Exam I Flashcards
What is EBP?
Integration of bestevidence from current research, patient preference and values and clinical expertise
5 Steps of EBP
Ask: Formulate an answerable clinical Q
Access: Track down the best evidence
Appraise: Critically appraised for validity
Apply
Assess: Evaluate effectiveness
What does PICO Stand for?
Population, Intervention, Comparison, outcomes
What are Boolean Operation?
AND is used to indicate that both terms must be present; decrease your results
OR is used to indicate that either term may be present; increases your results
Primary Sources
OG research:
- Journal Articles
- Case Reports
-Conference posters/papers
-Clinical Trail Protocols
-Dissertations
Secondary Sources
Interpretation or indexing of original research
- PubMed
- Bibliographies
- Reviews
- Meta-analysis
Tertiary Sources
Summaries and General Info
- Encyclopedia
- Dictionaries
- Reference/textbooks
Systemic Review
Collection of research is gathered and clinically appraised in an effort to reach an unbiased conclusion about the weight of evidence on a particular topic
Ramdomized Control Trial
Assigns sunjects to either an experimental group or control comparison group
Subject in the experimental group recieve the intervention while the comparison group does not
Prospective Observation Cohort Study
A study in which there is no contolled manipulation of the subjects; Subjects are observed over time and then compared to see if there are differences in outcomes
Case Control Study
A retrospective research design used to determine the relationshop between potential risk factor and a disease/disorder
One group has one group doesnt
Case Report
A detailed description of the management of a patient/client that may serve as a basis for future research
Recall Bias
You see more of what you see ; creates false sense of prevalence when making a diagnosis
Confirmation Bias
Perform confirmatory tests/ measures once you have a diagnosis, but will perform contradictory tests/measures
Outcome Bias
You will attribute improvements in your patients to your interventions; you will attribute success in yolur intervetions to your diagnosis
Survivorship Bias
You will make decisions based off past sucesses while ignorning past failures
Scientific Method
- Ask a Q
- Form a hypothesis
- Experiement
- Observe and record
- Draw Conclusion
- Share your findings
Scientific Process in Clinical Care
Diagnosis, prognosis, intervention, outcome
Statistical/Null Hypothesis
The hypothesis we are statistically testing
Either reject or fail to reject
Null=No relationship
Scales of Measurement
Ratio
Interval
Ordinal
Nominal
Measure of Tendancy
Mean: Average
Median: Middle Number
Mode: The most common number
Frequency: How many times the number appears in the data
Normal Distribution
68% of the cases will fall within one standard deviation of the mean
95% of the cases will within two standard deviations of the mean
99.7% of the cases will fall within three standard deviations of the mean
Inclusion Criteria
The defining criteria that individual from the population must possess to be eligible for the study
- Often a mix of demographic, clinical and geographic
-Most often, the clinical and dmographic inclusion criteria define the target population
Direct Relationship
amount and selectivity of inclusion criteria, and the amount of sample homogenity
More selective= more homogenous
Inverse Relationship
Amount and selectivity of inclusion criteria and the amount of generalizability of the study findings
Exclusion Criteria
The defining criteria and individuals from the population may possess that would preclude them from joining the study
Probability Sampling
Every person in the accessible population has an equal chance of being chosen
Minimize sampling error: increase validity of the findings
Free bias
representative of the findings
Simple Random Sampling
Subjects in the sampling frame are assigned a number; if the subjects number is selected they are included in the sample
Systematic Sampling
Subjects in the sampling frame are assigned a number; ordered numerically; selects every nth person
Stratified Sampling
Subjects in the sampling frame are first sub-grouped, or straified base on a particular charateristics then use SRS or SS, selected from each strata
Non-probability Sampling
Subject are not randomly selected
Probability of being included in sample is not known
Cant know if sample is non-bias representative
Convenience Sampling
Most common form in PT research
Enroll subjects who are available and or repons to recruitment
Consecutive Sampling
Enrolling each participant who meets inclusion/exclusion criteria as they become available
Quota Sampling
Use convience sampling sample for inital sample frame, then takes strata from the sample
Snowball Sampling
Start with on group of subjects and ask them to recruit more subjects; often used in qualitiative studies
Purposeive Sample
Hand selecting specific individual with certain characterisitcs
Often used in qualtive studies
Sampling Bias
The difference between the observed and true reults that is attributed to the sampling mistakes of the researcher
Type 1 Error
Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true
Type 2 error
Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false
Level of Significant (type 1)
The probability of gettting your result, If the null hypothesis were in fact true
Reflects the probability of making a type 1 error
Lower probabilty lower chance of type 1 error
If p<0.05, then we are confident rejecting the null hypotesis
Confidence Interval (type 1)
Provides boundaries to certain levels of confidence that the true diffreence in the population would be between
What happens if the confidence interval crossess 0?
We fail to reject the null hypothesis
What happens if the null hypothesis doesnt cross 0?
Rejects the null hypothesis
Power
The ability of a test to detect a difference if its truly there (0.8)
The probability of of making a type 2 error called beta (0.2)
Inversley related to Beta; Revolve around type 2 error
