Exam I Flashcards
Prokaryote
No nucleus, no membrane bound organelles
Eukaryote
Nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Atoms that cells are made of
H,B,C,N,O,F,Si
Na,Mg,K,Ca,P,S,Cl
V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Mo,Se,I
Cells are made of… (percentages of macromolecules)
70% H20, 30% chemicals. Chemicals are: 2% polysaccharide, 15% protein, 6% RNA, 1% DNA, 2% phospholipid, 3% small molecules, 1% inorganic ions
List the bond strengths from strongest to weakest
Covalent, Ionic, hydrogen, Van der Waals
Nucleotide structure
pentose sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA), phosphate group, and nitrogen base
Central Dogma
DNA is transcribed into RNA which is translated into proteins
mRNA
messenger RNA, transcription of DNA
tRNA
Transfer RNA, allows for polymerization of amino acids in order dictated by mRNA
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA, creates ribosomes
Negatively charged (acidic) amino acid side chains
Asp, Glu
Positively charged (basic) amino acid side chains
Arg, Lys, His
polar noncharged amino acid side chains
Asn, Gln, Ser, Thr, Tyr
Non-polar amino acids
Met,Ala,Gly,Ile,Cys,Leu,Pro,Phe,Trp,Val
Alpha helices
Hydrogen bonds form all in the same orientation, causing the secondary structure of a protein to form a helix
Beta sheets
Hydrogen bonds form in alternating directions, pleating the secondary structure of the protein back and forth
Homodimer vs heterodimer
same parts vs different parts
dimer vs trimer etc
dimer is two, trimer is three
Disulfide bonds
The only covalent bonds formed by amino acids, between the sulfides in cytesine. pretty strong
Homologue
A double of a DNA sequence (gene duplication)
Orthologue
Two species each with one of the genes that arose from gene duplication
Paralogue
Two differing genes within ONE organism that both arose from gene duplication of one gene
Translation
Forming a polypeptide by following mRNA
Elongation factors - bacteria
EF-tu:Elongation factor thermal unstable Tu (EF-Tu) is a G protein that catalyzes the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of the ribosome inside living cells., EF-G:Elongation factor G (EF-G) uses energy stored in GTP to catalyze movement of transfer RNAs and messenger RNA in the ribosome during the translocation step of prokaryotic protein synthesis.
Elongation factors - EUKS
EF1 and EF2
what do elongation factors do?
increase speed and accuracy of translation
Binding release factor
binds to UUA UAG and UGA (stop codons) to dissociate the ribosome
Nucleases
Can cleave phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides