Exam his Flashcards
1
Q
Jamestown
A
First permanent english settlement in North America, in 1607. Challenges like starvation, desease, conflict against natives.
2
Q
William Berkeley
A
Colonial governor in mid-1600s, known for economic diversification and good relations to the natives. His policies contributed to the bacon rebellion in 1676
3
Q
Indentured Servant
A
A worker who agreed to labour for sertain number of years(4-7 years) usually in exchange to a passage across the Atlantic
4
Q
Headright system
A
A landgrant program, escpesially in Virginia, awarded 50 acres of land to one who paid for somebody elses passage across the atlantic. Amounted to a lot of immigration and indentured servants.
5
Q
John Winthrop
A
First governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and a key puritan leader. He delivered the famous “City upon a hill” speach.
6
Q
Great Migration
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Period from 1620-1640 when Puritans migrated from England to the Bay colony in search for religious freedom. Bay colony was established to serve the Puritan laws and need.
7
Q
Anne Hutchinson
A
A religous puritan leader in the massachutsets colony. Started a strict religious orthodoxy and advocated for strict individual reading of the bibble.
8
Q
Roger Williams
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A puritan minister who founded Rhode Island, advocate of religious freedom, seperation of church and state, and fair treatment of Native Americans. He was banished from Bay Colony.
9
Q
William Penn
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Founder of pennsylvania in 1681, A quaker who made the colony a heaven for religious freedom and tolerance. He made fair deals with the Natives, implemented democratic princibles and a pennsylvania model of representative government.
10
Q
Bacon’s rebellion
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A 1676 uprising in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon, involved frontier settlers protesting the Governor Berkeley not addressing Native attacks and favoritism of the elite. Highlighted the tension between rich planters and poor settlers.
11
Q
“Salutary neglect”
A
A british policy in 18th centry were colonial trade regulations and taxes were loosely enforced -> created a sence of autonomity when colonies flourished economically. Later fueled the American Revolution
12
Q
Mercantilism
A
Economic stragety by the Europian countries in the16th to 18th centry where colonies existed to benefit the motherland. It involced exporting a lot and importing less to accumulate wealth by using colonies as source for materials and new markets.
13
Q
Zenger trial
A
The trial of John Zenger a New York printer who got sentanced for critisising the colonial governor. The case is important landmark for early freedom of press.
14
Q
Navigation acts
A
Laws passed by British crown to benefit from the trade in Colonies. From 1651 to 1673 some goods had to be transported on English ships and products like Tobacco or Sugar could only be exported to England. Should have helped with MErcantilism but led to smugling and hatred by the Settlers.
15
Q
First Great Awakening
A
A moment of religious revival in the Colonies from 1730-1740, emphasized personal faith, emotional preaching and idea of salvation for all. This challenged the church and established ideas of individualism and equality.
16
Q
Seven Years War, 1754-1763
A
A global conflict between Britain and French, and their allies. In North America known as the French Indian War. Britain fought the French and their Native allies, ended with the treaty of Paris in 1763, Britain got Canada and areas to Mississippi, but left itself in great dept.
17
Q
Proclamation Line of 1763
A
Line in the Appalachian mountains of the boarder of settlements, decision angered the Colonists who were eager for land, but benefitted the Natives as they were left alone atleast for a while. Contributed to the resetment against British rule.
18
Q
Paxton Boys
A
A group of frontierers who in 1763 attacked and killed several native Americans in protest to government inaction against “Native Raids.”
19
Q
Pontiacs Rebellion
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A rebellion of the Native Tribes led by Chief Ottawa in the Great Lakes region. Fueled by dissatisfaction at British Policies including restriciton of trade and enroachment of Native lands.
20
Q
Stamp Act
A
In 1675 British law required Colonists to buy special stamped paper for documents, newspapers and printed materials. First tax put on the colonies, angered and led people to protest causing repeal in 1765.
21
Q
Stamp act congress
A
A organization of 9 representatives from each of the Colonies to cordinate opposition against the stamp act, adress to the King and Parlament to state only colonial asemblies had the authority to tax colonies.
22
Q
Declatory Act
A
A law in 1766 that stated that British Parliament had full legistlative controll of the Colonies in “all cases whatsoever”. It also had the reapeal of Stamp act to power
23
Q
Townshend’s Duties
A
A tax passed in 1767 on imported goods like glass, paper, tea and paint, duties aimed to raise revenue for the British Crown and reestablish control over it’s colonies. The act caused protests and boycotts -> reapeal in 1770 on everything expected tax on Tea.
24
Q
Continental Association
A
Agreement by the First Continental Gongress ton 1774 to boycott British goods and stop exporting to Britain. Aimed to pressure Britain to reapeal the Intolerable Acts.
25
Boston Massacre
A deadly confrontation in 1770 where British troops fired into a crowd of Colonists in Boston killing 5. The event was used as propaganda by colonial leaders to fuel anti-British agenda.
26
Tea Act
A 1773 British law that gave the East India company right to see Tea straight to the Colonies and skip merchants and taxes. Aimed to save the strugling company it, but it angered colonists and led to Boston tea party as protests went against "No taxation without representation."
27
First continetal congress
A meeting of delecates from 12 of 13 colonies to respond to the Intolerable acts. The congress was the main organizer of colonial resistance.
28
Battle of Bunker Hill
A key battle in the American Revolutionary War fought in Boston area in june 17 of 1775. British "won" but the colonists inflicted heavy casualties prooving theyd stand up to the british army.
29
Olive Branch Petition
A final attempt by the Colonial Gongress to avoid war with Britain by swearing loyalty to the British King. The petition was rejected by the King by declaring rebellion in the Colonies.
30
Lexington and Concord
First battle of American revolution fought in 1775. British troops aimed to seize colonial weapons but they were met by colonial militia.
31
Declaration of Independence
A document adopted in 1776 by the Colonial Congress declaring the colonies independant from Britain. Mostly drafted by Thomas Jefferson, who outlined grievances and the new form of self governing based on Englightment princibles.
32
Loyalist
A person who is loyal to the British crown during the American Revolutionary war. Often faced procecution by Patriots.
33
Yorktown
Final major battle of the Revolutionary war where American and French forces destroyed the troops of British general Cornwallis. Effectively ended the war and paved a way for American independance.
34
Saratoga
A battle between the colonists and the British in newyork in 1777. Victory from the battle convinced the French to allie with the Americans that turned out to be crutial in the outcome of the war.
35
Thomas Paine common sense
A pamphlet published in 1776 that agrued for Colonies indepenace. It critized monarchy and promoted ideas of self governance.
36
Peace of Paris 1783
Ended the Revolionary war, a treaty between Britain, America and other nations in the war.
37
Republicanims
A political philosophy that emphasized the concent of the governed where power is held by elected representatives. It values civic virtue, individual rights and public good. It served as the foundation of American revolution and the US consitution.
38
Republican motherhood
In the 18th centry a ideal that emphasized women in shaping the moral and political character of future citizens. It engouraged women to teach their children Republican princibles and liberty and virtue.
39
Articles of the confederation
The first constitution of united states, it set up a weak government with limited power. It allowed states to retain sovergeinty but lacked ability to tax, regulate and enforce laws.
40
Shay's rebellion
A rebellion in 1886-87 led by farmer Shay, together Massachusetts farmers protested high taxes, debt and forecloserures. The rebellion highlighted the inability of the central government to maintain order.
41
Northwest ordinance of 1785
A policy that divided the western lands into townships and sections ready for sale. It set aside land for public education and provided a systematic way for communities to expand westwards.
42
Nationalists sectionalists and localists
- Nationalists advocated for strong central government to unify the country , manage national dept and promote economic growth.
- Sectionalists focused on regional intrests often priorizing their area's economic and political systems like North's industrilism and Souths agriculture
- Localists preferred power to remain in individual states and communities(Small government)
43
Consitutional
Relates to the reading of the constitution, "Constitutional" laws and policies follow the abilities and rules given and set on the government.
44
Convection
The constitutional convection in 1787 met in Philadelphia to draft the US consitution again replacing the Articles of Confederation
45
Checks and Balances
A system set up in the second constitution of united states where each branch(Legistlative, Executive and Judicial) of the government from becoming too powerfull. Each branch can limit the autonomity and power on off the other 2 in a required situation.
46
Seperation of powers
The seperation of US government into 3 branches with distinct responsibilities, this keeps the power of the whole federal government in being in one entity's hands. Each branch has it's own function: Legistlative makes laws, Executive enforces the laws and Judical interprents laws.
47
Federalism
A system where power is divided between federal and local governments. In this case the States and The federal government. The US consitution sets up the dynamic where states have power of local issues and the Federal government over national decisions.
48
The great compromise
An agreement between small and big states, it created the House of representatives that is based on population and the Senate that each state gets 2 representatives in.
49
Three-Fifths
In constitutional convection of 1878 it was desided that each slave counts 3/5 towards the states population. It was a compromise of the Northern free states and Southern slave states.
50
The Electoral College
A system set up in the US on how to select the President and the Vice president. Each state gets their house + senate seats as electors who people in their state vote for to select the president.
51
Federalists vs anti-federalists
Federalists supported the US constitution and favoured strong government setup. Key supporters were Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay
Anti-Federalists opposed the constitution fearing it gave too much power to the federal government and lacked protection for individual rights. They advocated for the Bill of Rights examples were Thomas Jefferson and George Mason
52
Federalists papers
A collection of 85 papers writen by Hamilton, Madison and Jay to promote ratification of US constitution. It emphazised the need for a strong federal government while addressing concerns of rights of the individual. Key papers Federalist 10 and 51 first about factions second about checks and balances.
53
Cabinet
A group of advisors choocen by the President to assist them in Presidential duties. Advisors work as the heads of executive departments like the Secretary of State or Secretary of Defence.
54
Bill of Rights
The first 10 amendments in the US constitution ratified in 1791. It was added to address the Anti-Federalist's concerns on individual rights, including freedom of speach, religion, press, asembly, and protectiona against unfair governmental actions.
55
Hamilton's Plan
Hamilton's plan is a economic program to aid the US in economic growth and stability after the Revolutionary war:
- Assumption of state depts, Federal government would take all the depts of states
- Creation of national bank to regulate currency, provide loans, and stabilize economy.
- Excise Tax, tax imposed on Whiskey to gain revenue
- Protective tarrifs to encourange domestic production and manufacturing
56
Loose Construction
A broad interpretation of the US constitution in a way that federal government has powers beoynd explicitly mentioned in the Consitution. As long as the means are "necessary and proper " the constitution allows for the federal government to utilize them.
57
Bank of United States
First national bank was proposed by Alexander Hamilton. The bank aimed to stabilize the economy by managing governmental funds, regulating currency and providing loans for dept levering.
58
Whiskey rebellion
A 1794 uprising of farmers in western Pennsylvania protesting taxing on Whiskey. The rebellion served as the first major test of the power of the Federal government as George washington instructed troops to suppress the rebellion.
59
Neutrality Proclamation
Declaration by George Washington in 1793 that United states would stay Neutral in the conflict between the French and Britain after the Revolutionary war. The proclamation was made to save the new country from a other prolonged expensive war.
