Exam I Flashcards
List the different fetotomy instruments.
Identify the instrument.
What is this instrument used for?
It is essential to ____ the fetotome as soon as the fetotomy is complete.
Identify the instrument, what is it used for?
Identify the instrument, what is it used for?
Identify the instrument, what is it used for?
Identify the instrument, what is it used for?
Identify the instrument, what is it used for?
Identify the instrument.
Identify the instrument, what is it used for?
Identify the instrument, what is it used for?
Describe the proper chain placement of OB chains on the fetus.
Identify the instrument, what is it used for?
Identify the instrument, what is it used for?
Identify the instrument, what is it used for?
Identify the instrument, what is it used for?
Identify the instrument, what is it used for?
Two people pulling a calf out with OB wire exerts ____ psi, but a calf jack exerts about ____ psi.
Identify the instrument, what is it used for?
Identify the instrument, what is it used for?
In addition the electroejaculator, what other equipment is used for male BSE?
Describe a manual sperm count.
Describe the use of a concentration analyzer in bovine sperm evaluation.
Describe how you should count sperm when using the manual method.
What do we use ultrasound machines and probes for in male/female bovine fertility?
In domestic species, the ____ initiation parturition.
Fetus
______ must decrease for partition to occur.
In domestic species, parturition is divided into 3 stages. What are they?
In general, describe the mechanism of parturition.
What happens during stage 1 of parturition?
What is ferguson’s reflex?
What happens during stage 2 of parturition?
What happens during stage 3 of parturition?
Describe presentation as it relates to fetal PPP.
Describe position as it relates to fetal PPP.
Describe posture as it relates to fetal PPP.
In general, what is the normal PPP?
What is the normal PPP for a foal?
What is the normal PPP for a canine?
What are some fetal factors that can affect normal delivery PPP?
Define dystocia.
Dystopias are more common amongst _____ than ____.
Among the common domestic species, ___ pose the highest incidence of dystocia and ____ have the lowest incidence.
What is the theriogenologist mantra?
What are the different lubricants available for use? Describe them.
When it comes to ____, you should inject slowly and only once (not multiples!).
Name and describe some of the different dosing options for equine epidurals.
Describe the controversy around clipping when it comes to equine epidurals.
Describe the general process for an equine epidural.
Describe the management of your patient post epidural.
What are the different methods to fetal correction and delivery?
Describe mutation as obstetrical management of a dystocia.
Describe repulsion as obstetrical management of a dystocia.
Describe rotation as obstetrical management of a dystocia.
Describe version as obstetrical management of a dystocia.
Identify the PPP in image, what is the abnormality?
How do we correct a retained limb?
Identify the abnormality.
Identify the abnormality.
Identify the PPP in image, what is the abnormality?
Identify the PPP in image, what is the abnormality?
Identify the PPP in image, what is the abnormality?
Identify the PPP in image, what is the abnormality?
What are some different methods we have to hold/correct the head when it is flexed or retained?
What is the abnormality, how can it be corrected?
Identify the PPP in image, what is the abnormality?
Identify the PPP in image, what is the abnormality?
Identify the PPP in image, what is the abnormality?
Identify the PPP in image, what is the abnormality?
Identify the PPP in this image.
What is going on in this image?
What is going on in this image?
How can we correct this calf presentation?
Briefly differentiate between a partial and full fetotomy.
What are the different cuts that make up a full fetotomy?
Why should you aim to remove the head and neck at an angle when preforming a full fetotomy?
What are the two messiest cuts of the of a full fetotomy?
You should cute ___ versus ____ at the level of the hock when preforming a fetotomy.
Draw out the bovine estrous cycle.
Differentiate between estrous and estrus.
When it comes to the bovine estrous cycle, estrus occurs at day ___, metestrus at day __, diestrus at day __, and proestrus at day __.
Identify the different parts of the bovine estrous cycle and their relative hormone levels.
What occurs during the estrus portion of the bovine estrous cycle?
What occurs during the metestrus portion of the bovine estrous cycle?
What occurs during the diestrus portion of the bovine estrous cycle?
What occurs during the proestrus portion of the bovine estrous cycle?
What are some behavioral estrus signs in the cow?
Identify the different hormonal changes that occur during the estrous cycle.
Identify the change that is occurring during the bovine estrous cycle (purple).
The first follicular wave occurs as either ____ is rising or during peak ____. Follicles selected during the first follicular wave will become ___.
In cows with three follicular waves (most only have 2), the second wave occurs during peak ____. Follicles selected during the second follicular wave will ___.
The third follicular wave is initiated before ___ and results in a ____. Only those follicles in the ____ will become eligible for ___.
What is the average age of puberty for the male and female bovine?
What are some factors that can influence the age to puberty in the bovine?
Describe the non-seasonally polyestrus cycle of the bovine.
Describe the general management strategies to beef herd breeding.
Describe the general management strategies to dairy herd breeding.
How do we calculate pregnancy rate?
How do we calculate pregnancy rate?
List some behaviors that would indicate a cow is in estrus.
Your breeding program is only as good as your ____.
Your breeding program is only as good as your ____.
What is the general timeframe for dairy herd heifer breeding?
What is the purpose of dairy cattle monitoring parameters?
What happens to the calf and mother after parturition in the dairy cattle industry?
What is the voluntary waiting period? What should we do once comes are past the voluntary waiting period?
Once heat is detected and the animal is bred, this is termed _____.
What are the days to first service? What is the herd average and what does it tell us about a herd?
If the days to first service is increased, then either _____ or _____.
What is the first service conception rate?
If both estrus detection and conception rates are adequate, then few cows should have ___.
What is the equation for pregnancy rate?
Reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle is poor due to low ___ and poor ____.
List some of the reasons for poor service rates.
List some of the reasons for poor conception rates.
What are the current trends in dairy reproductive performance?
What is the equation of reproduction?
What is services per conception?
What is the correlation between milk production and estrus detection?
How can we enhance estrus detection and subsequently increase pregnancy rate?
What are the different estrus detection aids?
How can we use estrus control or synchronization to improve service rates?
Differentiate between control of the estrus cycle and estrus synchronization.
What are the advantages to the control and synchronization of estrus?
What are the general principals/goals of the control and synchronization of estrus?
List the different estrus synchronization methods.
What should you choice of estrus synchronization method be based on?
Describe the use of prostaglandin F2alpha products for estrus synchronization.
What are the different methods to using prostaglandins for estrus synchronization?
Draw out the estrus cycle and the use of a single prostaglandin F2 alpha injection.
Draw out the estrus cycle and the use of a double prostaglandin F2 alpha injection.
What are advantages and disadvantages to heat detection and then a prostaglandin F2 alpha injection for estrus synchronization?
Name and describe the use of progestagens for estrus synchronization.
Describe the use of melengestrol acetate (MGA) in estrus synchronization.
Describe the timeframe for a CIDR program.
What are the effects of GnRH on follicular synchronization?
Describe the use of follicular synchronization in cattle breeding.
Describe the general timeframe for an OvSynch system.
What are the goals of OvSynch? How does it affect pregnancy rate?
Describe the timeframe for a CIDYR synch program.
What is eutocia?
What are some pre-partum changes that occur during eutocia?
Describe what happens during stage 1 of bovine parturition.
Describe what happens during stage 2 of bovine parturition.
Describe what happens during stage 3 of bovine parturition.
What is the most common cause of dystocia in cattle?
List the maternal causes of dystocias in cattle.
List the fetal causes of dystocias in cattle.
What is primary uterine inertia?
What is secondary uterine inertia?
List some abnormalities of the birth canal that can lead to a dystocia.
List the different fetal causes of a dystocia.
What is feto-maternal mismatch/fetopelvic dysproportion? What management issues are associated with it?
A farmer calls you and says that one of his cows are having a hard time giving birth. What key clinical management questions should you ask him/her?
What should you be assessing during your vaginal exam of a dystocia?
Describe the proper chain placement of the legs of a calf.
Describe the proper chain placement of the legs of a calf.
