Exam I Flashcards
(444 cards)
1
Q
List the joints of the distal equine limb. Provide the scientific name and layman term.
A
2
Q
Identify the anatomy.
A
3
Q
Identify the anatomy. Use layman terms.
A
4
Q
Why should we care about the anatomic location of equine joints?
A
5
Q
Identify the joints in the equine foot. Mention the common name and if it is high/low motion.
A
6
Q
Identify the joint (common name and scientific name). Is this joint high or low motion?
A
7
Q
Identify the anatomy.
A
8
Q
A
9
Q
Where is the tendon sheath located? What is its purpose?
A
10
Q
A
11
Q
Identify the anatomy of the carpus. Mention if they are high or low motion.
A
12
Q
Identify the anatomy.
A
13
Q
Which joints of the equine carpus communicate with one another?
A
14
Q
What is meant by the term “I rides high” when it comes to equine medicine?
A
15
Q
Idenifty the different joints of the tarsus/hock. Mention if they are high or low motion.
A
16
Q
Which joints of the hock/tarsus always communicate?
A
17
Q
Which joints of the hock/tarsus usually communicate?
A
18
Q
Which joints of the hock/tarsus sometimes communicate?
A
19
Q
Identify the joints being injected in these photos.
A
20
Q
Identify the anatomy.
A
21
Q
A
22
Q
Identify the anatomy of the equine stifle.
A
23
Q
What joins in the equine stifle communicate?
A
24
Q
Identify the anatomy.
A
25
Identify the anatomy.
26
Identify the anatomy.
27
Identify the anatomy.
28
Name the origin and insertion of the superficial digital flexor tendon.
29
Name the origin and insertion of the deep digital flexor tendon.
30
Name the origin and insertion of the inferior check ligament.
31
Name the origin and insertion of the suspensory ligament.
32
Name the origin and insertion of the common long digital extensor.
33
Name the origin and insertion of the distal sesamoidean ligament.
34
Name the origin and insertion point of the collateral ligaments.
35
Where is the distal flexor tendon sheath? What is its purpose?
36
Where is the navicular bursa?
37
38
Identify the anatomy.
39
Identify the anatomy.
40
Identify the anatomy.
41
Identify the anatomy.
42
Identify the anatomy.
43
Identify the anatomy.
44
Identify the anatomy.
45
What is the purpose of the palmar/plantar annular ligaments?
46
What is the purpose of the collateral ligaments in the distal aspect of the equine leg?
47
Identify the anatomy.
48
What is equine conformation?
49
Why is equine conformation important?
50
The ideal equine conformation varies with ____ and ____.
Breed and discipline
51
Identify the conformation flaws. What pathology is associated with these conformations?
52
Identify the conformation flaws. What pathology is associated with these conformations?
53
Identify the conformation flaws. What pathology is associated with these conformations?
54
Identify the conformation flaws. What pathology is associated with these conformations?
55
Identify the conformation flaws. What pathology is associated with this conformation?
56
Identify the conformation flaws.
57
Identify the conformation flaws. What pathology is associated with these conformations?
58
When performing a lameness exam, what order should you do so?
59
What should be included in your history section of a lameness exam?
60
What should be included in your observation section of a lameness exam?
61
What should be included in your limb palpation section of a lameness exam?
62
What is effusion?
63
What specific joints should you assess for effusion?
64
What is edema?
65
What is a boney proliferation?
66
What should you be assessing for when preforming tendon and ligament palpation?
67
Describe the important of digital pulses when preforming a lameness exam.
68
69
Describe the importance of back palpation in a lameness exam.
70
Describe the importance of hoof testers in a lameness exam.
71
List the basic horse motions when performing a lameness exam.
72
List the advanced horse motions when performing a lameness exam.
73
Describe the use of a walk when performing a gait evaluation on a lame horse.
74
Describe the use of a trot when performing a gait evaluation on a lame horse.
75
Describe a 0/5 based on the AAEP lameness scale.
76
Describe a 1/5 based on the AAEP lameness scale.
77
Describe a 2/5 based on the AAEP lameness scale.
78
Describe a 3/5 based on the AAEP lameness scale.
79
Describe a 4/5 based on the AAEP lameness scale.
80
Describe a 5/5 based on the AAEP lameness scale.
81
Define sound.
82
Define head bob.
83
Define hip hike.
84
Define fetlock drop.
85
Define tracking up.
86
Define tracking up.
87
Define stride length.
88
Define stride length.
89
Differentiate between a sound limb and a lame limb during a gait analysis on a lame horse.
