Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 1108 > Exam Four Review > Flashcards

Exam Four Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are Choanoflagellates?

A

Single-celled sister group to animals
colonial organism

Animals evolved to be mulitcelluar independent from them (paraphyletic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Characteristics of Animals

A

Ingest foods and digest internal using enzymes

Multicelluar w/no cell wall; held together by proteins (collagen, cadherins, etc.)

Formation of blastula/gastrula (hollow bal of cells that inents to form cavity

Origins
–770 MYA
–560 MYA: 1st fossils
–542 MYA: 1at modern animal phyla appears during Cambrian Explosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Earliest Animals

A

Gastrula-like with specialized cells for reproduction

–sponges have specialized cells w/no tissue+symmetry at maturity

–ancestral animals had radial symmetry and tissue similar to jellyfish
–two tissue layers (endoderm = gut lining and ectoderm = outer layer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Invertabrates

A

Animals with no backbone

Ancestral characteristic

Paraphyletic grouping (closer to vertebrates then some invertebrates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What phylum is the first-branching lineage of animals?

A

Phylum Ctenophora (Comb Jellies): similar to true ‘jellyfish’ (Cnidaria) and big gastrula

–specialized tissue and radial symmetry like jelly fish but not closely related

–have nerves and muscle tissue but they works differently then other animals

–basal animal lineage supported by gene order on chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Phylum Porifera (Sponges)

A

–No specialized tissue and MOST have no symmetry at maturity (some do)

–Filter gallons of water through body cavities to catch food particles

–structural support and predator defense from silica or calcium carbonate spicules

–internal cells (choanocytes) are identical in order to form Choanoflagellates

–simiplified over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Phylum Placozoa

A

–pancake like

–behave like multicellular amoeba and move w/cilia

–branched off after Ctenophora and Porifera; rest of simplification/reduction of an ancestor w tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Phylum Cnidaria (Jellyfish)

A

–radial symmetry and tissues (endoderm and ectoderm)

–few have cnidocytes (stinging cells that capture food and produce venom)

–sessile (anchored non-moving) and floating forms (jellyfish, anemones, corals, and hydra)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

evolved after sponges and Cnidarians had already diverged from other animals

–three embryonic tissue with a mesoderm layer filling in a speace b/w the endonderm and the ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bilateral Animals Characteristics

A

Dorsal (top) side and ventral (bottom) side

Right/left side are symmetrical

Anterior (head) and posterior (tail) ends

Distinct mouth often leads to cephalization, the development of a head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Acoela

A

Basal Lineage of Bilateria

Bilaterally symmetric flattened worms (probally waht ancestral bilateral animals look like)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bilateral Animals are Split into Two Lineages Based on Embryonic Development

Prostones

A

“first mouth”

initial indentation during gastrulation becomes the mouth

anus forms second after the gastrointestinal tract has grown through to the other side

Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bilateral Animals are Split into Two Lineages Based on Embryonic Development

Deuterostomes

A

“second mouth”

Becomes the anus during gastrulation

First recognizable feature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

One of the major groups of Protostomes

Named after larval forms common to some of the phyla

Ex) Phylum Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, and Annelida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

One of the major groups of Protostomes

Ecdysis: molting skin/exoskeleton

Ex) Phylum Nematoda, Arthropoda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

A

Lophotrochazoa–>Protostome

Simple body plan is similar to Acela and ancestral bilateral animals

Human parasites (tapeworm, liver flukes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Phylum Mollusca (Snails and Slugs, Oysters and Clams, Octopi and Squid)

A

Lophotrochazoa–>Protostome

Largest marine phylum; freshwater and terrestrial

Anatomically seperated into head, foot, and mantle
Bivalves, Gastropods and Cephalopods– gastro = stomach, cephalopod = head, pod = foot

Soft bodied protected by a hard shell (slugs)

40% of recorded animal extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms)

A

Lophotrochazoa–>Protostome

Segmented bodies–convergent evolution w/arthropods

Earthworms, Leeches, Tubeworms, etc.

