Exam I Flashcards
Differentiation
Specialization of cells for different forms and functions.
Groups of cells can also become specialized
What is the most common stain, and which stains are acidic and basic
- Hemotoxylin and Eosin stain
- Hemotoxylin is basic, blue/purple
- Eosin is acidic, pink/red
Basophilic vs acidophilic structures
- basophylic structures stain darker, with basic stain
- acidophilic structures stain lighter, with acidic stain
Reticulocytes
Immature red blood cells, they retain ribosomes, which can be stained as they are made of nucleic acid
Nuclear components
Nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus
Chromatin types
- Heterochromatin- Stains dark, tightly coiled DNA, reduces transcription. DNA wrapped around histones
- Euchromatin- Stains light, loose DNA, active transcription
Nucleolus
Dark-staining, spherical body in the nucleus that produces rRNA.
Rough ER function
- Surface ribosomes produce proteins for external transport.
- mRNA can travel between multiple ribosomes for multiple translations
Free ribosome function
synthesize proteins for use within the cell
Smooth ER function
Lipid synthesis (cholesterol, steroid hormones)
Sarcoplasmic ER
Lipid synthesis and Calcium ion storage/release
Golgi Apparatus Function
- Carbohydrate synthesis
- Modification of proteins to enable or improve function
Packaging of proteins into vesicles for external transport
Pathway of DNA to exported protein
Nucleus produces mRNA, RER synthesizes protein, Golgi modifies and packages protein into vesicle, protein released into extracellular environment
Eukaryotic Cell Specializations:
- Muscle cells
- Pancreas cells
- Goblet cells
- Macrophages
- Nerve cells
- Muscle cells - movement
- Pancreas cells - Enzyme secretion
- Goblet cells - Mucous secretion
- Macrophages - Intracellular digestion
- Nerve cells- Stimuli into nerve impulse
Nuclear envelope
- Lipid bilayer, protects contents from spilling out, or foreign material from getting in.
- Nuclear pore complex allows for passage of verious substances, primarily mRNA.
