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Developmental Biology > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

0
Q

Period of embryo

A

3-8weeks

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1
Q

Period of egg

A

2 weeks

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2
Q

Period of fetus

A

9-40weeks

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3
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Joining sperm and egg

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4
Q

Cleavage

A

Subdividing fertilized egg; no growth in overall size

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5
Q

Gastrulation

A

Flat disk of cells, axes form, endo- ecto- and mesoderm

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6
Q

Morphogenesis

A

Folds into tubular embryo

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8
Q

Organogenesis

A

Organ systems form

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9
Q

primordial germ cells

A

Form separate from gonads
isolate in yolk sac to reduce signals from somatic cells
migrate after reducing signals

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10
Q

autonomous specification

A

mature unfertilized egg has determinant molecules in cytoplasm; this region destined to become PGCs; seen in amphibians

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11
Q

embryonic induction

A

signaling between cells induces PGCs

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12
Q

animal pole

A

region of egg with nucleus

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13
Q

vegetal pole

A

region of egg without nucleus where yolk forms
contains determinant molecules (in autonomous organisms)
damage to area leads to no PGCs

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14
Q

day 0

A

pronuclear stage

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15
Q

day 5

A

blastocyst
inner cell mass and trophoblast surrounded by zona pellucida
embryo must hatch before implanting

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16
Q

Txn represssor factors expressed in PGCs

A

Blimp1
Prdm14
both proteins expressed=PGC

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17
Q

Blimp1

A

suppress genes associated with somatic cell formation and activate pluripotency genes

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18
Q

pluripotency genes

A

nanog
sox2
oct4

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19
Q

Prdm14

A

activate pluripotency

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20
Q

PGC migration

A 
filopodia
fibronectin (intercellular protein) binds integrin receptors on surface (somehow important)
saf1 secreted by gonads=chemotaxis?
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21
Q

stem cell factor (SCF)

A

secreted by cells surrounding PGCs during migration

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22
Q

PGCs by number

A

detected in epiblast of mice: 6

end of migration: 4000

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23
Q

teratomas

A

when PGCs end up in wrong location

  • mediastinum (chest)
  • oral
  • sacrococcygeal
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24
Q

inert gene hypothesis

A

PGCs demonstrate large scale gene repression (expression of somatic genes)
isolate and repress idea

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25
Q

testis structure

A

divided into cavities of seminiferous tubules
Pre-puberty: PGCs and sertoli cells
at puberty: PGCs begin spermatogenesis

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26
Q

BMP8b

A

produced by PGCs at puberty

higher levels leads to differentiation of PGC into spermatogonia between sertoli cells

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27
Q

sertoli cell function

A

structure

secretion

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28
Q

structural function of sertoli cells

A

basal and adluminal compartments- separate at junctions of sertoli cells
blood-testis barrier- prevents immuno attack of sperm due to expression of antigens not present in somatic cells

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29
Q

secretory function of sertoli cells

A

mullerian inhibiting substance- causes mullerian duct degredation in males
androgen binding protein- increses spermatogenesis
inhibitin- negative feedback to anterior pituitary

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30
Q

Hormone regulation of spermatogenesis

A

bypothalamus secretes GnRH
anerior pituitary releases FSH
Sertoli cells secrete androgen binding protein
increases testosterone levels
increases spermatogenesis
inhibitin=negative feedback to pituitary from sertoli cells

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31
Q

PGC=>Sperm

A

BMP8b high: PGC -> spermatogonia
at puberty: spermatogonia type A -> B
type B -meiosis-> 1* spermatocyte ->2* spermatocyte -> spermatid -> spermatozoa

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32
Q

GDNF

A

from sertoli cells
high B into more B
low B into 1*

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33
Q

Stem Cell Factor SCF

A

from sertoli

promote B -> 1*

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34
Q

timeframe of spermatogenesis

A

A-B: 16 days
1*-spermatids: 24 days
spermatid-spermatozoa: 24 days

35
Q

spermiogenesis

A

golgi phase
cap phase
acrosome phase
maturation phase

36
Q

golgi phase

A

acrosomal granule from golgi forms vesicle at nucleus
proximal centriole used in egg cell division
distal centriole aides tail formation
manchette- temporary protein fibers that sort into tail

37
Q

cap phase

A

acrosome forms cap by close association with nucleus

38
Q

acrosome phase

A

acrosome completes development
vesicle drapes over nucleus head
tail completes development with mitochondrial sheath

39
Q

maturation phase

A

nucleus compacts- protamines instead of histones
cytoplasm sloughed
tubulobulbar complex

40
Q

sperm structure

A

acrosomal cap
nucleus
connecting piece with proximal centriole
Tail

41
Q

Sperm tail

A

Middle- axonene surrounded by protein fibers; mitochondrial sheath gives energy for motion
Principal- fiber around axonene
End- axonene

42
Q

Oligospermia

A

Low count

43
Q

Teratospermia

A

Abnormal sperm %

44
Q

Male vs female gametogenesis

A

Male pause at PGC until puberty

Female pause at p1 of 1* oocyte until puberty

45
Q

1* oocyte count

A

5mos fetus- 7 million
Birth- 700,000
Puberty- 400,000
Menopause- 0?

46
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

Ovarian
Uterine
Cervical

47
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

Oocyte and follicle maturation

48
Q

Uterine cycle

A

Buildup and sloughing of uterine lining

49
Q

Cervical cycle

A

Thinning of cervical mucous at ovulation

50
Q

Menstrual phase

A

Days 0-5
Uterine lining shed
Some oocytes grow

51
Q

Proliferative phase

A

Days 5-14
Hypothalamus releases GnRH, pituitary releases FSH and LH, estrogen incease, thickens uterine lining, G to E mucous, follicle matures

52
Q

primary egg envelope

A

zona pellucida (glycoprotein)
cumulus cells
vitilline envelope in amphibians

53
Q

factors produced by oocyte and follicle cells

A

oocyte: GDF9

follicle cells: FGF2

54
Q

yolk

A

platelets

vitellogenin from liver taken up by oocyte

55
Q

alecithal

A

no yolk

humans

56
Q

micrrolecithal

A

small yolk

invrtebrates

57
Q

megalecithal

A

huge yolk

cell division confined to cytoplasmic disk

58
Q

mesolecithal

A

moderate yolk

amphibians

59
Q

centolecithal

A

nuclei divide and move to periphery

60
Q

acotex

A

outer cytoplasm

more solidified

61
Q

corticle granule

A

membrane bound contents near cell membrane, released during fertilization

62
Q

protective chemicals

A

produced in external fertilizers; UV protection; bad taste

63
Q

ovulatory surge

A

LH and FSH

moves oocyte from M1 to M2 and leads to ovulation

64
Q

hyaluronic acid

A

increased production by cumulus cells ffor uptake

65
Q

granulosa cells

A

bind progesterone

activates protease production, increased fluid, and prostaglandins for smooth muscle contraction

66
Q

secretory phase

A

days 14-28
follicle ruptures
fimbria drape over ovary
villi cause fluid movement which sweeps up egg

67
Q

corpus luteum

A

ruptured follicle

produces progesterone which increases uterine lining and inhibits FSH

68
Q

corpus albicans

A

degenerate follicle if no fertilization

69
Q

isthmus

A

junction of uterus and oviduct

70
Q

sperm counts

A

20-200 million/ ml

100-200 make it into oviduct

71
Q

sperm mobility

A

nonmobile
non-progressively motile
non-linear motility
progressively motile

72
Q

semen contributions

A

seminal vesicles: 60%: alkaline, fructose, protease, prostaglandins
Prostate: 30%: citrates; acidic, seminal plasmin
bulbourethral: 5%: alkaline, mucous
seminiferous tubules: 5%: fluid

73
Q

pH

A

vaginal 3.8-4.5

semen: .2
cervix: 6-6.5

74
Q

sea urchin fertilization

A

sperm to jelly which produces SAP (resact)
acrosome reaction
digestion of jelly
bind VE
fuse of acrosomal process with egg membrane

75
Q

acrosome reaction

A

acrosome and nuclear membranes fuse and release vesicle contents
actin assembles to produce microfilaments for process

76
Q

acrosomal tubule

A

bindin on surface binds protein on VE

fertilization cone rises and engulfs

77
Q

sperm movement

A

hyperactivation
themotaxis
chemotaxis (progesterone from mature follicle)
capacitation

78
Q

capacitation

A

sperm must bind in isthmus
albumin removes cholesterol from membrane
removes some proteins and cabs to unmask binding site
change in potential
protein phosphorylation

79
Q

acrosomal rxn of mammalian sperm

A

after capacitation as movin through cumulus cells

bind and then dissolve ZP

80
Q

zona pellucida

A

glycoprotein: ZP1, 2, 3 and accessory proteins

81
Q

binding of egg and spem

A

CD9 of egg

IZUMO of sperm

82
Q

fast block

A

change in membrane potential
temporary
external fertilizers
-70to +20 with Na2+ influx

83
Q

slow block

A

mechanical
all
release of cortical granules

Developmental Biology (2 decks)

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