Exam I Flashcards
List the joints of the distal equine limb. Provide the scientific name and layman term.
Identify the anatomy.
Identify the anatomy. Use layman terms.
Why should we care about the anatomic location of equine joints?
Identify the joints in the equine foot. Mention the common name and if it is high/low motion.
Identify the joint (common name and scientific name). Is this joint high or low motion?
Identify the anatomy.
Where is the tendon sheath located? What is its purpose?
Identify the anatomy of the carpus. Mention if they are high or low motion.
Identify the anatomy.
Which joints of the equine carpus communicate with one another?
What is meant by the term “I rides high” when it comes to equine medicine?
Idenifty the different joints of the tarsus/hock. Mention if they are high or low motion.
Which joints of the hock/tarsus always communicate?
Which joints of the hock/tarsus usually communicate?
Which joints of the hock/tarsus sometimes communicate?
Identify the joints being injected in these photos.
Identify the anatomy.
Identify the anatomy of the equine stifle.
What joins in the equine stifle communicate?
Identify the anatomy.
Identify the anatomy.
Identify the anatomy.
Identify the anatomy.
Name the origin and insertion of the superficial digital flexor tendon.
Name the origin and insertion of the deep digital flexor tendon.
Name the origin and insertion of the inferior check ligament.
Name the origin and insertion of the suspensory ligament.
Name the origin and insertion of the common long digital extensor.
Name the origin and insertion of the distal sesamoidean ligament.
Name the origin and insertion point of the collateral ligaments.
Where is the distal flexor tendon sheath? What is its purpose?
Where is the navicular bursa?
Identify the anatomy.
Identify the anatomy.
Identify the anatomy.
Identify the anatomy.
Identify the anatomy.
Identify the anatomy.
Identify the anatomy.
What is the purpose of the palmar/plantar annular ligaments?
What is the purpose of the collateral ligaments in the distal aspect of the equine leg?
Identify the anatomy.
What is equine conformation?
Why is equine conformation important?
The ideal equine conformation varies with ____ and ____.
Breed and discipline
Identify the conformation flaws. What pathology is associated with these conformations?
Identify the conformation flaws. What pathology is associated with these conformations?
Identify the conformation flaws. What pathology is associated with these conformations?
Identify the conformation flaws. What pathology is associated with these conformations?
Identify the conformation flaws. What pathology is associated with this conformation?
Identify the conformation flaws.
Identify the conformation flaws. What pathology is associated with these conformations?
When performing a lameness exam, what order should you do so?
What should be included in your history section of a lameness exam?
What should be included in your observation section of a lameness exam?
What should be included in your limb palpation section of a lameness exam?
What is effusion?
What specific joints should you assess for effusion?
What is edema?
What is a boney proliferation?
What should you be assessing for when preforming tendon and ligament palpation?
Describe the important of digital pulses when preforming a lameness exam.
Describe the importance of back palpation in a lameness exam.
Describe the importance of hoof testers in a lameness exam.
List the basic horse motions when performing a lameness exam.
List the advanced horse motions when performing a lameness exam.
Describe the use of a walk when performing a gait evaluation on a lame horse.
Describe the use of a trot when performing a gait evaluation on a lame horse.
Describe a 0/5 based on the AAEP lameness scale.
Describe a 1/5 based on the AAEP lameness scale.
Describe a 2/5 based on the AAEP lameness scale.
Describe a 3/5 based on the AAEP lameness scale.
Describe a 4/5 based on the AAEP lameness scale.
Describe a 5/5 based on the AAEP lameness scale.
Define sound.
Define head bob.
Define hip hike.
Define fetlock drop.
Define tracking up.
Define tracking up.
Define stride length.
Define stride length.
Differentiate between a sound limb and a lame limb during a gait analysis on a lame horse.
In general, what is a flexion test? How do we quantify our findings?
What joints are you testing during a forelimb flexion test?
What joints are you testing during a hindlimb flexion test?
How long should you hold for in a flexion test of the carpus/tarsus/stifle?