Name and describe the different fetal extraction techniques we have in a bovine.
Briefly describe how to perform an episiotomy.
When a delivery with traction is not possible, you can perform a _____.
List the indications for a fetotomy.
What are the requirements in order to perform a fetotomy?
What are the indications for a partial fetotomy?
Describe the aftercare of a fetotomy in a bovine.
Differentiate between a c-section and a fetotomy.
What are the indications for a c-section in the bovine?
90% of all bovine c-sections are due to one of five reasons, name them.
What are some considerations you need to address prior to preforming a c-section in the bovine?
What questions are key to ask in order to determine the best surgical approach for a bovine c-section?
List the different surgical approaches to a bovine c-section.
What are the advantages and disadvantages to a ventral midline or paramedian approach to a bovine c-section?
Describe how to preform a ventral midline c-section in the bovine.
____ should be giving to promote uterine contractions during a cesarean section.
Describe the post-op care for a bovine c-section.
What are the advantages and disadvantages to a standing flank c-section in the bovine?
Briefly describe the general technique to a standing flank c-section in the bovine.
What are the advantages and disadvantages to a bovine recumbent flank c-section?
List the different periparturient diseases.
Describe the occurrence, predisposing factors, treatment and prognosis associated with uterine infections in the bovine.
What is endometriosis? How do we diagnose it?
What are the causes of endometritis in the bovine?
What is the treatment for endometritis in the bovine?
What is the treatment for endometriosis in the bovine?
What are the causes of metritis in the bovine?
_____ increases the occurrence of metritis to 50-90% in the bovine.
Describe the bacterial profile of non-septic metritis in the bovine.
How do we diagnose non-septic metritis in the bovine?
What is the treatment for non-septic metritis in the bovine?
Describe the bacterial profile of septic/toxic metritis in the bovine.
How do we diagnose septic/toxic metritis in the bovine?
What is the treatment for septic metritis in the bovine?
List the characteristics of a pyometra (in the bovine).
What is the etiology of a pyometra in the bovine?
How do we diagnose a pyometra in the bovine?
How do we treat a pyometra in the bovine?
Describe the characteristics, predisposing factors and diagnoses of retained fetal membranes in the cow.
What is the treatment for retained fetal membranes in the bovine?
Describe the occurrence, genetic presuppositions and treatments for vaginal prolapse in the cow.
What is a uterine prolapse? What are some predisposing factors?
Describe the sequela to a uterine prolapse.
In general, how do we treat uterine prolapses in any species?
How do we diagnose uterine prolapses in the cow? What are our primary concerns?
Describe the patient prep prior to correcting a uterine prolapse in the cow.
Describe the reduction and aftercare of a uterine prolapse in the cow.
What is the prognosis for a uterine prolapse in the cow?
Describe the normal postpartum period/timeline in cattle.
Describe the gross and histological prevention of uterine involution during the postpartum period.
Which of these is a normal lochia?
Why do we pregnancy check cows?
What are some specific reasons we pregnancy check dairy cattle?
What are some specific reasons we pregnancy check beef cattle?
A pregnancy diagnosis will save the producer ____.
Money!
What are some producer method’s to pregnancy check their cattle?
A transrectal palpation as a way to pregnancy check a cow can be used started at day ____. The ___ is the landmark.
What are the four cardinal signs of pregnancy? (via palpation?
Describe the direct retraction of the uterus during trans-rectal palpation.
Describe the indirect retraction of the uterus during trans-rectal palpation.
Describe the sweeper method to retracting the uterus during trans-rectal palpation.
During later pregnancies, the cervix may not be retractable. If you are retracting the uterus of a known pregnant tract its import to retract ___ not ___.
When can you palpate a membrane slip? What does it feel like?
When can you palpate an amniotic vesicle? What does it feel like?
What is a placentome?
When can you palpate a placentome? What does it feel like?
What are some factors you must remember when attempting to palpate a placentome?
Identify the structures.
When can you first palpate the fetus?
Describe the timeline of fetal descent and ascent.
Describe the timeline of fetal size during gestation.
