

facial artery and vein

266
Q

what are the lymph nodes associated with the mandible?

A

submandibular

submental

267
Q

what are the functions of the nasal cavity?

A

provide an airway
olfaction
warming/moistening of inspired air
cleansing of inspired air

268
Q

the nasal cavity extends from the _____ anteriorly to the ______ posteriorly.

A

nostrils (nares), choanae

269
Q

The nasal cavity is divided into a left and right chamber by the _______.

A

nasal septum

270
Q

What are the posterior apertures of the nasal cavity which open into the nasopharynx?

A

choanae

271
Q

What are the external parts of the nose?

A

tip
root
nares
alae

272
Q

what are the boundaries of the nasal cavity?

A

roof
floor
medial wall (nasal septum)
lateral wall

273
Q

what is the roof of the nasal cavity formed by?

A

nasal bone
frontal bone
cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
body of sphenoid bone

274
Q

what is the floor of the nasal cavity formed by?

A

palatine process of maxilla

horizontal plate of the palatine bone

275
Q

what is the medial wall (nasal septum) of the nasal cavity formed by?

A

septal cartilage
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
vomer

276
Q

What is a deviated septum?

A

when the nasal septum does not lie in median plane

277
Q

what are causes of a deviated septum?

A

congenital malformation
birth injury
postnatal trauma

278
Q

What is the lateral wall of the nasal cavity formed by?

A 
nasal bone
frontal process of the maxilla
lacrimal bone
ethmoid bone
inferior nasal concha
perpendicular plate of the palatine bone
medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
279
Q

What is a small space located above and behind the superior nasal concha which receives the opening of the sphenoid sinus?

A

sphenoethmoidal recess

280
Q

which meatus receives the opening of the posterior ethmoidal cells?

A

superior meatus

281
Q

which meatus receives the openings of the frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, middle ethmoidal cells and anterior ethmoidal cells?

A

middle meatus

282
Q

what is the rounded projection into the middle meatus and middle ethmoidal cells open into it?

A

ethmoidal bulla

283
Q

what is the curved slit lying below the ethmoidal bulla within the middle meatus that has the frontonasal duct, anterior ethmoidal cells and maxillary sinus open into it?

A

hiatus semilunaris

284
Q

which meatus receives the opening of the nasolacrimal duct?

A

inferior meatus

285
Q

what connects the lacrimal sac of the orbit to the nasal cavity?

A

nasolacrimal duct

286
Q

What does the nasal vestibule contain?

A

hair
sebaceous glands
sweat glands

287
Q

what is considered the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

A

lower two thirds of the nasal cavity

288
Q

what is considered the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

A

superior nasal concha and upper one third of nasal septum

289
Q

what does the olfactory region contain?

A

fibers of the olfactory nerve (CN 1)

290
Q

what is the general sensory innervation of the nasal cavity?

A

branches of the maxillary and ophthalmic divisions of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

291
Q

what is the autonomic innervation of the nasal cavity?

A

prerygopalatine ganglion

292
Q

what is the blood supply of the nasal cavity?

A

sphenopalatine branch of maxillary artery

anterior ethmoidal branch of ophthalmic artery

293
Q

What is epistaxis?

A

a nose bleed
commonly due to richness of blood supply
or due to hypertension, blood disorders, cocaine abuse

294
Q

what are the two forms of epistaxis?

A

mild: in/near vestibule caused by minor trauma/low humidty
severe: spurting arterial blood from rupture of the sphenopalatine artery by major trauma

295
Q

where do the lymph nodes of the nasal cavity drain into?

A

deep cervical nodes

296
Q

What are cavities found within the bones of the face developed as outgrowths of the nasal cavity?

A

paranasal sinuses

297
Q

Why do paranasal sinuses form?

A

wolffs law

reduce weight of skull

298
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses?

A

frontal
maxillary
sphenoidal
ethmoidal

299
Q

which sinus opens into the hiatus semilunaris of the middle meatus via the frontonasal duct?

A

frontal

300
Q

which is the largest sinus which opens into the hiatus semilunaris and is the only sinus to possibly be present at birth?

A

maxillary

301
Q

which sinus opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess?

A

sphenoidal

302
Q

the posterior ethmoidal cells open into what?

A

superior meatus

303
Q

the middle ethmoidal cells open into what?

A

ethmoidal bulla in middle meatus

304
Q

the anterior ethmoidal cells open into what?