In general, what is a nerve block?
What are the general principals of nerve blocks?
What are some ways we can alleviate local anesthetic migration during a nerve block?
Describe 2% mepivicaine as a local anesthetic used in equine nerve blocks.
Describe 2% lidocaine as a local anesthetic used in equine nerve blocks.
Describe bupivicaine as a local anesthetic used in equine nerve blocks.
Describe how to preform a palmar digital nerve block, which structures are blocked?
Describe how to preform a abaxial sesamoid nerve block, which structures are blocked?
Describe how to preform a low 4 point nerve block, which structures are blocked?
What are the indications for radiographing an equine limb?
A ____ is making a 3D object into a 2D picture that you then need to reconstruct into a 3D image in your mind.
What are some positioning rules when it comes to imaging the equine limb?
What are some rules when it comes to markers in the equine limb radiographs?
Of these radiographs, which is good and which is bad?
Which of these radiographs is good?
Identify the radiographic views.
Identify the radiographic views.
Identify the radiographic view.
Identify the radiographic view.
Identify the radiographic view.
What if there are no radiographic abnormalities but you still suspect a bone injury?
What are some additional imaging modalities we can use on the equine limb other than radiology?
What are some basic ultrasonography principles?
Identify the different ultrasonographic terms.
What are the indications for ultrasonography in the equine limb?
How do we prepare the equine limbs for an ultrasound?
How can we categorize our ultrasonographic findings on the equine limb?
What should we suspect if we find an obvious increase in hypoechogenecity during an equine limb ultrasound?
What should we suspect if we find an increase in structure size during an equine limb ultrasound?
When you suspect a lesion, its critical that you _____.
Another name for nuclear scintigraphy is ____.
List the indications for nuclear scintigraphy in the equine limb.
What are some general principals with nuclear scintigraphy?
What are the indications for computed tomography?
What are the general principals of of computed tomography?
Describe the application of computed tomography.
Computed tomography is used for _____ and ____.
What are the indications for an MRI?
Describe basic MRI principles.
What are the advantages to CT vs MRI?
Describe the use of radiographs for soft tissue, bone and 3D imaging.
Describe the use of ultrasound for soft tissue, bone and 3D imaging.
Describe the use of CT for soft tissue, bone and 3D imaging.
Describe the use of MRI for soft tissue, bone and 3D imaging.
What is the hoof wall? What is its purpose?
How quickly does the horse hoof grow?
What is the periople?
Identify the anatomy.
Identify the anatomy.
What is the coronary band?
What is the toe?
What is the quarter?
What is the heel?
Identify the anatomy.
Identify the anatomy.
Identify the anatomy.
Where are the collateral cartilages? What is their function?
What is the function of the lamina?
What structures of the hoof provide traction?
What structures of the hoof provide shock absorption?
What structures of the hoof support the skeletal column?
What structures of the hoof provide protection to the inner structures?
What structures of the hoof assist with venous return or the peripheral pump?
The typical hoof timing interval is _____.
While trimming an equine hoof, you should also assess for ______.
What is a medio-lateral imbalance of the hoof?
What is an under run heel?
Toe dragging will impact the shape of the hoof and can be an indication of _____.
Identify the hoof pathology.
Identify the hoof pathology.
Identify the hoof pathology and the associated disease.
T/F: If a horse’s hooves grow differently, you should trim their feet so that the hooves are the same.
Identify the different farrier tools.
What is the difference between nippers and shoe pullers?
Identify the farrier tools.
Describe the general process of hoof trimming.
What are the goals for hoof trimming?
In general, describe the importance of shoeing a horse.
What are some signs a horse needs to be re-shod? (Organize from early signs to late signs)
Describe steel as a shoe material.
Describe aluminum as a shoe material.
List the steps of shoeing.
What is cold shoeing?
What are the advantages and disadvantages to cold shoeing?
What is hot shoeing?
What are the advantages and disadvantages to hot shoeing?
What factors determine a good quality showing job?
Describe how you can remove a shoe.
What is navicular disease? What other names does it go by?
What age and breed of horse are most likely to get navicular disease?
What anatomical structures make up the navicular apparatus?
Identify the anatomy.
Identify the anatomy.
What is the etiology of navicular syndrome?
What are the clinical signs associated with navicular syndrome?
This is known as _____.
How to we diagnose navicular syndrome?
Describe the technique to radiographing the navicular bone.
What should you be evaluating in a lateral radiograph of the navicular bone?
What should you be evaluating in a horizontal DP radiograph of the navicular bone?
What should you be evaluating in a 60-65 degree DP radiograph of the navicular bone?
What should you be evaluating in a palmaroproximal palmarodistal oblique radiograph of the navicular bone?
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
You suspect a horse has navicular bone pathology but there are no radiographic changes. What structure could be involved?
What are some treatment options for navicular syndrome?
What are the goals of shoeing/trimming the “navicular” horse?
Identify the anatomical structures.
Describe how to shoe the “navicular” horse.
Describe the treatment of the navicular horse with corticosteroids?
What is the corticosteroid of choice when treating the navicular horse?
Describe the use of NSAIDs when treating the navicular horse.
Describe the use of osteoclast inhibitors when treating the navicular horse.
What is the prognosis for a horse with navicular disease?
Describe a palmar digital neurectomy as it is a treatment for navicular disease.
Describe the case selection for a navicular patient undergoing a palmar digital neurectomy.
What are some potential complications to a palmar digital neurectomy?
Identify the biomechanics of the foot.
How can we influence the break over?
How can we influence the path of the foot?
How can we use a shoe to support the palmar structures of the foot?
Identify the different shoes we can use to support the palmar structures of the foot.
How can we use shoes to support the bony column of the limb?
How can we use shoes to stabilize the hoof capsule?
Why is it advantageous to use radiographs while shoeing a horse? What are some cases you would use radiographs while shoeing?
What is the ideal low palmar angle?
What should you be looking for during your physical exam of the equine foot?
____ may or may not be clinically significant in the hoof wall.
Where should you use your hoof testers on the equine foot?
What diagnostics can we use when we have a horse with foot pathology?
Differentiate between thrush and white line disease.
Identify the pathology.
What is the etiology of thrush or white line disease?
How do we diagnose thrush and white line disease?
How do we treat thrush and white line disease?
Canker is most common in ___ horses.
What is canker?
What is the cause of canker?
How can we diagnose canker?
What is the treatment for canker?
Identify the pathology. How would you treat it?
What is the etiology of subsolar bruising?
Identify the pathology, what is the cause?
How can we diagnose subsolar bruising?
How can we treat subsolar bruising?
What is the etiology and pathophysiology of subsolar abscesses?
What is happening in these pictures?
How do we diagnose subsolar abscesses?
How do we treat subsolar abscesses?
What are the different products we use to poultice the feet? What is the purpose?
What products do we use to harden the hoof?
What is the etiology of distal hoof wall defects?
What is the etiology of proximal hoof wall defects?
How can we tell if toe and quarter cracks are causing lameness?
What is the treatment for hoof wall defects?
When is a penetrating wound to the sole problematic?
Identify the pathology.
Your client calls that their horse has a penetrating wound to the sole, what do you tell them?
What is the treatment for a penetrating wound to the sole?
Describe the aftercare and prognosis for a street nail procedure.
Describe the clinical signs associated with fractures of the distal phalanx.
How do we diagnose P3 fractures?
What is the treatment for type I, II and III P3 fractures?
What is the treatment for type III P3 fractures?
What is the treatment for type IV P3 fractures?
What is the treatment for type V P3 fractures?
What is the treatment for type VI P3 fractures?
What is the prognosis for athletics after a type I and II P3 fracture?
What is the prognosis for athletics after a type III P3 fracture?
What is the prognosis for athletics after a type IV P3 fracture?
What is the prognosis for athletics after a type V P3 fracture?
What is the prognosis for athletics after a type VI P3 fracture?
What is a keratoma?
What are the clinical signs of a keratoma?
What is the treatment for a keratoma?
Differentiate between a flexure deformity and an angular deformity.
Describe congenital flexural limb deformities.
Describe acquired flexural limb deformities.
What is the etiology of congenital FLD?
How do we diagnose congenial FLD?
What is the treatment for contracted tendons?
Describe the use of bandaging and splinting as a treatment for contracted tendons.
What are the different analgesic medication options for foals?
What are the side effects of analgesia in foals?
What are the different kinds of splints can we use for the treatment of contracted tendons?
Describe the use of IV oxytetracyclines as a treatment for contracted tendons.
What is the mechanism of IV oxytetracyclines?
What are the side effects of IV oxytetracyclines?
Describe the use of toe extensions as a treatment for contracted tendons.
Describe the treatment for a mild case of contracted tendons.
Describe the treatment for a moderate case of contracted tendons.
Describe the treatment for a severe case of contracted tendons.
What is the prognosis for contracted tendons?
Identify and describe the pathology.
Identify and describe the pathology.
What is the treatment for tendon laxity?
What is the etiology of acquired flexural limb deformities?
What is the common signalment for a patient with acquired FLD?
How do we diagnose acquired FLD?
Identify the pathology.
Briefly describe club foot.
What is the treatment for DIP contracture?
Describe the different approaches to an inferior check ligament desmotomy.
What are the complications associated with inferior check ligament desmotomies?
What is fetlock contracture?
Describe the treatment for fetlock contracture.
What are the indications for a superior check ligament desmotomy?
What are the different approaches for a superior check ligament desmotomy?
What are the different acquired FLDs in adults?
Name the most common angular limb deformities.
Identity the ALD.
What is the etiology of ALD?
How do we diagnose ALD?
Describe the different ALD that can be found radiographically?
What dos the treatment of ALD depend on?
Describe the medical management of mild ALD.
How do we use hoof trimming as medical treatment for ALD?
How do we use hoof extensions as medical treatment for ALD?
What are the indications for splints/casts as treatment for ALD? Describe their use.
List the indications and options for the surgical management of ALD.
What is the ideal surgical timing for ALD surgery on the fetlock?
What is the ideal surgical timing for ALD surgery on the carpus?
What is the ideal surgical timing for ALD surgery on the tibia?
Describe a periosteal transaction and elevation as a growth acceleration surgical procedure.
Describe transphyseal bridging as a growth retardation surgical procedure.
Describe the treatment and prognosis for ALD due to incomplete ossification.
What is physitis?
What are the clinical signs of physitis?
How do we diagnose physitis?
What is the treatment for physitis?
What is osteochondrosis?
What is the etiology of osteochondrosis?
What is the most common signalment and clinical signs associated with OC?
How do we diagnose OC?
List the most common locations of OCD lesions from most common to least common.
List the most common locations of cyst OC lesions from most common to least common.
OC is NOT a _____, therefore you should wait ____ before treatment.
What is the treatment for OCD?
What is the treatment for OC cysts?
What is OA?
Describe the pathogenesis of OA.
Describe the role of cartilage healing in OA.
End stage, chronic OA often leads to ____.
_____ are the greatest single economic loss to the equine industry.
What are the clinical signs associated with OA?
How to we diagnose OA?
What are the goals of OA treatment?
What are the systemic medical treatment options?
What are the systemic local treatment options?
What are some different systemic NSAID options?
Describe the use of systemic hyaluronic acid as a treatment for OA.
Describe the use of systemic polysufated glycoaminoglycans (PSGAGs) as a treatment for OA.
Describe the use of oral nutraceuticals as a treatment for OA.
Describe the use of systemically osteoclast inhibitors as a treatment for OA.
What are some medications we can use as a local treatment for OA?
What are some biologics we can use as a local treatment for OA?
Describe the use of corticosteroids as a treatment for OA.