Identify the ages of the aborted feti.
List some supportive signs of bovine pregnancy.
Describe fremitus in the middle uterine artery as a supportive sin of pregnancy.
Our estimations of pregnancy stage is most accurate during _____ using ____.
What signs can we use later in gestation to estimate the stage of pregnancy?
Describe our accuracy of estimating the stage of pregnancy.
An early pregnancy diagnosis is dependent on several factors, what are they?
What are the hazards to trans-rectal palpation as a way to determine/estimate pregnancy?
Describe the use of trans-rectal ultrasound to determine bovine pregnancies.
We can use ____ as an estimating of fetal age.
We can relatability sex the fetus as ____ days. The rumen development of the fetus occurs as ___ days.
List the different structures we measure as use to determine gestational age.
____ is a useful in early pregnancy to age the fetus.
Describe the use of bovine pregnancy specific protein B to test for pregnancy.
Describe the use of progesterone to test for pregnancy.
Milk and blood progesterone have the same concentration in diestrus & pregnancy
Describe the use of estrone sulfate to test for pregnancy.
List the pros, cons and client considerations when it comes to trans-rectal palpation as a bovine pregnancy detection method.
List the pros, cons and client considerations when it comes to trans-rectal ultrasound as a bovine pregnancy detection method.
List the pros, cons and client considerations when it comes to pregnancy specific protein B as a bovine pregnancy detection method.
List the pros, cons and client considerations when it comes to blood/milk P4 levels as a bovine pregnancy detection method.
Differentiate between infectious and noninfectious infertility.
List the different factors the interfere with fertility.
In general, what are the treatment options for noninfectious infertility in the bovine.
What is true anestrus? What factors affect it?
What is apparent anestrus?
What are the different causes of bovine noninfectious infertility?
How can we use a CL to detect estrus?
Describe the pathophysiology of freemartinism.
Name and describe the different hormones that play a key role in the development of freemartinism.
Describe the clinical appereance of freemartinism.
How do we diagnose freemartinism?
Frequently, the freemartin female presents with ____.
Identify the normal and abnormal calf based on the test tube test.
What does freemartinism mean in a literal sense?
List some manifestations of idiopathic noninfectious infertility.
Describe what happened during postpartum anestrus.
What are ovarian follicular cysts?
Describe the characteristics and signs of ovarian follicular cysts.
What are the roles of thecal and granulosa cells? How does this differ in ovarian follicular cysts in the bovine?
Describe the function of granulosa cells in a follicular cyst.
What is the treatment for ovarian follicular cysts?
List some causes of absences of detectable estrus in the bovine.
What is segmental aplasia?
What are uterus unicorns?
Differentiate between mummification and maceration.
What are the pictures an example of?
What are the pictures an example of?
What are some causes of bovines who are cycling but it is not observed?
Describe locational anestrus in beef cattle.
What are some causes of cycling females that are observed but do not get pregnant?
What is uterus didelphis?
What are some noninfectious causes of cycling females that are observed to bet in estrus, get pregnant, but then fail to produce a calf?
What is Tritrichomonas foetus? Where can it be found in/on the bovine?
Describe the transition and pathogenesis of Tritrichomonas foetus as a cause of infectious infertility in the bovine.
What herd history can lead us to believe they have been infected with Tritrichomonas foetus?
How do we diagnose Tritrichomonas foetus in the male?
How do we diagnose Tritrichomonas foetus in the female?
What is the treatment for Tritrichomonas foetus?
Describe Brucella abortus as cause of infectious infertility in the bovine.
Describe the transmission and pathogenesis of Brucella abortus in the cow.
What are the clinical signs of Brucella abortus?
How do we diagnose Brucella abortus?
How do we treat and control for Brucella abortus?
Describe Listeria monocytogenes as a cause of infectious infertility in the bovine.
Describe the pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes.
What are the clinical signs associated with Listeria monocytogenes?
How do we diagnose Listeria monocytogenes? What lesions are associated with this disease?
Describe the treatment and prevention of Listeria monocytogenes in bovine.
