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Soc-110 > Exam final > Flashcards

Exam final Flashcards

1
Q

Exploratory research

A

study a new issue
topic been explored but not specifically

learn existence of new issue and understand it
orient future research

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2
Q

Descriptive research

A
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3
Q

Descriptive

A

Phenomenon exists but don’t know HOW

Describe/characterize population and phenomenon

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4
Q

Explanatory research

A

Understand WHY

Reasons misunderstood
relationship between variable not explained

Causes and effects of variables
Predict future

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5
Q

Operationalize

A
  1. Identify & define the target concepts
  2. Identify indicators for variables

Sgt: standardized, reliable, facilitate measurement
Wk: diff. ways of measure & define

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6
Q

Quantitative research

A

Positivism
Test hypotheses -> explain/predict relationships

Deductive (top-down), linear, inflexible

Large sample size -> random sampling

Standardized measurement tools/protocol

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7
Q

Qualitative research

A

Interpretivism, Social constructivism

Explore new/complex phenomenon
In-depth understanding

Inductive (bottom-up)
Dynamic/flexible

Small sample -> purposeful sampling

Open/flexible data collection/protocol

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8
Q

Participatory approches charac + st/wk

A

Quali type: understand phenomenon
New perspective by getting closer

Focus group!

Strg: adapted methods/intervention, skill development, facilitate knowledge->action, value exp of actors
Wk: long process, need training, reach actors, instrumentalization

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9
Q

Target pop

A

Entire group that you want to study

Justified: based off issue

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10
Q

Accessible pop

A

What you can actually measure

Depends on context and ressources

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11
Q

Sample

A

Subset of accessible pop
People who take part in research

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12
Q

How is a sample eligible

A

Inclusion criteria
Coherence between sample and R. Topic
Scientifically supported

Exclusion criteria
Ethical considerations
Reduce irrelevant data

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13
Q

Sampling

A

How do you reach out to accessible pop

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14
Q

Probabilistic sampling techniques characteristics

A

Representativity
Generalizability
Random selection

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15
Q

Simple random samples

A

Probabilistic Samp. Tech.

Sampling frame
Number potential participants
Randomly select individuals (random number table)

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16
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Probabilistic Samp. Tech.

Sampling frame: list all members of accessible pop
Randomly select individuals: start at K and take one each N

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17
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Probabilistic Samp. Tech

Divide accessible pop in subgroups (sex, age, sport, …)
Draw a sample from each subgroups

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18
Q

Cluster sampling

A

Probabilistic Samp. Tech

Divide accessible pop in subgroups
Select a whole subgroup

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19
Q

Probabilistic Sampling technique Strengths & weak

A

Strg: Representative samples, generalizable, less bias

Wk: Cost heavy, High skill and exp, May not rep minorities

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20
Q

Non-Probabilistic Sampling Techniques characteristics

A

Describe/explore small groups
Explore phenomenon unknown
Understand perspective of particular individuals

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21
Q

Purposive sampling

A

Non-prob samp. tech

Identify perspective sought regarding topic of interest
Identify diversification criteria -> sample from diff experience/background

22
Q

Snowball sampling

A

Non-prob samp. tech

Rely on initial participants to identify/recruit new participants
Stigmatized pop
Useful for groups unfamiliar to researchers

23
Q

Quota sampling

A

Non-prob samp. tech

Identify categories important to study
Subgroups are created
Select participants from each subgroup

Subject to subjectivity (we chose from each subgroup)

24
Q

Convenience sampling

A

Non-prob samp. tech

Use easily accessible pop: proximity, ressource, availability
FOR EXPLORATORY RESEARCH

25
Q

Non-Probabilistic Sampling Technique strengths & weakness

A

Strengths: fast and simple, inexpensive, target specific experiences

Wk: more risk of biases, lack of representativity of target pop, cannot generalize

26
Q

Sampling biases

A

Access to invitation & recruitment strategies (fliers, poster, adds)
Personal interests from participants

27
Q

Survey research strengths & weakness

A

Quantitative method

Strengths
Large amount of data
Quick answer/ collection
Details about large pop
Describe characteristics of pop or phenomenon
Investigate opinions/behaviours
Cost-effective

Weakness
Single instrument
Validity of results (social desirability, biases of who participate)
Risk of missing data
Misunderstood questions

28
Q

Survey vs Questionaire

A

Survey: large pop, an actual research method, stats analysis, draw conclusions

Questionnaire: 1 on 1, just for info, no analysis

29
Q

Cross-sectional

A

Survey

Administered once (particular point in time)
Doesn’t consider evolution (SNAP PICTURE = No long term assessment)

30
Q

Longitudinal

A

Survey

Repeated observations
Assessment over a long period of time
Risk of attrition

31
Q

Trend survey

A

Longitudinal survey

Evolution of behaviours, opinions and characteristics
Look for trends -> not necessarily same people each time

32
Q

Panel

A

Longitudinal survey

Audience surveyed multiple times -> relationship between variables
Same people each time (cost heavy + attrition)

33
Q

Cohort study

A

Longitudinal survey

Track changes overtime
Regularly survey people of same category: not necessarily same individuals

34
Q

Within-subject/group design

A

Measure change over time
Effect of an intervention
Same people in repeated testing

Strg: smaller sample, statistically powerful
Wk: Practice effets, order effects, effects of time (personal life), attrition

35
Q

Between-subjects/groups design

A

T-/T+ -> random assignment
Compare groups

Strg: reduce carryover effects, limit fatigue, shorter in time
Wk: larger sample size

36
Q

Quasi-experimental research characteristics

A

Quantitative

Quiz depress vs non-depress indiv. (innate charac)

Test causal relationships between variables
No random assignment
Control group is not mandatory
Field experiments

37
Q

Types of quasi-exp researches

A

One group Post-test only
Dep variable measured after
No comparison group

One group Pre-test/Post-test
Single group performs experiment and dep variable is measured before and after

38
Q

Non-exp research

A

Start anti-bullying program and compare (can’t manip bullying)

Useful when you can’t manipulate independent variable
Explore non-causal relationships

39
Q

Correlational research charca + st/wk

A

Quantitative

Non-exp method
Strength/direction of relationships between variable

strg
Explore unknown or potential relationships
Develop theories/hypotheses
Unable to manipulation indep variable

wk:
Infer causation
Can’t explain the why of relationship

40
Q

Ethnography characteristics

A

Social Constructivism

Field research: in context, natural environment, observe phenomenon

Understand: activities and process, behaviours, meaning, social interactions, group communication = way of living

41
Q

Ethnography interviews

A

Informal interviews: spontaneous, unstructured, flexible, natural environment
Formal interviews: planned, semi-structured, private space

42
Q

Ethnography Strenghts & Weaknesses

A

Strg:
Privileged access to situations, uncover sensitive information, study in original context, uncover unconscious behaviours

Wk:
Large amount of details, small sample, demanding for researcher, heterogenous data sources

43
Q

Focus groups

A

Qualitative data collection method

Group of individuals with certains characteristics to talk about a certain issue/topic

44
Q

Research steps

A
  1. Choose topic
  2. Review literature
  3. Formulate the problem
  4. Develop the R.Q
  5. Chose/Organize R.Design
  6. Gather data
  7. Analyse data
  8. Interpret data
  9. Communicate findings
45
Q

Qualitative scientific rigour

A

Subjectivity of participants’ perspective and context
Quality of research process (respect objectives)

46
Q

How to ensure credibility (qualitative)

A

Flexible approach, transcription of data
Account for subjectivity of researcher and participants (Reflexivity)
Account for natural context of phenomenon (contextualize)
Data triangulation (multiple sources point to same direction)

47
Q

Transferability of research

A

Transfer data to other individuals
Describe participants, context and environment

48
Q

Scientific rigour quantitative research

A

External validity: random sampling (generalizable, representative)
Internal validity: trustworthy data, presence of biases and errors

49
Q

Referencing

A

Credibility/plagiarism/contextualization

APA
1,3 authors -> (x, 2000, (x,y & z, 2000)
3+ -> (x et al., 2000)

4 parts
authors, date, title of article, publication information
Parts separated by period and sub-sections by commas

50
Q

Research proposal

A

Use: ethical approval, scientific evaluation, scholarships

Explain research problem
Justify need of study
Suggest method -> what and how you will do it

Soc-110 (1 decks)

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