Tubeworms have chemoautotrophic bacteria livin in their tissue; fomr base of the foos chain in some spaces at the bottom of the ocean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms)

A

Ecdysozoa–>Protostome

Parasites of plants and animals

C. elegans
Research organism
1st animal genomes to be completely sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Phylum Arthropoda (Jointed animals)

A

Ecdysozoa–>Protostome

Segmented invertabrates w/jointed appendages and exoskeleton

Crustaceans (crab, lobster, shrimp)

Chelicerates (horseshoe crab, spider, ticks)

Myriapods (centipedes, millipedes)

Hexapods (insects)

Trilobites (extinct)

2/3 of all animals; found in nearly all Earths habitats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Exoskeleton

A

external skeleton that protects the body

composed of polysaccharides chitin (cell wall) infused w/calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Class Insecta

A

Subphylum Hexapoda

Class of Arthropoda that contains over half animal species

Successive nymh stages that looks like smaller version of adult selves

4 most diverse orders of insects go through complete metamorphosis (pupa–>adult)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Insects (Pros and Cons)

A

Cons
vector for disease
biting and stinging
Economic and agricultural damage

Pros
pollinator
diverse, abundant, and integral part of most food chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A

Slow moving marine animals (sea stars, sea cucumber, etc.)

Bilateral symmetry

Exoskeleton made of hard calcium carbonate plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Phylum Chordata

A

Derived characteristics: notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, muscula most-anal tail, pharyngeal gill slits

Some are only present during embryonic development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Simple Chordates

A

Lancelets: ancestral characteristics (no head, brain, backbone, etc.)

Sea Squirts: start out as tadpoles w/4 chordates characteristics that develop into permanently anchored filter feeders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Vertebrates

A

Subphylum of Chordata

Name derived from vertebrae

Have cranium and backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

First Branch of Vertabrates = Jawless Fish

A

No jaws and no paired fish

Hagfish
No vertabrae; slimy
No eyes

Lampreys
Simple vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cartilaginous Fish (Shark, Rays, etc.)

A

Don’t have fully hardened bones but share the following characteristics with bony vertabrates

    Calcium-infused cartilage 
    Jaws
    2 sets of paired appendages (pectoral and pelvic fins in places homologous to arms and legs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Bony “Fish” (Osteichthyes)

A

Includes most living land vertebrates (human)

Some aren’t fish

Ray-finned Fish and Lobe-fins

31
Q

Ray-Finned Fish

A

Bony “Fish”

Aquatic fish

Fins supported by long flexible rays not bones or muscles

Swim Bladders (Lungs)

Most diverse group of vertebrates

Zebra fish

32
Q

Lobe-Fins

A

Bony “Fish”

Muscualr pectoral and pelvic fins

Coelacanths: fossil records; bottom of the ocean; swim bladder filled w/oil to keep from floating up

Lungfish: closest relative to land vertebrates; depend on lungs to breath

Tetrapods: Land vertatbrates

33
Q

Tetrapods

A

Terrestrial Lobe-fins

Four limbs and hands w/digits

34
Q

Amphibians

A

Convergent evolution: legless amphibians that look like worms or snakes

Closely tied to water

Delayed development of limbs derived from amphibians (not ancestral)

Breath through skin a maturity

35
Q

Amniotes

A

Terrestrially adapted egg (amniotic egg) that contains specialized membranes that protects the embryo from drying out byt allow for gas exchange

Two Clades: Reptiles and Mammals

Projections of Keratin (scales, feathers, hair, fingernails)

Rib cage ventilation

36
Q

Reptiles

A

Amniotes

Turtles, lepidosaurs (tuataras, lizards, snakes) , archosaurs (crocodilians and dinosaur including birds)

Scales/feathers that create a waterproof barrier

Lay eggs on land

37
Q

Turtles

A

Box-like shell (upper and lower)

No teeth

38
Q

Lepidosaurs (Tutaras, Lizards, and Snakes)

A

Lizards: most abundant/diverse reptile (second to birds); some independently lost legs (convergent evolution)

Snakes: legless; evolved from lizard-like ancestor (paraphyletic)

Tuataras: old; lizard-like lineage isolated to a few Pacific Islands

39
Q

Archosaurs

A

Crocodiles and Dinosaurs

Crocodiles: retain primitive charatcteristics (lizard body)

40
Q

Dinosaurs (Birds)

A

Most diverse tetrapods (10,000 species)

Adaptation: hollow bones, no teeth, no bladder

Warm blooded (170 MYA)

41
Q

Mammals

A

5,400 species

Mammary glands produce milk

Hair for insulation

Differentiated teeth

Warm blood (convergent evolution with dinosaurs)

42
Q

Monotremes (Major Mammal Lineage)

A

Primitive egg-laying

No nipples

ex) echidnas and platypus

43
Q

Marsupial (Major Mammal Lineage)