90
In general, what is a flexion test? How do we quantify our findings?
91
What joints are you testing during a forelimb flexion test?
92
What joints are you testing during a hindlimb flexion test?
93
How long should you hold for in a flexion test of the carpus/tarsus/stifle?
94
In general, what is a nerve block?
95
What are the general principals of nerve blocks?
96
What are some ways we can alleviate local anesthetic migration during a nerve block?
97
Describe 2% mepivicaine as a local anesthetic used in equine nerve blocks.
98
Describe 2% lidocaine as a local anesthetic used in equine nerve blocks.
99
Describe bupivicaine as a local anesthetic used in equine nerve blocks.
100
Describe how to preform a palmar digital nerve block, which structures are blocked?
101
Describe how to preform a abaxial sesamoid nerve block, which structures are blocked?
102
Describe how to preform a low 4 point nerve block, which structures are blocked?
103
What are the indications for radiographing an equine limb?
104
A ____ is making a 3D object into a 2D picture that you then need to reconstruct into a 3D image in your mind.
105
106
What are some positioning rules when it comes to imaging the equine limb?
107
What are some rules when it comes to markers in the equine limb radiographs?
108
109
Of these radiographs, which is good and which is bad?
110
111
112
Which of these radiographs is good?
113
Identify the radiographic views.
114
Identify the radiographic views.
115
Identify the radiographic view.
116
Identify the radiographic view.
117
118
Identify the radiographic view.
119
What if there are no radiographic abnormalities but you still suspect a bone injury?
120
What are some additional imaging modalities we can use on the equine limb other than radiology?
121
What are some basic ultrasonography principles?
122
Identify the different ultrasonographic terms.
123
What are the indications for ultrasonography in the equine limb?
124
How do we prepare the equine limbs for an ultrasound?
125
126
How can we categorize our ultrasonographic findings on the equine limb?
127
What should we suspect if we find an obvious increase in hypoechogenecity during an equine limb ultrasound?
128
What should we suspect if we find an increase in structure size during an equine limb ultrasound?
129
When you suspect a lesion, its critical that you _____.
130
Another name for nuclear scintigraphy is ____.
131
List the indications for nuclear scintigraphy in the equine limb.
132
What are some general principals with nuclear scintigraphy?
133
What are the indications for computed tomography?
134
What are the general principals of of computed tomography?
135
Describe the application of computed tomography.
136
Computed tomography is used for _____ and ____.
137
What are the indications for an MRI?
138
Describe basic MRI principles.
139
What are the advantages to CT vs MRI?
140
Describe the use of radiographs for soft tissue, bone and 3D imaging.
141
Describe the use of ultrasound for soft tissue, bone and 3D imaging.
142
Describe the use of CT for soft tissue, bone and 3D imaging.
143
Describe the use of MRI for soft tissue, bone and 3D imaging.
144
What is the hoof wall? What is its purpose?
145
How quickly does the horse hoof grow?
146
What is the periople?
147
Identify the anatomy.
148
Identify the anatomy.
149
What is the coronary band?
150
What is the toe?
151
What is the quarter?
152
What is the heel?
153
Identify the anatomy.
154
Identify the anatomy.
155
Identify the anatomy.
156
157
158
Where are the collateral cartilages? What is their function?
159
What is the function of the lamina?
160
What structures of the hoof provide traction?
161
What structures of the hoof provide shock absorption?
162
What structures of the hoof support the skeletal column?
163
What structures of the hoof provide protection to the inner structures?
164
What structures of the hoof assist with venous return or the peripheral pump?
165
The typical hoof timing interval is _____.
166
While trimming an equine hoof, you should also assess for ______.
167
What is a medio-lateral imbalance of the hoof?
168
What is an under run heel?
169
Toe dragging will impact the shape of the hoof and can be an indication of _____.
170
Identify the hoof pathology.
171
Identify the hoof pathology.
172
Identify the hoof pathology and the associated disease.
173
T/F: If a horse’s hooves grow differently, you should trim their feet so that the hooves are the same.
174
Identify the different farrier tools.
175
What is the difference between nippers and shoe pullers?
176
Identify the farrier tools.
177
Describe the general process of hoof trimming.
178
What are the goals for hoof trimming?
179
In general, describe the importance of shoeing a horse.
180
What are some signs a horse needs to be re-shod? (Organize from early signs to late signs)
181
Describe steel as a shoe material.
182
Describe aluminum as a shoe material.
183
List the steps of shoeing.
184
What is cold shoeing?
185
What are the advantages and disadvantages to cold shoeing?
186
What is hot shoeing?
187
What are the advantages and disadvantages to hot shoeing?
188
What factors determine a good quality showing job?
189
Describe how you can remove a shoe.
190
What is navicular disease? What other names does it go by?
191
What age and breed of horse are most likely to get navicular disease?
192
What anatomical structures make up the navicular apparatus?
193
Identify the anatomy.
194
Identify the anatomy.
195
What is the etiology of navicular syndrome?
196
What are the clinical signs associated with navicular syndrome?
197
This is known as _____.
198
How to we diagnose navicular syndrome?
199
Describe the technique to radiographing the navicular bone.
200
What should you be evaluating in a lateral radiograph of the navicular bone?
201
What should you be evaluating in a horizontal DP radiograph of the navicular bone?
202
What should you be evaluating in a 60-65 degree DP radiograph of the navicular bone?
203
What should you be evaluating in a palmaroproximal palmarodistal oblique radiograph of the navicular bone?
204
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
205
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
206
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
207
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
208
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
209
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
210
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
211
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
212
You suspect a horse has navicular bone pathology but there are no radiographic changes. What structure could be involved?
213
What are some treatment options for navicular syndrome?
214
What are the goals of shoeing/trimming the “navicular” horse?
215
216
Identify the anatomical structures.
217
218
Describe how to shoe the “navicular” horse.
219
Describe the treatment of the navicular horse with corticosteroids?
220
What is the corticosteroid of choice when treating the navicular horse?
221
Describe the use of NSAIDs when treating the navicular horse.
222
Describe the use of osteoclast inhibitors when treating the navicular horse.
223
What is the prognosis for a horse with navicular disease?
224
Describe a palmar digital neurectomy as it is a treatment for navicular disease.
225
Describe the case selection for a navicular patient undergoing a palmar digital neurectomy.
226
What are some potential complications to a palmar digital neurectomy?
227
Identify the biomechanics of the foot.
228
How can we influence the break over?
229
How can we influence the path of the foot?
230
How can we use a shoe to support the palmar structures of the foot?
231
Identify the different shoes we can use to support the palmar structures of the foot.
232
How can we use shoes to support the bony column of the limb?
233
How can we use shoes to stabilize the hoof capsule?
234
Why is it advantageous to use radiographs while shoeing a horse? What are some cases you would use radiographs while shoeing?
235
What is the ideal low palmar angle?
236
What should you be looking for during your physical exam of the equine foot?
237
____ may or may not be clinically significant in the hoof wall.
238
Where should you use your hoof testers on the equine foot?
239
What diagnostics can we use when we have a horse with foot pathology?
240
Differentiate between thrush and white line disease.
241
Identify the pathology.
242
What is the etiology of thrush or white line disease?
243
How do we diagnose thrush and white line disease?
244
How do we treat thrush and white line disease?
245
Canker is most common in ___ horses.
246
What is canker?
247
What is the cause of canker?
248
How can we diagnose canker?
249
What is the treatment for canker?
250
Identify the pathology. How would you treat it?
251
What is the etiology of subsolar bruising?
252
Identify the pathology, what is the cause?
253
How can we diagnose subsolar bruising?
254
How can we treat subsolar bruising?
255
____ is one of the most common causes of severe lameness in horses.
Subsolar abscess
256
What is the etiology and pathophysiology of subsolar abscesses?
257
What is happening in these pictures?
258
How do we diagnose subsolar abscesses?
259
How do we treat subsolar abscesses?
260
What are the different products we use to poultice the feet? What is the purpose?
261
What products do we use to harden the hoof?
262
What is the etiology of distal hoof wall defects?
263
What is the etiology of proximal hoof wall defects?
264
How can we tell if toe and quarter cracks are causing lameness?
265
What is the treatment for hoof wall defects?
266
When is a penetrating wound to the sole problematic?
267
Identify the pathology.
268
Your client calls that their horse has a penetrating wound to the sole, what do you tell them?
269
What is the treatment for a penetrating wound to the sole?
270
Describe the aftercare and prognosis for a street nail procedure.
271
Describe the clinical signs associated with fractures of the distal phalanx.
272
How do we diagnose P3 fractures?
273
What is the treatment for type I, II and III P3 fractures?
274
What is the treatment for type III P3 fractures?
275
What is the treatment for type IV P3 fractures?
276
What is the treatment for type V P3 fractures?
277
What is the treatment for type VI P3 fractures?
278
What is the prognosis for athletics after a type I and II P3 fracture?
279
What is the prognosis for athletics after a type III P3 fracture?
280
What is the prognosis for athletics after a type IV P3 fracture?
281
What is the prognosis for athletics after a type V P3 fracture?
282
What is the prognosis for athletics after a type VI P3 fracture?
283
What is a keratoma?
284
What are the clinical signs of a keratoma?
285
What is the treatment for a keratoma?
286
Differentiate between a flexure deformity and an angular deformity.
287
Describe congenital flexural limb deformities.
288
Describe acquired flexural limb deformities.
289
What is the etiology of congenital FLD?
290
How do we diagnose congenial FLD?
291
What is the treatment for contracted tendons?
292
Describe the use of bandaging and splinting as a treatment for contracted tendons.
293
What are the different analgesic medication options for foals?
294
What are the side effects of analgesia in foals?
295
What are the different kinds of splints can we use for the treatment of contracted tendons?
296
Describe the use of IV oxytetracyclines as a treatment for contracted tendons.
297
What is the mechanism of IV oxytetracyclines?
298
What are the side effects of IV oxytetracyclines?
299
Describe the use of toe extensions as a treatment for contracted tendons.
300
Describe the treatment for a mild case of contracted tendons.
301
Describe the treatment for a moderate case of contracted tendons.
302
Describe the treatment for a severe case of contracted tendons.
303
What is the prognosis for contracted tendons?
304
Identify and describe the pathology.
305
Identify and describe the pathology.
306
What is the treatment for tendon laxity?
307
What is the etiology of acquired flexural limb deformities?
308
What is the common signalment for a patient with acquired FLD?
309
How do we diagnose acquired FLD?
310
Identify the pathology.
311
Club foot is also called _____.
DIP joint contracture
312
Briefly describe club foot.
313
What is the treatment for DIP contracture?
314
Describe the different approaches to an inferior check ligament desmotomy.
315
What are the complications associated with inferior check ligament desmotomies?
316
What is fetlock contracture?
317
Describe the treatment for fetlock contracture.
318
What are the indications for a superior check ligament desmotomy?
319
What are the different approaches for a superior check ligament desmotomy?
320
What are the different acquired FLDs in adults?
321
Name the most common angular limb deformities.
322
Identity the ALD.
323
What is the etiology of ALD?
324
How do we diagnose ALD?
325
Describe the different ALD that can be found radiographically?
326
What dos the treatment of ALD depend on?
327
Describe the medical management of mild ALD.
328
How do we use hoof trimming as medical treatment for ALD?
329
How do we use hoof extensions as medical treatment for ALD?
330
What are the indications for splints/casts as treatment for ALD? Describe their use.
331
List the indications and options for the surgical management of ALD.
332
What is the ideal surgical timing for ALD surgery on the fetlock?
333
What is the ideal surgical timing for ALD surgery on the carpus?
334
What is the ideal surgical timing for ALD surgery on the tibia?
335
Describe a periosteal transaction and elevation as a growth acceleration surgical procedure.
336
Describe transphyseal bridging as a growth retardation surgical procedure.
337
Describe the treatment and prognosis for ALD due to incomplete ossification.
338
What is physitis?
339
What are the clinical signs of physitis?
340
How do we diagnose physitis?
341
What is the treatment for physitis?
342
What is osteochondrosis?
343
What is the etiology of osteochondrosis?
344
What is the most common signalment and clinical signs associated with OC?
345
How do we diagnose OC?
346
List the most common locations of OCD lesions from most common to least common.
347
List the most common locations of cyst OC lesions from most common to least common.
348
OC is NOT a _____, therefore you should wait ____ before treatment.
349
What is the treatment for OCD?
350
What is the treatment for OC cysts?
351
What is OA?
352
Describe the pathogenesis of OA.
353
Describe the role of cartilage healing in OA.
354
End stage, chronic OA often leads to ____.
355
_____ are the greatest single economic loss to the equine industry.
356
What are the clinical signs associated with OA?
357
How to we diagnose OA?
358
What are the goals of OA treatment?
359
What are the systemic medical treatment options?
360
What are the systemic local treatment options?
361
What are some different systemic NSAID options?
362
Describe the use of systemic hyaluronic acid as a treatment for OA.
363
Describe the use of systemic polysufated glycoaminoglycans (PSGAGs) as a treatment for OA.
364
Describe the use of oral nutraceuticals as a treatment for OA.
365
Describe the use of systemically osteoclast inhibitors as a treatment for OA.
366
What are some medications we can use as a local treatment for OA?
367
What are some biologics we can use as a local treatment for OA?
368
Describe the use of corticosteroids as a treatment for OA.
369
What are the disadvantages of corticosteroid use in horses?
370
Describe the use of hyaluronic acid as a treatment for OA.
371
Describe interleukin-1-receptor antagonist protein (IRAP) as a treatment for OA.
372
Describe PRP as a treatment for OA?
373
What is pro-stride?
374
Describe MSC as a treatment for OA.
375
In addition to drugs and biologics, what else can be included in your medical treatment of OA?
376
Describe the surgical treatment of OA.
377
What is the etiology of equine septic arthritis?
378
What is trauma-induced septic arthritis? What bacteria are often involved?
379
What ways do we increase the risk of iatrogenic SA?
380
Describe the pathophysiology of hematogenous septic arthritis.
381
What kind of bacteria are often involved in hematogenous septic arthritis?
382
How do we diagnose septic arthritis?
383
Describe normal joint fluid in the equine.
384
What is fluid pressurization?
385
Describe the use of radiographs to diagnose septic arthritis.
386
Describe the use of ultrasonography to diagnose septic arthritis.
387
How do we treat septic arthritis?
388
What are some indications for local antimicrobials?
389
What are the advantages and disadvantages of local antimicrobials?
390
What are the different delivery methods of local antimicrobials?
391
How do we choose antimicrobials for local administration?
392
Describe the use of systemic antimicrobials in the treatment of septic arthritis.
393
What are some ancillary treatments we have for the treatment of septic arthritis?
394
What is the prognosis for septic arthritis in adults?
395
What is the prognosis for septic arthritis in foals?
396
What is a tendon?
397
What is a ligament?
398
Describe the microscopic anatomy of tendons/ligaments.
399
Describe the physiology of tendon elongation.
400
Identify the anatomy of a tendon sheath.
401
What is tendonitis/desmitis?
402
Draw the stress-strain curve.
403
Describe tendon healing.
404
What is the most common history with tendonitis/desmitis?
405
What clinical signs are associated with tendonitis/desmitis?
406
How do we diagnose tendonitis/desmitis?
407
How can we characterize tendon lesions on ultrasound?
408
Where do most common lesions occur within the tendon?
409
Describe the inflammatory phase related to a tenoned/ligament lesion.
410
Describe the reparative phase related to a tendon/ligament lesion.
411
Describe the remodeling phase related to a tendon/ligament lesion.
412
Describe superficial digital flexor tendonitis.
413
Describe deep digital flexor tendinitis.
414
What is tenosynovitis?
415
What is the typical presentation of forelimb proximal suspensory ligament desmitis?
416
How do we diagnose proximal suspensory ligament desmitis in the forelimb?
417
What is the prognosis for proximal suspensory ligament desmitis in the forelimb?
418
Describe the common presentation for proximal suspensory ligament desmitis in the hind limb?
419
How do we diagnose proximal suspensory ligament desmitis in the hind limb?
420
What is the treatment for proximal suspensory ligament desmitis in the hindlimb?
421
What is the prognosis for proximal suspensory ligament desmitis in the hindlimb?
422
Describe mid-body suspensory ligament desmitis.
423
What is the etiology of the branch of the suspensory ligament desmitis?
424
How do we diagnose branch of suspensory ligament desmitis?
425
What is the prognosis of a branch of suspensory ligament desmitis?
426
Describe degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis (DSLD).
427
What are some treatment options for soft tissue injuries in the equine limb?
428
Describe the role of rest and rehabilitation in soft tissue injuries of the equine limb.
429
Describe how to preform intralesional therapies for tendon/ligament injuries.
430
Describe the use of PRP as a treatment for tendon/ligament injuries. What are the disadvantages?
431
Describe the use of PRP as a treatment for tendon/ligament injuries. What are the disadvantages?
432
Describe the use of stem cell therapy as a treatment for tendon/ligament injuries. What are the disadvantages?
433
434
What are the surgical options for tendonitis and desmitis?
435
Describe tenoscopy as a surgical treatment for tendonitis and desmitis.
436
What is an annular ligament desmotomy?
437
Describe a fasciotomy/neurectomy.
438
What is counterirritation?
439
Describe extensor tendon lacerations.
440
Describe flexor tendon lacerations.
441
How do we diagnose flexor tendon lacerations?
442
How do we treat flexor tendon lacerations?
443
What is the prognosis for flexor tendon lacerations?
444
How to we treat septic tendon sheaths? What are the major complications and prognosis?