A

hiatus semilunaris in middle meatus

305
Q

Sinusitus

A

nasal cavity infection spread to the paranasal sinuses

306
Q

acute pharygitis

A

nasal cavity infection spread to the nasopharynx through the choanae (sore throat)

307
Q

conjunctivitis

A

nasal cavity infection spread to lacrimal apparatus and conjuctiva via nasolacrimal duct (pink eye)

308
Q

otitis media

A

nasal cavity infection spread to middle ear via pharyngotympanic tube

309
Q

menignitis

A

nasal cavity infection spread to anterior cranial fossa via cribriform plate (brain abscess)

310
Q

mastoiditis

A

nasal cavity infection spread to mastoid air cells via aditus from middle ear

311
Q

what is the posterior boundary of the oral cavity?

A

oropharyngeal isthmus

312
Q

what are the 2 parts of the oral cavity?

A

oral vestibule

oral cavity proper

313
Q

which part of the oral cavity lies between lips/cheek and gums (portion external to the tooth rows)?

A

oral vestibule

314
Q

which part of the oral cavity lies internal to the tooth rows?

A

oral cavity proper

315
Q

what are the openings into the oral vestibule?

A

labial glands

parotid duct

316
Q

what is the median groove seen externally which extends from teh nose to the vermilion border of the upper lip?

A

philtrum

317
Q

muscle of the lips

A

orbicularis oris

318
Q

muscle of the cheeks

A

buccinator

319
Q

glands of the cheeks

A

buccal glands

320
Q

what are the foramina of the hard palate?

A

incisive
greater palatine
lesser palatine

321
Q

The hard palate is covered by a…

A

mucoperiosteum

322
Q

the center of the mucoperiosteum of the hard palate is a…

A

palatine raphe

323
Q

at the end of the palatine raphe of the mucoperiosteum of the hard palate is the…

A

incisive papilla

324
Q

what extend laterally within the mucoperiosteum of the hard palate and aid in gripping food against the tongue during mastication?

A

transverse palatine folds

325
Q

what two arches is the soft palate continuous with?

A

palatoglossal arch

palatopharyngeal arch

326
Q

what is the median projection of the soft palate?

A

uvula

327
Q

what lies between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches on each side?

A

tonsillar fossa

328
Q

what does the tonsillar fossa contain?

A

palatine tonsils

329
Q

what is the origin of the musculus uvulae?

A

posterior nasal spine

330
Q

what is the insertion of the musculus uvulae?

A

mucous membrane of uvula

331
Q

what is the nerve supply of the musculus uvulae?

A

vagus nerve (CN X) via pharyngeal plexus

332
Q

what is the function of the musculus uvulae?

A

elevates uvula

333
Q

what is the origin of the levator veli palatini?

A

inferior surface of temporal bone

334
Q

what is the insertion of the levator veli palatini?

A

aponeurosis of soft palate

335
Q

what is the nerve supply of the levator veli palatini?

A

vagus nerve (CN X) via pharyngeal plexus

336
Q

what is the function of the levator veli palatini?

A

elevates soft palate

337
Q

what is the origin of the tensor veli palatini?

A

scaphoid fossa of medial pterygoid plate

pharyngotypmanic tube

338
Q

what is the insertion of the tensor veli palatini?

A

the tendon winds around the pterygoid hamulus and inserts into the aponeurosis of the soft palate

339
Q

what is the nerve supply of the tensor veli palatini?

A

mandibular division of the trigeminal (CN V)

340
Q

what is the function of the tensor veli palatini?

A

tenses soft palate

opens pharyngotympanic tube

341
Q

what is the nerve supply of the hard palate?

A

greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves

342
Q

what is the nerve supply of the soft palate?

A

lesser palatine nerve

343
Q

what is the blood supply of the hard palate?

A

greater palatine artery (from maxillary)

344
Q

what is the blood supply of the soft palate?

A

lesser palatine and facial arteries

345
Q

How do you diagnose nerve damage of the vagus nerve?

A

whichever side is damaged, the uvula will deviate to the opposite side due to paralysis of the musculus uvulae

346
Q

what are the functions of the tongue?

A

taste
mastication
swallowing
speech

347
Q

what is a v-shaped groove which divides the tongue into two parts?

A

sulvus terminalis

348
Q

what are the two parts of the tongue?

A

oral

oropharyngeal

349
Q

what is a foramen located at the apex of the sulcus terminalis?

A

foramen cecum

350
Q

The foramen cecum is the remnants of what?

A

embryonic thryoglossal duct

351
Q

what is the shallow groove visible on the surface of the tongue?

A

median groove

352
Q

what is a mass of lymphoid tissue found on the oropharyngeal surface of the tongue?

A

lingual tonsil

353
Q

what are the three folds of the epiglottis?

A

median glossoepiglottic fold (1)

lateral glossoepiglottic fold (2)

354
Q

what is the space on either side of the median glossoepiglottic fold?

A

vallecula

355
Q

what is ankyloglossia?

A

being tongue tied

356
Q

nerves, vessels, and extrinsic muscles enter or leave the tongue through what part?

A

the root

357
Q

what is the origin of the palatoglossus?

A

soft palate

358
Q

what is the insertion of the palatoglossus?

A

sides of the tongue

359
Q

what is the nerve supply of the palatoglossus?

A

vaugs nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus

360
Q

what is the function of the palatoglossus?

A

elevate back of tongue

361
Q

what are 3/4 extrinsic tongue muscles that are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?

A

genioglossus
hyoglossus
styloglossus

362
Q

the anterior two thirds of the tongue have general sensation thru which nerve?

A

lingual nerve (a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve)

363
Q

the anterior two thirds of the tongue taste by which nerve?

A

chorda tympani (a branch of the facial nerve)

364
Q

the posterior third of the tongue tastes and has general sensation thru which nerve?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

365
Q

what is the blood supply of tongue?

A

lingual artery and vein

366
Q

the lingual artery comes from which artery?

A

external carotid

367
Q

the lingual vein drains to where?

A

internal jugular

368
Q

the lymph nodes of the tongue are…

A

submental
submandibular
deep cervical

369
Q

all lymph nodes of the tongue drain to…

A

deep cervical nodes

370
Q

what is the hardest part of the tooth?

A

enamel

371
Q

what is internal to the enamel of a tooth?

A

dentin

372
Q

what fills the central cavity of the tooth and contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic which enter at the apex of the root?

A

pulp

373
Q

what is the bone-like substance which covers the root of the tooth?

A

cementum

374
Q

what is the visible part of the tooth that is covered by the enamel?

A

crown

375
Q

what is the junction of a tooth between the crown and the root?

A

neck

376
Q

what is the part of the tooth that is embedded int he alveolar process of the maxilla and mandible covered by cementum?

A

root

377
Q

what is the specialized oral mucosa which surrounds the teeth and covers adjacent alveolar bone?

A

gingivae (gums)

378
Q

what is the surface of the tooth that faces anteriorly or toward midline?

A

mesial surface

379
Q

what is the surface of the tooth that faces posteriorly or away from midline?

A

distal surface

380
Q

what is the chewing surface of the tooth?

A

occlusal surface

381
Q

what is the “baby” set of teeth?

A

deciduous teeth

382
Q

what is the nerve supply of the maxillary teeth?

A

superior alveolar branches of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve

383
Q

what is the nerve supply of the mandible teeth?

A

inferior alveolar nerve from the mandibular division of the trigeminal

384
Q

tooth ache affects…

A

only 1 tooth

385
Q

trigeminal neuralgia affects…

A

the whole row of teeth

386
Q

what are the boundaries of the pharynx?

A

base of skull

inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

387
Q

what are the three parts of the pharynx?

A

naso-
oro-
laryngopharynx

388
Q

the nasopharynx communicates with the nasal cavity thru the…

A

choanae

389
Q

the nasopharynx communicates with the oropharynx thru the….

A

pharyngeal isthmus

390
Q

what are the boundaries of the nasopharynx?

A

roof of pharynx
soft palate
posterior border of the inferior nasal concha
posterior wall of pharynx

391
Q

the nasopharynx lies what vertebral level?

A

cervical vertebra 1

392
Q

what are embedded into the posterior wall of the nasopharynx?

A

pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

393
Q

the phayngotympanic tube opens into the lateral wall of the nasopharynx and is limited by what cartilaginous structure?

A

torus tubarius

394
Q

what is the small tonsil which lies immediately behind the opening of the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

tubal tonsil

395
Q

what is a fold which descend from the torus tubaris to the wall of the pharynx?

A

salpingopharyngeal fold

396
Q

what is the muscle just deep to the salpingopharyngeal fold?

A

salpingopharyngeus msucle

397
Q

what are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

A

soft palate
superior border of the epiglottis
palatoglossal fold
posterior wall of the pharynx

398
Q

what vertebral level is the oropharynx at?

A

cervial vertebrae 2 and 3

399
Q

the oropharynx communicates with the oral cavity thru the….

A

oropharyngeal isthmus

400
Q

the oropharyngeal isthmus is bound by the….