What are the disadvantages of corticosteroid use in horses?
Describe the use of hyaluronic acid as a treatment for OA.
Describe interleukin-1-receptor antagonist protein (IRAP) as a treatment for OA.
Describe PRP as a treatment for OA?
What is pro-stride?
Describe MSC as a treatment for OA.
In addition to drugs and biologics, what else can be included in your medical treatment of OA?
Describe the surgical treatment of OA.
What is the etiology of equine septic arthritis?
What is trauma-induced septic arthritis? What bacteria are often involved?
What ways do we increase the risk of iatrogenic SA?
Describe the pathophysiology of hematogenous septic arthritis.
What kind of bacteria are often involved in hematogenous septic arthritis?
How do we diagnose septic arthritis?
Describe normal joint fluid in the equine.
What is fluid pressurization?
Describe the use of radiographs to diagnose septic arthritis.
Describe the use of ultrasonography to diagnose septic arthritis.
How do we treat septic arthritis?
What are some indications for local antimicrobials?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of local antimicrobials?
What are the different delivery methods of local antimicrobials?
How do we choose antimicrobials for local administration?
Describe the use of systemic antimicrobials in the treatment of septic arthritis.
What are some ancillary treatments we have for the treatment of septic arthritis?
What is the prognosis for septic arthritis in adults?
What is the prognosis for septic arthritis in foals?
What is a tendon?
What is a ligament?
Describe the microscopic anatomy of tendons/ligaments.
Describe the physiology of tendon elongation.
Identify the anatomy of a tendon sheath.
What is tendonitis/desmitis?
Draw the stress-strain curve.
Describe tendon healing.
What is the most common history with tendonitis/desmitis?
What clinical signs are associated with tendonitis/desmitis?
How do we diagnose tendonitis/desmitis?
How can we characterize tendon lesions on ultrasound?
Where do most common lesions occur within the tendon?
Describe the inflammatory phase related to a tenoned/ligament lesion.
Describe the reparative phase related to a tendon/ligament lesion.
Describe the remodeling phase related to a tendon/ligament lesion.
Describe superficial digital flexor tendonitis.
Describe deep digital flexor tendinitis.
What is tenosynovitis?
What is the typical presentation of forelimb proximal suspensory ligament desmitis?
How do we diagnose proximal suspensory ligament desmitis in the forelimb?
What is the prognosis for proximal suspensory ligament desmitis in the forelimb?
Describe the common presentation for proximal suspensory ligament desmitis in the hind limb?
How do we diagnose proximal suspensory ligament desmitis in the hind limb?
What is the treatment for proximal suspensory ligament desmitis in the hindlimb?
What is the prognosis for proximal suspensory ligament desmitis in the hindlimb?
Describe mid-body suspensory ligament desmitis.
What is the etiology of the branch of the suspensory ligament desmitis?
How do we diagnose branch of suspensory ligament desmitis?
What is the prognosis of a branch of suspensory ligament desmitis?
Describe degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis (DSLD).
What are some treatment options for soft tissue injuries in the equine limb?
Describe the role of rest and rehabilitation in soft tissue injuries of the equine limb.
Describe how to preform intralesional therapies for tendon/ligament injuries.
Describe the use of PRP as a treatment for tendon/ligament injuries. What are the disadvantages?
Describe the use of PRP as a treatment for tendon/ligament injuries. What are the disadvantages?
Describe the use of stem cell therapy as a treatment for tendon/ligament injuries. What are the disadvantages?
What are the surgical options for tendonitis and desmitis?
Describe tenoscopy as a surgical treatment for tendonitis and desmitis.
What is an annular ligament desmotomy?
Describe a fasciotomy/neurectomy.
What is counterirritation?
Describe extensor tendon lacerations.
Describe flexor tendon lacerations.
How do we diagnose flexor tendon lacerations?
How do we treat flexor tendon lacerations?
What is the prognosis for flexor tendon lacerations?
How to we treat septic tendon sheaths? What are the major complications and prognosis?
