Exam Facts Flashcards
What is the leading cause of death in the world?
Ischaemic Heart Disease
7.2 million deaths/12.2%
What are the second and third leading causes of death in the world?
Cerebrovascular event
Lower Respiratory Tract infection
Describe the difference between disease and illness?
Disease can be asymptomatic therefore making it more difficult to get the patient on board with treatment and also tends to be chronic.
Illness is symptomatic so affects the patient greatly usually for a shorter length of time and they are more likely to come to the GP.
What are the three main factors of Epidemiology and describe them?
Description
Explanation
Disease control
What are the definitions of incidence and prevalence?
Incidence - is the number of new cases of a disease in a population in a specified period of time. Incidence tells us something about trends in causation and the aetiology of disease.
Prevalence - is the number of people in a population with a specific disease at a single point in time or in a defined period of time. Prevalence tells us something about the amount of disease in a population. It is useful in assessing the workload for the health service but is less useful in studying the causes of disease.
What is relative risk and how is it calculated?
The association between a risk factor and a disease.
Disease incidence of exposed group/disease incidence in unexposed group.
Name three types of epidemiological studies?
Descriptive-tells about some risk factors but necessarily the causation.
Analytic-cross sectional give information at a certain point in time, case control studies have people that have the disease and people who don’t and cohort studies follow a group of people who don’t have the disease until statistical number develop it.
What is the trial of choice for piloting new medical studies?
Randomised control studies
What are three factors to consider when interpreting results from a study?
Quality of source Standardisation Standardised mortality rate Case Definition Ascertainment Coding and Classification
What are four types of bias?
Follow up
Information
Selection
Systematic
What is a confounding factor?
A confounding factor is one which is associated independently with both the disease and with the exposure under investigation and so distorts the relationship between the exposure and disease.
What are the requirements of a screening test?
The test has to be sensitive and specific, safe and acceptable for both patients and physicians.
The disease has to be an important public health problem, have a clinically detectable pre symptomatic phase and the history of the disease should be understood.
The treatment should be safe, effective and acceptable to the physician and public.
What is an anticipatory care plan?
Advance and anticipatory care planning, as a philosophy, promotes discussion in which individuals, their care providers and often those close to them, make decisions with respect to their future health or personal and practical aspects of care
What is biographical disruption?
A long term illness can disrupt the patients view of themselves and their body leading them to have doubts as to who they are as a person.
What are the three aspects of The International Classification of Disability, Functioning and Health?
Body structure and function impairment - is defined as abnormalities of structure, organ or system function (organ level)
Activity limitation - is defined as changed functional performance and activity by the individual (personal level)
Participation restrictions - is defined as the disadvantage experienced by the individual as a result of the impairments and disabilities (interaction at social and environmental level)