A

Embryo born early, finishes development within maternal pouch (marsupium)

Common ancestor with Placental Mammals that didn’t lay eggs (hatch internally)

44
Q

Placental Mammals (Major Mammal Lineage)

A

Complete embryonic development in uterus and joined by placenta

Common ancestor with Marsupials (only those that hatch eggs internally)

45
Q

Primates

A

Basal primates were nocturnal, tree dwelling, insect-eaters

binocular vision and gripping hands came later due to selection of lifestyle

Originally an Old World group; more closely related to apes (including humans)

46
Q

Apes (Gibbons, Orangutans, Gorillas, Chimpanzees and Bonobos, and Human)

A

Vestigal tail that stops growing in early development

Gorrilla + Chimps + Humans = African Apes

Chimps and Bonobos are humans closest living nonhuman relative

47
Q

Hominid Evolution

A

Fossil human-like apes are more closely related to humans then chimps

Seperate humans from other African Apes
Bipedal (evolved before increased brain size)
Bigger brain/skull

Homosapien skull indistinguishable from modern human skeleton (200,000 years ago)

48
Q

Exchange with the Environment

A

Effected by size and shape of animal

Exchange occurs when substances dissolved in an aqueous medium and are transported across cell membrane

49
Q

Exchange Surfaces

A

connect to the environment through openings in a multicellular animal

internal cell are connect to exchange surfaces by circulatory fluids and interstitial fluids

50
Q

Endocrine System

A

maintain homeostasis

excretes hormones

51
Q

Hormones

A

slower long-acting repsoe to stimuli

secreted into the circulatory system that communicates regulatory messages

only target cells with the proper reaction for hormones can respond

52
Q

Effects of Hormones

A

Same receptors in very different types of cells, cell response differs

Different receptors on same type of cell can cause different response

53
Q

Nitrogenous Waste

A

products of protein and nucliec acids must be removed from the body

54
Q

Ammonia

A

Toxic; requires acces to a lot of water; common in aquatic animals

55
Q

Urea

A

Produced in the liver

Less toxic

Carried to kidney where concentrated and excreted with minimal loss of water

Aquatic animal (sharks), amphibians, mammals

56
Q

Uric Acid

A

Insoluble in water

Secreted as a paste with very little water loss

Reptiles (including birds), insects, land mollusks

57
Q

Aminal Nutrition

A

Chemoheterotrphs

3 nutritional needs
–fuel for cellular work
–organic raw material for biosynthesis
–essential nutrients

58
Q

Open Circulatory Systems

A

invertebrates, insects and other arthropods, most mollusks

59
Q

Circulatory Fluid (hemolymph)

A

Bathes the organs directly with no separation from interstitila fluid

60
Q

Closed Circulatory System

A

Annelids, squids and octopuses, and vertebrates

–Circulatory (blood) is confine to vessels distinct from interstitial fluid

–More efficient at transport fluids to cells

–Can work at higher pressure (and speed)

61
Q

Arteries

A

thicker walls accommodate high pressure of blood pumped from heart

62
Q

Veins

A

thinner-walled, blood flows back to the heart with help from muscle

63
Q

Capillaries

A

very thin, facilitates exchange with the interstitial fluid

branch like

blood flow is slow; low pressure

64
Q

Mammalian Respiratory System

A

Air passes through the pharynx into trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli where gas exchange happens

65
Q

Gills on Aquatic Animals

A

ventilation: movement of water across the gills

Countercurrent flow of blood and water

66
Q

How do birds breath

A

air sacs that act like small bellows that keep air flowing through the lungs continuously

able to survive better at lower oxygens pressures than mammals

67
Q

Innate immunity

A

present before exposure to pathogens

barrier defenses: mucus, skin

internal defense: WBC’s (macrophages), natural killer cells

68
Q

Aquired Immunity

A

Specific response to specific pathogen

B-cell lymphocytes

T-cells

69
Q

Neuron cell body

A

nucleus and organelles

70
Q

Dendrites

A

brancked extensions receive signal from other neurons

71
Q

Axons

A

the end of a neurons that divide into multiple terminals to communicate with the other cells at synapse

72
Q

Action Potential

A

1) when nerve is stimulated sodium channels
2) sodium ions rush into the cell (neg charge)
3) brief positive charge on the inside of the cell membrane and negative charge on the inside = action potential
4) all or nothing response

73
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron usually by the way of chemical transmitters

BIOL 1108 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions