Exam I Flashcards
Buildings account for ____% of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions
30%
Life Cycle Analysis
Accounting of environmental impacts of materials and products throughout their life cycle
Green Building
Buildings that are healthy for occupants, protect resources, promote environmental quality
LEED
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, certification for buildings based on their sustainability
Deliverables
Construction documents
Land use vs. Zoning
Land use: Defines broad categories
Zoning: Used for enforcement
Building codes
Set of rules providing health and safety
Model Building Code Examples
IBC, IRC
IBC Construction Types
Define buildings’ resistance to fire
Sprinklers add to the design requirements:
of Floors: +1
Area: X4 for 1-story and X3 for more
# of Floors: +1
Height: +20 ft
List Admixtures (3 at least):
Air entraining
Water reducing
Cure accelerating
Cure retarding
Coloring
Freeze protecting
Shrinkage reducing
Shrinkage Factor
Bank / Compact
Load Factor
Loose / Bank
3 core requirements for foundation:
Safety
Stability
Feasibility
Fire resistance ratings are given in units of:
Hours
Steps to build a slurry wall:
Excavate trench
Fill with slurry
Replace slurry with concrete
4 types of providing construction methods:
Design / Bid / Build
Design-Builds
CM at risk
Integrated delivery
What is CM at risk?
Construction manager at risk, CM provides GMP (guaranteed maximum price)
what is cost plus a fee payment type?
Owner pays GC’s cost plus fee
What is fixed (lump sum) fee?
Owner agrees to pay an amount that is fixed
Sequential Construction
Each phase begins after the preceding is completed
Phased Construction
Design and construction phases overlap
Industrialized Construction
Construction system using more innovative and integrated techniques
Standardization
Extensive use of components, methods or processes in which there is repetition and predictability
BIM
Building Information Modeling, process of creating and managing building data during its lifecycle
ERP
Enterprise resource planning, record-keeping that provides data sharing throughout an organization
MRP
Materials Requirements planning, Planning production of products. Focuses more on materials management compared to ERP
2 classes of earth materials
Rock
Soil
Definition of Rock
Continuous mass of solid mineral material
Definition of Soil
Particulate
Particulate Sizes (in order):
Boulder
Cobble
Gravel
Sand
Silt
Clay
Coarse-Grained Soils:
Gravel
Sand
Fine-Grained Soils:
Clay
Silt
Properties of Coarse-Grained Soils:
Cohesionless
Less strength
Affected little by moisture content
Free Draining
Properties of Fine-Grained Soils:
Less free draining
Sensitive to moisture
The larger the particle size, _____ the soil
Stronger
Definition of Grading:
Adjusting of Ground
Definition of Excavation
Removing earth
3 Soil Conditions:
Loose
Bank
Compacted
Bank Volume =
Loose Volume x Load Factor
Compacted Volume =
Bank Volume x Shrinkage Factor
Common Excavation & Backfill Problems:
Unforeseen / Differing site conditions
Weather
To stabilize a slope in a restricted site, you can use:
Sheeting
To stabilize a slope in an unrestricted site, you can use:
Sloping
Types of Sheeting:
Soldier Piles
Sheet Piling
Slurry Wall
Definition of Dewatering
Process of removing water for construction
Types of Dewatering Systems:
Submersible Pumps
Well Points
Watertight Barrier Wall
If moisture content of a soil increases, soil volume will:
Increase (Expand)
If moisture content of a soil decreases, soil volume will:
Decrease (shrink)
Two Broad Load Categories:
Dead
Live
What is a dead load?
Load that is permanent (ex self weight)
What is a live load?
Change with time (ex occupants)
Two types of settlement
Uniform settlement
Differential settlement
Foundation Types:
Shallow
Deep
Types of Shallow foundations:
Spread footing
Grade beam foundations
Slab on grade
Types of Deep foundations:
Piles
Caissons
Piers
The purpose of a pile cap is to:
Share load among multiple piles
Definition of underpinning:
Process of strengthening and/or stabilizing the foundation of an existing building
Retaining walls
Wall that holds soil back when there’s a drastic change in elevation
3 types of waterproofing:
Waterproof membranes
Drainage
Combination of two
What psi is normal strength concrete?
Up to 6000psi
What strength is high-strength concrete?
6000-20000 psi
What are some benefits of high-strength concrete?
Reduced size
Higher earlier strength
What is slump test?
Measure of workability of wet concrete as it arrives on site
Why is concrete consolidated?
Eliminates voids and air pockets
More moisture, ________ Compressive strength
Higher
What is formwork?
Construction to hold freshly poured concrete in the desired shape
Why do we use reinforcement in concrete?
Concrete’s tensile strength is usually not sufficient
In a simple beam, greatest tension forces occur at:
Bottom middle of beam
Why do we reinforce columns?
Avoid buckling or bending
Definition of prestressing
Initial force, applied to improve structural capacity
Two types of prestressing:
Pretensioning
Posttensioning
Benefits of pretensioning over posttensioning:
Usually done in a factory,
better when elements are small
Benefits of posttensioning over pretensioning:
Can be done both in a factory or on site
better when elements are heavy
Purpose of a surety bond?
Ensures someone that another will follow through on a specific agreement
ISO
International Organization for Standardization, promotes development of standards
Living Building Certification
Buildings with net positive water, energy, and zero carbon capabilities
Environmental Product Declarations
Document Describing the full life cycle of building materials
NIST
National Institute of Standard and Technology, Agency of US Department of Commerce, promotes innovation and international competitiveness
Differences among sand, silt, and clay?
Sand: can be lifted between fingers
Silt: Too small to see with unaided eye
Clay: anything smaller than silt
Caisson
Water-tight chamber used for underwater construction
Crosslot bracing