60
Jay's Treaty
A agreement between negotiated by John Jay and United States to resolve left over issues of the Revolutionary war. It addressed issues over the withdrawal of British troops from frontiers and limited trade between US and British colonies. While it avoided war majority of Americans felt it favoured the British.
61
Pinckney’s Treaty
A friendly agreement in 1795 between Spain and US that gave the rights for US to navigate on Missisippi river and allowed em to trade in the Port of New Orleans. Also set the boundary of Spanish Florida to 31st parallel.
62
Battle of Fallen Timbers
A battle in 1794 between US troops and Native tribes backed by British. The American victory ended Native resistance in Northwest and led to treaty of Greenville in 1795
63
Washington’s Farewell Address
Speech delivered by George Washington in 1796 when he was leaving office. It advised the nation to stay out of dept, avoid political infractions and stay out of permanents alliance with foreign nations. It emphasized unity, neutrality in foreing affairs, and warned of the dangers of sectionalism.
64
XYS affairs
A diplomatic incident in 1797-98 where French agents(XYZ) demanded Bribes and Loans to stop French attacks on US ships. The scandal led to a undeclared naval war known as Quasi-War.
65
Alien and Sedition Acts
A series of laws passed by John Adams that aimed to strenghten federal authority and suppress dissent.
- Alien acts made citizen ship harder for Immigrants to get by raising the required recidency from 5 to 14 years and allowed the president to deport or imprison non citizens deemed dangerous
- Sedition act crimilized the critication of the Government targetted at newspapers and polital opponents.
66
Virginia and Kentucky resolutions
Political statements crafted in 1798-99 by Thomas Jefferson and James Maddison in responce to Alien and Sedition acts. It argued that states could nullify federal laws deemed unconstitutional, assering principles of states rights and strict reading of the Consitution.
67
Convection of 1800
An agreement between US and the French to stop the Quasi-war. The treaty resolved the alliance of left from the American Revolutionary war avoiding full scale conflict and stabilizing relations between the Nations. It relieved US from obligation to assist the French in its conflicts.
68
Democratic-Republicans
A political party founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Maddison in 1790s. The party supported strict interpretation of the Constitutiona and opposed Federalistic ideals. They advocated for States rights, strict interpretation and weak federal government.
69
Federalist Party
One of the first political parties in the US. Led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams they supported strong federal government, a loose interpretation of the constitution and a industrial-based economy. The Federalists advocated for the national bank, close ties with Britain and protective tarrifs.
70
Marshall Court
Refers to the Federal Court under the Chief justice of John Marshall. It established the judicial review in Marbury vs Maddison and strenghtened federal governments power over the states. The court's desisions like McCulloch vs Maryland and Gibbons vs Ogden, reinforcing federal authority.
71
Marbury v. Madison
Landmark Supreme Court case that established the Judicial review process. This allowed the court to deem laws as unconstitutional. This affirmed the judicial role as a important part of the government and affirmed the Constitution as the supremen law of the land.
72
Louisiana Purchase
A deal between the United States and the French in which US bought Lousiana terratory for 15 million. It doubled the size of US and opened vast land for settlement, and raised the questions of constitutional authority for land accusasions.
73
Chesapeake Affair
A naval incident where A British warship attacked us ship of the coast of virginia. The British ship seized american sailors, claiming they deserted the British military earlier. This incident lead to tensions between the two nations, contributing to the war of 1812.
74
Embargo Act
A law passed by Thomas Jefferson that banned American ships from exporting to foreing countries against US intrests. The act aimed to pressure Britain and France to respect American neutrality but resulted in economic hardship for merchants and wqs widely unpopular.
75
“war hawks”
A group of politicians from South and West who pushed against the British for years leading to the war of 1812. Led by Key figures like Henry Clay and John Calhoun they were motivated by issues of British interference with US trade and the impressment of American sailors.
76
Tecumseh
A Shawnee leader and a warrior sought to unite Native American tribes in early 19th centry to resist the US. Tecumseh allied with British during the war of 1812, hoping to create a confederation to protect Native American sovereignty.
77
Battle of Tippecanoe
A conflict between US forces led by Governor Harrison of the Indian Territory and Native American warrios associated with Tecumseh. The battle took place in Indiana where Harrison's forces defeated the Natives. This weaked Tecumseh's federation and paved the way to US settlement in Northwest.
78
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
A decisive battle during the War of 1812, fought in Alabama between US forces and faction of the Creek nation. Jackson defeated the Creeks which led to the Treaty of Fort Jackson, the treaty gave vast Creek lands to the US.
79
War of 1812
A conflict between the US and Britain fought from 1812-15 primarily over British interfierance in American trade, the impressment of American sailors, and British support for hostlite Native Tribes. The war ended in a stalemate with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, but it boosted national pride and unity, weakened Native American resistance and affirmed US intependance.
Key events:
Battle of new Orleans, the Burning of Washington DC and the creation of the US national anthem.
80
Treaty of Ghent
Treaty between US and the British ending the war of 1812. It was negotiated in Ghent Belgium and restored pre-war boundraries and resolved a few issues that the war has cause such as impressment of trade restriction. It marked the end of hostilities and was seen as a diplomatic victory for the US.
81
Hartford Convention
Series of meetings in 1814-15 held by New England federalists to discuss their grievances about the war and US government's polices. Some delecates proposed amendments to reduce the power of southern and western states. The convention ended just as Treaty of Ghent was singed and new of American victory at the Battle of New Orleans arrived. This led to the decline of the Federalist party due to perception of disloyalty and treason.