A

palatoglossal folds

401
Q

what is the circular arrangement of tonsils around the oropharynx formed by the lingual, palatine, tubal and pharyngeal tonsils?

A

tonsillar ring

402
Q

what is the function of the tonsillar ring?

A

first line of defense agaisnt infection

403
Q

what are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx?

A

superior border of the epiglottis
lower border of the cricoid cartilage where it joins the esophagus
posterior surface of the larynx
posterior wall of the pharynx

404
Q

what is the opening to the larynx within the laryngopharynx?

A

laryngeal inlet

405
Q

the laryngeal inlet is bounded laterally by the _________ and inferiorly by the _________.

A

aryepiglottic folds, interarytenoid notch

406
Q

what is the recess in the anterior wall of the laryngopharynx located on either side of the laryngeal inlet which creates a channel for passage of food around inlet?

A

piriform fossa (recesss)

407
Q

what is the origin of the inferior constrictor muscle?

A

cricoid cartilage

thryoid cartilage

408
Q

what is the insertion of the inferior constrictor muscle?

A

pharyngeal raphe

409
Q

what is the nerve supply of the inferior constrictor muscle?

A 
vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus
external laryngeal nerve
410
Q

what is the function of inferior constrictor muscle?

A

contracts pharynx during swallowing

411
Q

what is the origin of the middle constrictor muscle?

A

greater and lesser horns of hyoid bone

412
Q

what is the insertion of the middle constrictor muscle?

A

pharyngeal raphe

413
Q

what is the nerve supply of the middle constrictor muscle?

A

vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus

414
Q

what is the function of the middle constrictor muscle?

A

contracts pharynx during swallowing

415
Q

what is the origin of the superior constrictor muscle?

A

medial pteyrgoid plate
alveolar part of mandible
side of tongue

416
Q

what is the insertion of the superior constrictor muscle?

A

pharyngeal raphe

417
Q

what is the nerve supply of the superior constrictor muscle?

A

vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus

418
Q

what is the function of the superior constrictor muscle?

A

contracts the pharynx during swallowing

419
Q

what is the specialized band of muscle formed by the superior constrictor which helps to seal the pharyngeal isthmus during swallowing?

A

palatopharyngeal sphincter

420
Q

what is the muscle that passes between the middle and superior constrictor muscles?

A

stylpharyngeus muscle

421
Q

what is the origin of the stylpharyngeus muscle?

A

styloid process

422
Q

what is the insertion of the stylpharyngeus muscle?

A

thyroid cartilage

some fibers blend with those of the constrictors

423
Q

what is the nerve supply of the stylpharyngeus muscle?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

424
Q

what is the functioin of the stylpharyngeus muscle?

A

elevate pharynx

425
Q

what is the origin of the palatopharyngeus muscle?

A

soft palate

426
Q

what is the insertion of the palatopharyngeus muscle?

A

wall of pharynx

thyroid cartilage

427
Q

what is the nerve supply of the palatopharyngeus muscle?

A

vagus nerve (CN X) via pharyngeal plexus

428
Q

what is the function of the palatopharyngeus muscle?

A

elevate pharynx

narrow oropharynx

429
Q

what is the origin of the salpingopharyngeus muscle?

A

torus tubarius

opening of pharyngotympanic tube

430
Q

what is the insertion of the salpingopharyngeus muscle?

A

wall of pharynx

431
Q

what is the nerve of the salpingopharyngeus muscle?

A

vagus nerve (CN X) via phayrngeal plexus

432
Q

what is the function of the salpingopharyngeus muscle?

A

elevates pharynx

opens pharyngotympanic tube

433
Q

The pharyngeal plexus is formed by…

A

pharyngeal branch of the vagus (CN X)
pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion

434
Q

which nerve supplies motor innervation of the pharynx?

A

pharyngeal branch of the vagus (CN X)

435
Q

which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the mucosa of the pharynx?

A

pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

436
Q

what are the arteries of the pharynx?

A

ascending pharyngeal

maxillary

437
Q

what is the layer of fascia which surrounds the pharynx external to the muscles of the pharynx and is continuous with the pretracheal fascia?

A

buccopharyngeal fascia

438
Q

what is the layer of fascia which lies internal to the muscles and external to the mucosa of the pharynx?

A

pharyngobasical fascia

439
Q

what is the potential space between the buccopharyngeal fascia and prevertebral fascia and extends downward to permit free movement of the pharynx and esophagus during swallowing?

A

retropharyngeal space

440
Q

what is deglutition?

A

swallowing

441
Q

what is dysphagia?

A

difficulty swallowing

gross II (2 decks)

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