Exam Facts Flashcards
What is the leading cause of death in the world?
Ischaemic Heart Disease
7.2 million deaths/12.2%
What are the second and third leading causes of death in the world?
Cerebrovascular event
Lower Respiratory Tract infection
Describe the difference between disease and illness?
Disease can be asymptomatic therefore making it more difficult to get the patient on board with treatment and also tends to be chronic.
Illness is symptomatic so affects the patient greatly usually for a shorter length of time and they are more likely to come to the GP.
What are the three main factors of Epidemiology and describe them?
Description
Explanation
Disease control
What are the definitions of incidence and prevalence?
Incidence - is the number of new cases of a disease in a population in a specified period of time. Incidence tells us something about trends in causation and the aetiology of disease.
Prevalence - is the number of people in a population with a specific disease at a single point in time or in a defined period of time. Prevalence tells us something about the amount of disease in a population. It is useful in assessing the workload for the health service but is less useful in studying the causes of disease.
What is relative risk and how is it calculated?
The association between a risk factor and a disease.
Disease incidence of exposed group/disease incidence in unexposed group.
Name three types of epidemiological studies?
Descriptive-tells about some risk factors but necessarily the causation.
Analytic-cross sectional give information at a certain point in time, case control studies have people that have the disease and people who don’t and cohort studies follow a group of people who don’t have the disease until statistical number develop it.
What is the trial of choice for piloting new medical studies?
Randomised control studies
What are three factors to consider when interpreting results from a study?
Quality of source Standardisation Standardised mortality rate Case Definition Ascertainment Coding and Classification
What are four types of bias?
Follow up
Information
Selection
Systematic
What is a confounding factor?
A confounding factor is one which is associated independently with both the disease and with the exposure under investigation and so distorts the relationship between the exposure and disease.
What are the requirements of a screening test?
The test has to be sensitive and specific, safe and acceptable for both patients and physicians.
The disease has to be an important public health problem, have a clinically detectable pre symptomatic phase and the history of the disease should be understood.
The treatment should be safe, effective and acceptable to the physician and public.
What is an anticipatory care plan?
Advance and anticipatory care planning, as a philosophy, promotes discussion in which individuals, their care providers and often those close to them, make decisions with respect to their future health or personal and practical aspects of care
What is biographical disruption?
A long term illness can disrupt the patients view of themselves and their body leading them to have doubts as to who they are as a person.
What are the three aspects of The International Classification of Disability, Functioning and Health?
Body structure and function impairment - is defined as abnormalities of structure, organ or system function (organ level)
Activity limitation - is defined as changed functional performance and activity by the individual (personal level)
Participation restrictions - is defined as the disadvantage experienced by the individual as a result of the impairments and disabilities (interaction at social and environmental level)
Name ten healthcare roles and what they do
GP-sees patients and assesses their physical, social and mental wellbeing, managing their illnesses and making diagnoses. Can also be partner.
Nurse practitioner-a nurse at the GP practice who can do a variety of procedures as well as educating patients and making common diagnoses.
District nurse-a nurse based at the GP who visits patients in their homes, managing their illnesses and educating them.
Community Midwives-caring for pregnant women, managing pre and post natal checks.
Health visitor-manage child and family health services from pregnancy to five years old and also work with vulnerable families.
Macmillan nurse-provide support to cancer and palliative care patients
Pharmacy, dietetics, OT, physiotherapy, podiatry and counselling
What is health literacy?
Health literacy is about people having the knowledge, skills, understanding and confidence to use health information, to be active partners in their care, and to navigate health and social care systems.
What are three intended aims of SIGN guidelines?
Help health and social care professionals and patients understand medical evidence and use it to make decisions about healthcare
Reduce unwarranted variations in practice and make sure patients get the best care available, no matter where they live
Improve healthcare across Scotland by focusing on patient-important outcomes
Name types of epidemiological data?
Mortality data Hospital activity statistics Reproductive health statistics Cancer statistics Accident statistics General practice morbidity Health and household surveys Social security statistics Drug misuse databases Expenditure data from NHS ISD Scotland statistics
What are non medical reasons behind more older people than young people?
Decrease in birth/fertility rates Improvements in housing Improvements in water supplies Improvements in sanitation/sewerage systems Improvements in nutrition Improved safety and reduction of injury Migration (some areas only) War/genocide (some areas only)
What are three legal aspects of an ACP?
Welfare power of attorney
Financial power of attorney
Guardianship
What are the 5 principles outlined in the Declaration on Patient centred care by the International Alliance of Patients’ Organizations (IaPO)?
Respect Choice and Empowerment Patient involvement in health policy Access and support Information
What three aspects are considered in an ACP?
Legal - welfare/financial power of attorney, guardianship.
Personal - next of kin, preferred place of death, religious/cultural beliefs, statement of wishes regarding treatment.
Medical - Wishes re DNA CPR, Home care package, Current aids and appliances, assessment of capacity/competence, potential problems etc