82
American System
An economic plan promoted by Henry Clay in the early 19th centry. It aimed to strenghten US economy and unify the country.
- Protective tariffs to encourage American manufacturing by taxing imported goods
- National Bank to provide a stable currency, regulate state banks and faciliate commerce and economic growth.
- Investments in infrastructure suchs as roads, canals and railroads to faciliate transportation and growing trade across the country, helping to connect the nation together.
83
“Era of Good Feelings”
A period of US history from 1815 to 1825 with presidency of James Monroe that was characterized by political harmony and national unity. Following the war of 1812 the Federalist party dissolved, leavind D-R part as dominant political force. This led to a time of political peace, economic growth and a focus on national development. The end of era of good feelings started to end with debates over slavery, tariffs, and the national bank.
84
Panic of 1819
The first major economic depression in US, triggered by the collapse of the American economy in the end of war of 1812. The panic was caused by over-speculation in land and sudden contraction of credit by the second bank of US. It led to widespead bankruptcies, increased distrust.
85
Tallmadge Amendment
A proposal by Representative James tallmadge of New York in 1819. HE proposed to prohibit slavery into Missouri and called for gradual emancipation of enslaved people in the state. The amendment was a boarder depate of the expansion of slavery into new territories. It passed House of Reps but was defeated by the Senate. The depate was later solved by Missouri Compromise that prohibited slavery over 36 paraller.
86
Missouri Compromise
A compromise to prohibit slavery over the 36th paraller line. It alowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state, while Maine admitted as a free state to maintain 1:1 ratio of slave to free states. Additionally slavery was prohibited above 36 degree 30' line. Missouri Compromise
served as a temporary solution to the problem of slavery.
87
Peculiar institution
A term used to refer to the institution of slavery in the southern US. It was concidered "Peculiar" since it only applied to the South. The term is often used by the suporters of slavery who downplay its moral implications and present it as a distinct, culturally embedded practice that the Southern economy and society depended upon.
88
Monroe Doctrine
A US foreing policy statement issued by President James Monroe. It stated that Europian nations should not try to Colonies terratories in the Americas. It decared that any suchs actions are threat to US peace and security. In return US pledged to not interfere in Europian conflicts or colonial matters. Monroe Doctrine became the cornerstone of US foreign policy.
89
Florida Purchase Treaty
Florida purchase treaty was a agreement between US and Spain where Spain ceded Florida to the US for 5 million and US renounced any claims to Texas. The treaty helped with border disputes between US and Spain.
90
McCulloch v. Maryland
A landmark Supreme Court case in which the Court decided that state of Maryland coulnd't tax the second Bank of United States. The case stated the principle of implied powers, affirming that fedral government has powers beyond those stated in the Constitution. The desicion strenghtened the supremacy of federal laws over state laws.
91
Fletcher v. Peck
An other landmark Supreme Court case were it was ruled that the state law in Georgia that granted land to private individuals under corrupt circumstances was unconstitutional. The ruling established that the state laws could not invalidate legal contracts. This decision affirmed the sanctity of contracts and protection of property rights enforcing the power of judicial review of state laws agaisnt the constitution.
92
“corrupt bargain”
A term used to describe the alleged deal between John Adams and Henry Clay during 1824 election. After no candidate had the majority of the electoral college, the House of Reps chose the president, clay the speaker trew his support behind Adams in return for position as the Secretary of State. This led to accusation of behind-the-scene deals that seccured Adam's victory. It also ignited political rivarly between Adams and Andrew Jackson who won popular vote and electoral votes but lost in the House.
93
“spoils system”
The spoils system was a practice of the President Andrew Jackson in 1820s and 1830s where political supporters were rewarded with government positions. The term "Spoils" refered to the idea that winning party had the righ to appoint its own loyalists to key positions. This led to inneficient dealings of the government as unqualified people held high positions in all branches.
94
The Nullification Crisis
A confrontation between South Carolina and federal government on enforcement of federal tariffs. The state declared tarrifs from 1828 to 1832 unconstitutional not to enforce them leading to a appeal over other states in trade. The nullification led to the Force Bill by Andrew Jackson that granted him the power to use military force to enforce tarrifs. South Carolina eventually backed down, but the Crisis raised questions about states' rights versus federsal power.
95
Compromise of 1833
A legistlative agreement by Henry Clay to resolve the Nullification Crisis. It gradually lowered tarrifs that had sparked outrage in South Carolina with the goal of easing tensions. In return South Carolina agreed to reapeal its ordinance of nullification ending the crisis.
96
Force Bill
A bill by Andrew Jackson to use military force to enforce federal tarrifs in South Carolina. The bill was a responce to the Nullification Crisis where SC refused to enforce tarrifs. The bill went unused, but it demostrated a firm stance against nullification and Jackon's commitment to preserve the Union.
97
The Bank War
A lotical struggle in 1830s between Andrew Jackson and supporters of the SN bank of US. Jackson opposed the bank seing it as unconstitutional institution that concentrated too much economic power. He believed the bank threatened states' rights. In 1832 Jackson vetoed the recharted of the Bank and later withdrew federal funds of the bank. The bank War deepened political division and played a key role in formation of the WHIG PARTY.
98
Indian Removal Act
A law desinged by Andrew Jackson in 1830 that authoriced the federal government to forcibly relocate Native American tribes living East of Mississippi river. The goal was to open up new land for white settlement and agriculture, it led to forced relocation of thousands of Native Americans-> Trail of Tears where thousands Cherokees died from disease, starvation and exposure while moving to reservations.
99
Trail of Tears
The forced relocation of 16000 Cherokee people and other Native Tribes from their ancestral lands to desingeted "Indian territory". This relocation was caused by the Indian Removal Act of 1830 singed by Andrew Jackson. About 4000 Cherokee died during the relocation process.
100
Jacksonian Democracy
A political movement and era in 1820s to 1830s led by Andrew Jackson. It sought to expand democratic ideals of US. It prompted for political participation of "common man", advocated for universal white male suffrage, a limited role of federal government, and elimitaiton of elitists from politics. Jacksonian democract led to the rise of the Democratic Party and strong executive branch. The institution is assiciated with polcies like Indian Removal act and opposition of the National Bank.
101
Whigs
A political party formed in the 1830s to oppose the president Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party. The whigs supported a strong role of Congress, National bank, and internal info improvements and positive tariffs to engourage industry. Basicly the Hamiltonian party, but named whigs. They were formed from national republicans, anti-slavery activists, and Jackson opposers. Many who were in contempt in Jackson's actions like the Removal Act or Bank war became Whigs.
102
Second Great Awakening
A religious movement that took place in the 19th century. It emphasized personal salvation and need for social reform. The movement birthed new religious denominations like Baptits and Methodists. It had influence on social movements like abolitionism, temperance, women's rights.
103
Temperance
Social movement to reduce and eliminate the consumption of alcohol.
104
Burned-Over District
A region in upstate NYC that in 19th centry was heavily influenced by religious revival. New religious movements like Mormonism and temperance and abolitionism spreaded from there.
105
The Proslavery Argument and “Positive Good”
Proslavery argument in defence of slavery in the South. It argued that slavery is essential for the Southern economy, way of life and society. It was claimed to be "Necessary evil" where slaves and slave owners both benefitted. "Positive good" was a attitude against "necessary evil", it argued that slavery provided a stable hierarchical social order, and that Blacks were bettre off under their masters care. This view was just to justify slavery.
106
American Temperance Society and Maine Law of 1851
A state law in Maine that banned sale and manufacturing of alcohol. It is the first state wide prohabition of alcohol in the US. The law in sence had good intentions, but the enforcemewnt was difficult and it was reappealed in 1856.
107
William Lloyd Garrison and The Liberator
William Garrison was a abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. He was known for advocating for the immidiate emancipation of all enslaved people in US. The liberator was a newspaper founded in 1831 and it became the most influential publications in the fights against slavery. Garrison was known to write in a radical tone and uncompromising stance.
108
Frederick Douglass
Douglas was former enslaved African and a prominent abolitionist, writer. He was born to slavery in Maryland and escaped to freedom in 1838. After the civil war he kept fighting for his own rights and defending the abolishionist movement regarless of the publis's disintrest.
109
Abolitionists
Abolitionists were a group of people who sought to end the institution of slavery. They believed that slavery is morally wrong and fought for emancipation of enslaved African Americans.
important figures:
Frederick Douglass
WIlliam Lloyd Garrison
110
Second Wave of Immigration
Event in 1820s to 1880s were large wave of immigrants came to US primarily from Europe(Ireland, Germany and later Scandinavia).
Irish immigrants: Irish potato famine, urban areas, Northeast, worked in factories, laborers and service industries.
Germans: Driven by political unrest, economic hardship, opportunities in US. Midwest, farmers and trades or craftsmanship.
111
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
A slave revolt led by Nat Turner a enslaved African American preacher. The group killed about 60 white people over several days. Local militias quickly suppressed the rebellion and Turner was executed. In responce laws were made to restrict the movement and freedoms of enslaved people.
112
“Gag Resolution”
A series of congressional rules passed in House of Reps that stopped all petitions or discussions of the abolition of slavery. It was intended to prevent petitions by Northern abolitionists. It was a highly controversial and was seen by violation of free speech.
113
Seneca Falls Convention
The first womens rights convention held in the US. Took place in Seneca Falls NYC. The convection orginized by Elizabeth Stanton marked the beginning of orginized women's rights movements. The decleration of sentiments was modeled after declaration of intependance stating the rights and grievances of women present and not present.
114
Market Revolution
A period of rapid economic transformations in early 19th(1820s-40s) centry. The market revolution was powered by advancements in transportation and communications along the growth of factories. It started the market-oriented economy where goods are produced to sell not for personal use. It started the expansion of cities, growth of industrialization, the spread of commercial agriculture and a interconnected national economy.
115
Transportation Revolution
Period of advancements in transportation infrastructure in the US in 1820s to 1850s. Canals, Railroads and Steamboats revolutionized transporting goods and people. They helped US economy expand and create a interconnected national market.
116
Cotton Gin
Machine used to seperate cotton fibres from their seeds.
117
Cult of Domesticity:
A cultural belief that women's role was at home focussed on maintaining the household and nurturing children. This ideal shaped the roles of middle-class women in US. It also laid groundwork for women's rights movement by highlighting gender inequalities.
118
Erie Canal
A canal completed in 1825 spanding 363 miles from Hudson River to Lake Erie linking the Atlantic to the Great Lakes. It played a crucial role in transportation revolution by faciliating movement of goods between Midwest and the East Coast.
119
Manifest Destiny
A blief in 19th centry that it was America's mission to expand wesward across the North American continent. Atlantic to Pasific ocean, this was fueled by US terratorial expansion that justified actions like annexation of Texas, Mexican-American war and forced relocation of Native Americans
120
Annexation of Texas
In 1845 Us annexed Republic of Texas which declared itself intependant from Mexico in 1836. It was a key aspect of Manifest Destiny.
