Exam I

Question 1

Nature is God, and God is Nature. God is not separate from the universe

Answer 1

Pantheism

Question 2

A person without a body (i.e., a spirit), present everywhere, the creator and sustainer of the universe, a free agent, able to do anything (i.e., omnipotent), knowing all things, perfectly good, a source of moral obligation, immutable, eternal, a necessary being, holy and worthy of worship

Answer 2

The God of Classical Theism

Question 3

We cannot know whether God exists because reason cannot establish whether or not a supreme being exists

Answer 3

Agnosticism

Question 4

If a person has experiences that seem to be of X, then the person has reason to believe that X exists unless the person has further reason to indicate that the experiences should not be trusted

Answer 4

Principle of Credulity

Question 5

Self-sufficient and self-explanatory, always existing, and not brought into existence by anything else

Answer 5

necessary being

Question 6

This argument claims that God’s nonexistence involves a contradiction

Answer 6

Ontological Argument

Question 7

This argument states that the best explanation for the existence of the world is that it was created by a necessary being.

Answer 7

Cosmological Argument

Question 8

This argument states that carefully arranged and organized entities are most likely designed by an intelligent designer

Answer 8

Design Argument

Question 9

This argument states that the best explanation for religious experiences is the existence of God

Answer 9

Argument for Religious Experience

Question 10

The expected utility of believing in God is much higher than the expected utility of not believing in God

Answer 10

Pascal’s Wager

Question 11

Deductive Argument types

Answer 11

Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Disjuntive Syllogism
Hypothetical syllogism

Question 12

Inductive argument types

Answer 12

Enumerative
Argument by Analogy
Inference to the best explanation

Question 13

Modus Ponens

Answer 13

1. If P, then Q
2. P
   Therefore, Q

Question 14

modus tollens

Answer 14

1. If P, Then Q
2. Not Q
   Therefore, Not P

Question 15

hypothetical syllogism

Answer 15

1. If P, then Q
2. If Q, then R
   Therefore if P then R

Question 16

disjunctive syllogism

Answer 16

1. P or Q
2. Not P
   Therefore Q

Question 17

enumerative argument

Answer 17

1. all observations are P
   Therefore P will happen again

Question 18

analogical argument

Answer 18

1. F is like P
2. P has property A
   Therefore F has property A

Question 19

inference to the best explanation

Answer 19

1. P
2. The best explanation for P is A
   Therefore A

Question 20

What is a theodicy?

Answer 20

A theodicy is an attempt to justify the existence of evil in a world governed by a benevolent and omnipotent deity.

Question 21

What is the logical problem of evil?

Answer 21

The logical problem of evil argues that the existence of evil is incompatible with an all-powerful, all-knowing, and all-good God.

Question 22

True or False: Theodicies aim to explain why evil exists in the world.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Fill in the blank: The __________ theodicy argues that evil is necessary for the existence of good.

Answer 23

Augustinian

Question 24

What is the free will defense?

Answer 24

The free will defense posits that God allows evil to exist because He values human free will, which is necessary for genuine love and moral choices.

Question 25

Which type of theodicy suggests that evil leads to greater goods?

Answer 25

Irenaean theodicy

Question 26

True or False: The evidential problem of evil focuses on the existence of evil rather than its compatibility with God.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

What does the term 'moral evil' refer to?

Answer 27

Moral evil refers to the wrong actions committed by humans that result in suffering or harm.

Question 28

What is an example of natural evil?

Answer 28

Natural evil includes disasters like earthquakes, floods, and diseases that cause suffering but are not directly caused by human actions.

Question 29

Fill in the blank: The __________ theodicy emphasizes the role of suffering in spiritual growth and character development.

Answer 29

Irenaean

Question 30

What is the primary challenge posed by the logical problem of evil?

Answer 30

The primary challenge is to reconcile the existence of an all-good, all-powerful God with the presence of evil in the world.

Question 31

True or False: Theodicies can be categorized into two main types: Augustinian and Irenaean.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

What is the primary focus of the evidential problem of evil?

Answer 32

The evidential problem of evil focuses on the amount and types of evil present in the world as evidence against the existence of God.

Question 33

What role does human free will play in theodicies?

Answer 33

Human free will is often seen as a necessary component that allows for moral responsibility and the potential for genuine goodness.

Question 34

Fill in the blank: The __________ theodicy argues that God uses evil to bring about a greater purpose.

Answer 34

Greater good