121
Mexican War
Conflict between Us and Mexico from 1846-48 where Us sought to expand it's terratories as part of Manifest Destiny. The war began over a presumambly staged boarder dispute in Texas and escaleted when Us took over California and Southerwestern terrratories. America won the war and bought California, Arizona, New Mexico and others for 15 million
122
Oregon Fever
A term used to describe the mass migration along the Oregon trail to the Oregon Territory in 1840s. It was motivated by promise of fertile land and ideals of Manifest Destiny. Eventually US and Britain settled their land areas in the Oregon Treaty of 1846(49th paraller).
123
Conscience Whigs
A faction of the Whig Party in mid 19th centry who opposed expansion of slavery into terratories particularly as result to Mexican war. They believed that expansion of slavery is morally wront and incompatible with the democratic ideals. Conscience Whigs later were a part of the formation of the Republican Party.
124
Wilmot Proviso
A proposal introduced by David Wilmot to ban slavery in any terratories acquired from Mexico. It passed in House of Reps but failed the Senate. Altough Wilmot Provision never became a law, it deepened tensions that would lead to the Civil war.
125
Popular Sovereignty
The idea that settlers of a territory should decide for themselfs whether to allow or ban slavery rather then Congress choosing for them. It was a central element in the Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska act but it led to violent conflict in terratories like Kansas, known as Bleeding Kansas.
126
Slavocracy
A term used for political power and influence exerted by pro-slavery intrests in the US south. It describes a society in which economic and political structure were dominated by slave-owning elites.
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California Gold Rush
A massive wave of migration to California following a discovery of Gold deposits at Sutter's Mill in 1848. The goldrush brough hundreds of thousands of settlers to Cali, increasing the state's population and accelerating its admission to the Union as a free state.
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Underground Railroad
A network of secret routes and safe houses used by slaves to escape to free states and Canada. Abolitionists both white and blacked played roles in guiding runaways and perhaps even freeing slaves from plantations.
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Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
A law passed as a part of Compromise of 1850 that required citizens to assist in capturing runaway slaves. It was highly contreversial in the North as it compelled ppl to support slavery even if they opposed it. The law increased tensions between the North and the South.
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Compromise of 1850
A series of laws passed to address sectional tensions over slavery after the Mexican War and the acquisition of new terratories. Key provisions were:
Admisison of california as a free state
Establishment of terratorial governments in Utah and NM were issue of slavery was upto Popular Sovereignty.
Abolition of slave trade in Washington DC and the passage of the FUGETIVE SLAVE ACT
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Free Labor Ideology
A belief that free men should work for wages or own land rather then be dependent of slavery or servitute. Idea made by Northern Republicans who argued free labor would lead to greater economic mobility, individual freedom and moral superiority over slavery.
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Ostend Manifesto 1854
A secret document drafted by US diplomats in Europe advocating for US to aquire Cuba from Spain by force or negatioation. The manifesto was leaked and got regarded as a attempt to extend slavery into new territories, heightening tensions between South and North.
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Gadsden Purchase 1853
The purchase of land from Mexico to a southern transcontinental railroad for 10 million. The purchase helped to resolve border disputed between US and Mexico, but deepened the tension over expansion of slavery to new terratories.
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Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854
A law passed in Congress that allowed settlers in Kansas and Nebraska to decide on the issue of slavery through popular sovereignty. The act reappealed the Missouri Compromise by allowing slavery above 36"30' line, it led to violent conflict in Kansas known as Bleeding Kansas as pro and anti slavery settlers clashed of status of slavery.
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Republican Party in 1854
A political party formed in responce to Kansas-Nebraska Act and expansion of slavery. Founded by anti-slavery activists including Whigs, Free Soilers and Abolitionists the party's platform opposed slavery's expansion and advocated for free labor. It quickly became the major political force and was critical in election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860.
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Pottawatomie Creek
Porrawatomie Creek, a violent incident during Bleeding Kansas led by John Brown. In responce to pro-slavery Brown's group killed five pro-slavery men at Pottawatomie Creek. The event polarized the sections even more.
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Sumner v Brooks 1856
A violent incident in US senate where Preston Brooks attacked Charles Sumner with his cane. Sumner had delivered anti-slavery speech in which he criticized pro-slavery senators including Brooks' relative. The attack symbolized deepening divide, when South praised Brooks' actions and the North them as a attack on free speach.
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Know-Nothing Party
A nativist political party that emerged in responce to increasing number of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics. The party's platform focused on restricting immigration and putting needs of Native born Americans first.
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Dred Scott Decision
A landmark supreme court ruling where it was declared that Dred Scott a enslaved man was not entitled to freedom. The Court ruled that African Americans free or enslaved were not citizens of USA and could not sue. The court also declared that the federal government could not regulate slavery in terratories, effectively nullifying the Missouri Compromise.
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Raid at Harpers Ferry
Led by John Brown the raid to armory of Harpers Ferry Virginia was an attempt to start a slave rebellion by arming enslavedf people. Altough Brown was captured the event brought National attention to abolitionst causes. Brown was executed and became a Marthur of the abolitionist movement.
141
Election of 1860.
Abraham Lincoln from the Republican party won the presidency. His platform was based on halting the expansion of slavery into new terratories and he won the election without his name on the ballot in most Southern states. His victory led to the secession of several Southern States and later it contributed to the outbreak of Civil War.
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Secession of 1860-61
In responce to the election of Abraham Lincoln Southern states beginning to secede starting with South Carolina. They form the Confederate States of America citing the protection of slavery and states' rights as the reason for secession. By april 1861 the Civil war began with the Confederate attack to Fort Sumter.
143
Crittenden Compromise in 1860
A last ditch effort to prevent Civil War, proposed by Senator John Crittenden it suggested a series of constitutional amendments to protect slavery in Southern states and allow it in terratories under the 36"30' line. It was denied by Congress as newly formed Republican Party opposed it.
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Lincoln's First INaugural 1861
President Abraham Lincoln sought to reassure the South that the federal government would not interfier with Slavery where it existed, and insisted that secession was illegal and that the Union would be preserved. Lincoln appealed to the South to avoid Civil War by urging national unity in face of sectional tensions.
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Fort Sumter
The first battle of the Civil War in April of 1861 when Confederate forces attacked US military at Fort Sumter. Federal government refused to abandon the fort, the Confederate took it by force. In responce Lincoln called for 75000 volunteers to supress the rebellion.
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Border States
States on the Union's side in the Civil War
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Homestead act of 1862
Gave 1§60 acres of public land to anybody willing to live of the land.
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Pacific railroad act 1862
Allowed for construction of continental railroads, provided large grans and government bonds to railroad companies.
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emancipation proclamation in 1863
declared all enslaved people in confederate territory free.
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Gettysburg (1863):
A pivotal battle of the Civil War, fought from July 1–3, 1863, in Pennsylvania. The Union Army, led by General George Meade, defeated the Confederate forces under General Robert E. Lee. The battle was one of the largest and bloodiest of the war and marked a turning point in favor of the Union.
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Gettysburg address
A short but profound speech delivered by President Abraham Lincoln at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, following the Battle of Gettysburg. In the speech, Lincoln reaffirmed the principles of human equality and the purpose of the war—to preserve the Union and ensure the survival of democracy.
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Writ of Habeas Corpus
A legal order requiring a person to be brought before a court to determine if they are being unlawfully detained. President Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus during the Civil War, allowing the arrest and detention of suspected Confederate sympathizers without trial. This controversial action was justified by Lincoln as a necessity to maintain national security during the war.
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First major battle of bull run 1861
Also known as the First Battle of Manassas, it was the first major battle of the Civil War, fought on July 21, 1861, in Virginia. Union forces were initially successful, but Confederate reinforcements under General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson turned the tide, resulting in a decisive Confederate victory. The battle shattered illusions that the war would be short and marked the beginning of a prolonged conflict.
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Anaconda Plan (1861)
strategic plan developed by Union General Winfield Scott to defeat the Confederacy by blockading Southern ports and controlling the Mississippi River, thereby cutting off vital supplies and dividing the South. The "anaconda" strategy aimed to economically strangle the Confederacy and force it into submission without a large-scale invasion.
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Vicksburg (1863):
A major Union victory during the Civil War that took place from May 18 to July 4, 1863. Under General Ulysses S. Grant, Union forces captured the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg, Mississippi, giving the Union control over the Mississippi River, effectively splitting the Confederacy in two.
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Atlanta (1864)
A key battle in the Civil War, in which General William Tecumseh Sherman led Union forces to capture the strategic Southern city of Atlanta. The victory provided a significant morale boost for the Union and played a key role in President Lincoln’s reelection.
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Sherman’s March (1864):
Also known as the March to the Sea, this was a military campaign led by General William Tecumseh Sherman during which Union forces marched from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia, destroying Confederate infrastructure, military targets, and civilian property. The march aimed to break the South's will to fight and cripple its economy.
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Lincoln’s Second Inaugural (1865)
In his second inaugural address, President Abraham Lincoln called for national reconciliation and healing, urging the country to "bind up the nation's wounds" and work toward lasting peace. He also reaffirmed his commitment to ending slavery and preserving the Union.
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Copperheads
A faction of Northern Democrats during the Civil War who opposed the war and wanted a negotiated peace with the Confederacy. They were critical of President Abraham Lincoln and his war policies, and their anti-war stance earned them the derogatory name "Copperheads" from their opponents.
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Wilderness Campain 1864
A series of brutal battles between General Ulysses S. Grant’s Union Army and General Robert E. Lee’s Confederate Army in Northern Virginia. The campaign, which included battles like the Battle of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House, marked a shift in Union strategy, with Grant’s focus on wearing down Lee’s forces, even at great cost in casualties.
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Election of 1864:
A pivotal presidential election in the middle of the Civil War. Despite the ongoing war and significant opposition, President Abraham Lincoln was reelected, defeating Democrat George B. McClellan. Lincoln’s victory was seen as an endorsement of his efforts to preserve the Union and end slavery.
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13th Amendment (1865):
The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that abolished slavery in the United States, ensuring freedom for all enslaved people in the country. It was passed by Congress in January 1865 and ratified by the states later that year.
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Lincoln’s Assassination (1865):
On April 14, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer, while attending a play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. Lincoln’s death marked a tragic moment in American history and led to Vice President Andrew Johnson assuming the presidency.
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Freedmen’s Bureau (1865):
A federal agency established to assist newly freed African Americans in the South. The Bureau provided food, housing, education, and legal assistance, and worked to secure civil rights for African Americans during the Reconstruction period.
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Sharecropping
An agricultural system in which landowners provided land, tools, and seed to tenant farmers (often former slaves) in exchange for a share of the crops produced. Sharecropping became widespread in the South after the Civil War and often led to cycles of poverty for African Americans and poor whites.
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14th Amendment (1868):
An amendment to the U.S. Constitution that granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including formerly enslaved people. It also provided equal protection under the law and due process rights, aiming to ensure civil rights for African Americans.
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Black Codes:
Laws passed in Southern states after the Civil War that restricted the rights of African Americans, aiming to maintain a labor force similar to slavery. These laws limited movement, employment opportunities, and the ability to own property or testify in court.
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Reconstruction act 1867
Laws passed by Congress that laid out the process for Southern states to rejoin the Union after the Civil War. The act divided the South into military districts and required Southern states to create new constitutions that guaranteed black male suffrage.
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15th Amendment (1870)
An amendment to the U.S. Constitution that prohibited the federal government and states from denying the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. It aimed to secure voting rights for African American men.
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Redeemers
Southern Democrats who sought to regain political control of the South after Reconstruction. They were often former Confederates who aimed to restore white supremacy and limit the rights of African Americans.
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Force Acts (1870-1871)
Laws passed to protect the civil rights of African Americans in the South during Reconstruction, particularly by curbing violence from white supremacist groups like the Ku Klux Klan. The laws authorized federal intervention to suppress racial violence and protect voting rights.
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KKK
A white supremacist group formed in the South during Reconstruction, with the goal of maintaining white dominance by intimidating and violently oppressing African Americans and their allies. The Klan engaged in acts of terror, such as lynching, to undermine African American rights and resist Reconstruction policies.
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Civil Rights Act of 1875:
A law that aimed to guarantee African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, transportation, and juries. Although the act was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1883, it represented an early attempt to secure civil rights for African Americans.
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Tweed ring
A political scandal involving William M. Tweed, the head of New York City's Tammany Hall political machine, who was involved in widespread corruption, bribery, and embezzlement during the 1860s. Tweed was eventually convicted and sent to prison, but the scandal highlighted the extent of political corruption in American cities.
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Credit Mobilier Scandal (1872)
A scandal in which officials of the Union Pacific Railroad and the construction company Credit Mobilier were found to have bribed members of Congress and Vice President Schuyler Colfax to allow the company to overcharge the government for railroad construction. The scandal exposed corruption and led to a public outcry.
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Panic of 1873
A financial crisis that led to a severe depression in the United States, triggered by the collapse of the Jay Cooke & Company investment bank. The panic caused widespread bank failures, job losses, and a lengthy economic downturn.
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Compromise of 1877
An informal agreement that resolved the contested 1876 presidential election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel J. Tilden. In exchange for conceding the presidency to Hayes, Southern Democrats received the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction.
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Jim Crow Laws:
State and local laws that enforced racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans in the South from the late 19th century until the mid-20th century. These laws legalized segregation in schools, transportation, and public facilities.
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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
A landmark Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the doctrine of “separate but equal”. The decision legalized segregation and solidified the system of Jim Crow laws.
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Great Strike of 1877
A nationwide railroad strike that began in West Virginia and spread across the United States. Workers were protesting wage cuts and poor working conditions. The strike led to violent clashes between workers and federal troops, but ultimately, the strike was crushed, and the workers' demands were not met.
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Pendleton Act (1883)
A law that established the Civil Service Commission and mandated that federal government jobs be awarded based on merit rather than political connections. The act aimed to curb corruption and the "spoils system" by requiring competitive exams for government employment.
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Munn vs Illinois 1877
A Supreme Court decision that upheld the power of state governments to regulate private industries, particularly in the case of grain elevators. The Court ruled that states could regulate business practices in the public interest, including setting maximum rates for storage and transportation.
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Interstate Commerce act of 1887
A law designed to regulate railroad rates and practices, aimed at addressing the monopolistic practices of railroad companies. It created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to oversee and regulate interstate transportation.
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890
A federal law aimed at preventing monopolies and promoting competition by making it illegal to restrain trade or commerce. The act was the first significant federal legislation to address the issue of business monopolies.
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Captains of Industry v. Robber Barons:
Terms used to describe prominent industrialists during the late 19th century. Captains of Industry were seen as visionary leaders who helped drive economic growth, while Robber Barons were viewed as exploitative figures who amassed wealth at the expense of workers and consumers.
185
Knights of Labor (founded 1869):
The first significant labor organization in the United States, advocating for the rights of workers, including an eight-hour workday, the abolition of child labor, and better working conditions. The organization reached its peak in the 1880s but declined after the Haymarket Square bombing.
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Haymarket square
A labor rally in Chicago that turned violent when a bomb was thrown at the police, killing several officers. The bombing was blamed on anarchists, and the event led to a crackdown on labor movements and the decline of the Knights of Labor.
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AF of L
A national federation of labor unions founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers. It focused on achieving concrete improvements for workers, such as better wages, shorter hours, and safer working conditions, primarily through collective bargaining.
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Chinese Exclusion Act (1882):
A federal law that banned Chinese immigration to the United States for ten years and prevented Chinese immigrants already in the U.S. from becoming naturalized citizens. It was the first significant law to restrict immigration based on race and nationality.
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New Immigrants
Immigrants who came to the United States from southern and eastern Europe, particularly from Italy, Poland, and Russia, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Unlike earlier immigrants from Western Europe, many New Immigrants were non-Protestant and faced discrimination and nativism.
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Settlement Houses
Community centers established in urban areas during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to provide social services, education, and support to immigrants and the poor. Jane Addams’ Hull House in Chicago is one of the most famous examples.
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Vertical Integration
A business strategy in which a company controls every aspect of its supply chain, from raw materials to final product. This was used by industrialists like Andrew Carnegie in the steel industry to reduce costs and eliminate competition.
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Horizontal Integration
A business strategy where a company acquires or merges with competitors to increase market share and reduce competition. John D. Rockefeller famously used horizontal integration in the oil industry to create a monopoly.
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New South
A term used to describe the South after the Civil War, as it sought to diversify its economy, moving away from reliance on agriculture and slavery to include industries like manufacturing and mining. Despite these efforts, racial segregation and disenfranchisement of African Americans persisted.
