Exam Exit Flashcards
The voice box is also known as ____
Larynx
The number of times per second our vocal cords vibrate when making voiced sounds
Fundamental frequency
What is the most common acquired cause of hearing loss in adults?
Noice induced hearing loss
The function of the cerebellum is to regulate -
Balance, cooperation and movement
The leading cause of neurogenic speech disorders in adults is
Stoke, or cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
The frontal lobe of the brain is responsible for -
Personality, behavior, expressive language, thoughts, emotion, and voluntary movement
The occipital lobe is responsible for-
Vision
The brain stem controls ______
The brain stem controls basic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and sleep
The parietal lobe is responsible for -
Processing sensory input, such as touch, pressure, heat, cold, pain
The temporal lobe is responsible for -
Processing auditory information; speech, memory, and behavior
Where is the lingual phrenulum
What is the largest mobile articulator?
Tongue
The space between the vocal cords is known as -
Glottis
The area below the glottis is known as -
Subglottis
The area above the glottis is known as -
Supraglottis
Voice is produced when the vocal folds _____
Adduct or come together
What is the best instrument used to view the vocal folds?
Stroboscope
What is the medical term used when the larynx is removed?
Laryngectomy
Double voice is known as
The #1 cause of voice and vocal folds problems is
Vocal abuse
Spasmodic dysphonia
The diaphragm is a _____ muscle which ___ and _____ to produce ____
A dome shaped muscle which expands and contracts to produce respiration
Form includes ____, ______,______
Form includes syntax, morphology, and phonology
The diaphragm separates the _____ from the _____
The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen
Content includes ____
Semantics
Use includes ___
Pragmatically
2 types of language:
Receptive and expressive
What we are able to understand and comprehend
Receptive language
What we are able to say and articulate
Expressive language
Narrowing of the airway
Stenosis
The #1 cause of Stridor is -
Laryngeal malacia
Ability to understand mental status or others is known as
Theory of mind
A language sample is a _____ referenced test
A language sample is a criterion referenced test
What is a criterion referenced test?
A reel test is a ____ referenced test
A reel test is a criterion referenced test
For a good language sample, at least ___ sentences are needed, however, ___ is best
50; 100
What is language?
What is symbolic play?
What is joint attention?
Joint attention leads to ____
A child saying their first word
The number of correct scores is known as -
Raw score
What are examples of placement in constants?
What are examples of manner?
Manner is
Placement is
Speech sounds that are voiced and have high intensity are known as
Vowels
What are the three types of assessments?
Norm referenced
Criterion referenced
Dynamic assessment
An affricate involves
Fricative and a stop
Are vowels voiced or voiceless?
All vowels are voiced
Ability to attend to the unit of sounds that make up running speech
Phonological awareness
The use of language in social situations
Pragmatics
Brocas aphasia affects one’s ___
Expressive language
Bro as aphasia occurs when there is damage to the _____
Frontal lobe
Wernickes aphasia affects ones ______
Comprehension or receptive language
Wernickes aphasia occurs when there is damage to the _____
Temporal lobe
The inability to remember names
Anomia
Aphasia in which one has an inability to comprehend or speak. In addition all parts of language are affected
Global aphasia
Down syndrome have extensive hearing loss due to ____
Small ears
The #1 cause of hearing loss in children is -
Middle ear infection
Morpheme is the smallest ____ in language
Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in language
A morpheme has the ability to stand alone. True or false
True
Smallest meaningful unit in language
Morpheme
An opening in the roof of the mouth, in which it doesn’t fuse together during birth
Cleft palate
Which of the following is not used to assess vocal fold movement?
Cleft palate is an ____ in the roof of the mouth, in which it doesn’t ___ during birth
An opening in the roof of the mouth, in which it doesn’t fuse together during birth
Parts of the central nervous system include
Brain and spinal cord
A statement of the likelihood of which a person will improve
Prognosis
Apraxia and dysarthria are both examples of which disorder?
Motor speech disorder
Which of the following is not a predominantly type of disfluency?
Eye clicks
The primary function of our ears is ____, and the main function of the vocal folds is ____
Balance; voicing or protection
Which instrument is not used for newborn hearing test?
Which of the following is the rules of grammar
Syntax
A graph that shows hearing thresholds for different frequecnies as measured by audiometer
Audiogram
Which of the following is not an example of assistant listening device?
Stroblight
Recruitment and tinnitus is caused by damage to the ____
Cochlear
Cochlear implants are recommended for patients with which degree of hearing loss?
Severe hearing loss
A way of testing articulation proficiency
The major muscle of lips is known as -
Which instruments are known as an assisted listening device
Vibrating alarm clock
Telephone amplifier
Strobolight
Which is not an example of an assisted listening device
Directional microphone
Severe hearing loss is related to which type of hearing loss?
Sensorimotor hearing loss
Which is not a cause of conductive hearing loss in adults?
Wax
Otoscrosis
Foreign objects
Which of the following is not a disease which causes sensorimotor hearing loss?
Diabetes
HIV
meninges
Parkinson’s disease
Parkinson’s disease
Which of the following is not part of hearing evaluation
Otoscope
Hearing aid fitting
Audiogram
Middle ear testing
Hearing aid fitting
How old should you be to be able to eat every type of food and textures
2 years / 24 months
Which of following age group has the highest rate of fluency disorders?
2-10 years
Sudden involuntary movement of vocal folds
Spasmodic
The most important part of assessment of fluency disorders is -
Observation
A disturbance of pitch significant
Habitual pitch
Which of the following disorder produces dementia the most?
Alzheimer
For young children who do not communicate, the best place to receive therapy is -
Which person is most likely to administer a phonological assessment?
Speech therapist
Vocal folds are found in the ____
Larynx
How many bronchi are there
2
The last part between the bronchial and lungs is the —-
Alveoli
Muscle weakness is known as ____
Dysarthria
Examples of motor speech disorder are
Apraxia and dysarthria
____ measure what it says it measures
Reliability
Medications that damage the ear-
Ototoxic and aspirin
Language that develops typically, but at a younger age or behind typical age
Language delay
Spectrum developmental disorder characterized by language socialization
Autism spectrum disorder
Lack of oxygen
Anoxia
The correct order for assessment is :
Referral
Screening
Assessment
Plan of care
Therapy
Discharge
Which of the following is not a characteristic of autism?
Language disorder
Poor eye contact
Reading disorder
Reading disorder
An infant will maintain eye contact by ____
6 months
A disorder or impairment is present when a person has significant difficulty in one or more aspects of communication, language, culture and dialect.
Communication disorder
Types of language disorders:
Child language disorder
Adult language disorder- aphasia
Reading disability
Types of disorder speech:
Articulation/ phonological disorder
Fluency disorder
Voice disorder (aphonia/ dysphonia)
Motor speech disorder
Fields in Com Disorders + supporting fields
• SLPA- SLP
• Audiologist
• Hearing clinician
• Teachers
• Physical therapist
• Special educators
• Occupational therapist
• Neurologist
• Pediatricians
• Psychologists
sound of the language
Phonological
recognize and produce syntactic structure
Grammatical
the vocabulary of a particular language, field, social class, person/morphemes of a language
Lexical
verbal communication
Discourse
study of sound system of a language
Phonology
sound units of a language
Phoneme
the smallest meaningful unit in a language
Morpheme
ability to recognize and produce the distinctive, meaningful sounds of a language or phonemes.
Phonological competence
Children achieve receptive phonological competence within their ____
Children achieve receptive phonological competence within their first year
the ability to effectively recognize and produce the syntactic and morphological structures of a language
Grammatical competence
the reflection added to words to indicate aspects of grammar (tense, plural, possessive)
Morphology
vocabulary of language; the ability to recognize and produce the conventional words that the speakers of a language use.
Lexical competence
Lexical ______ precedes lexical ____
Lexical comprehension precedes lexical production
Lexical competence example
Understand words but not producing til 12 months of age.
the ability to relay information to others fluently and coherently
Discourse competence
the use of language in social situation
Pragmatic
4 pragmatic aspects of communicative competence
- Functional competence (choose socially appropriate language)
- Sociolinguistic competence (interpret the social meaning that language conveys)
- Interactional competence (the ability to understand and to apply rules for interaction)
- Cultural competence (to behave culture appropriately)
choose socially appropriate language
Functional competence
interpret the social meaning that language conveys
Sociolinguistic competence
the ability to understand and to apply rules for interactions
Interactional competence
to behave culture appropriately
Cultural competence
3 earliest foundations for language development
- Joint reference and attention (leads to intentional communication)
- Rituals of infancy/ routine activities (bath, eating time, bed time)
- Caregiver responsiveness (waiting and listening, following child’s lead)
express with voice/ sounds
Vocalization
express with words
Verbalization
Stages of vocal development
Stages of vocal development
1. Reflexive state 0-2 m
2. Control of phonation 1-4 m
3. Expansion 3-8 m
4. Basic canonical syllables 5-10 m
5. Advanced forms 9-18
special type of babbling with melodic patterns from native language, rich in rhythm, rate, stress and intonation contours
Jargon
Infants say their first words at -
12 months
Lexicon = ____
Lexicon = vocabulary
The reflexive state occurs during
0-2 months
Control of phonation occurs during
1-4 months
Expansion occurs during which age range
3-8 months
Basic canonical syllables occur during which age range
5-10 months
Advanced forms occur during
9-18 months
By age 1 to 1.5 years of age, a child will have a lexicon of ____
50 words
refers to the average length of children’s sentence units of utterances
Mean length utterance
MLU stands for
Mean length utterance
Phonological processes include
Phonological processes
1. Final consonant deletion
2. Consonant substitution
3. Weak syllable deletion
4. Cluster reduction liquid gliding
Disorder present from birth is known as
Developmental
Cleft palate or lips
Disorder that occurs after birth is known as
Acquired
Head injury, car accident
Adult language disorders involve
- Aphasia
- Right hemisphere disorder
- Traumatic brain injury
- Dementia
Blood vessels that burst within the brain
Hemorrhagic stroke
Well-articulated but mostly incomprehensible language
Jargon
___ involves repetition of verbalizations in some form
Echolalia
Differences vowels and consonants
Vowel
- all voiced speech sounds
- more energy/ intense/ loud
- more low frequency
- produced with openness by articulators
Constants
- 1/2 voiced
- less intense
- low frequency, more high frequency
- produced with air constriction by articulators
Inability to articulate certain sounds, SODA
Articulation impairment
Rules that govern sounds patterns in a given language
Phonological impairment
____ focus on predictable, rule-based errors that affect more than one sound
Phonological disorders such as fronting, stopping, and final constant deletion
Focus on errors in production of individual speech sounds
Articulation disorders such as distortions and substitutions
SODA stands for -
Substitution
Omission
Distortion
Addition
The variations of a single phoneme
Allophone
How the articulators characteristics of phonemes vary according to context and how sounds overlap one another during articulation
Coarticulation
How context influences sound production
Assimilation
The specific site of neurological damage that cause acquired apraxia of speech is located in which of the following
Frontal cortex surrounding Broca’s area
Which subgroup of disorders include acquired apraxia of speech?
Programming/ planning
Which is an example of a “stuttering -like” disfluency
Which of the following is not a predominant type of disfluency
Eye blinks
To phonate, the vocal folds must be ____ at midline
Adducted or closed
A pitch disturbance is present when ones___ pitch differs significantly from ones___ pitch
Habitual; optimal
In a given minute, about how many times do the vocal folds strike together to produce voice?
9000
The specific site of neurological damage that causes acquired apraxia of speech is located in which of the following?
Frontal cortex surrounding Broca’s area
Differential diagnosis of motor speech disorders is based on which of the following?
Auditory perceptual findings
Conductive hearing loss is caused by damage to the
Outer or middle ear that leaves the inner ear and cochlear intact
Which of the following is not a hearing test?
A. Pure tone Audiogram
B. Otoacoustic emission
C. Clinical examination
D. Auditory brain stem response
Clinical examination
Which one of these is apart of the comprehensive audio logical evaluation?
A. Case history
B. Otoacustic testing
C. Interview and observation
D. All of the above
All of the above
Three types of hearing loss
Conductive
Sensorineural
Mixed
What are main causes for acquiring psychogenic stuttering
Emotional trauma, stress, psychiatric disorder
Which of the following is an example of single syllable repetition?
A. Rrrrrun
B. B-b-b-baby
C. My-my-my cat
D. None of the above
My-my-my cat
What percentage of people gave stuttered sometime in their lives
5%
What is an abnormal fluency
Speech interrupted by pauses and interjections
What are warning signs for an acquired fluency disorder
Presence of stuttering disfluency Ed’s, such as repetition
Presence of cluttering, such as overusing interjections
Inability to effectively communicate
Socially shared code that used conventional system of arbitrary symbols, such as words, sounds
Language
Five domains of language include
Semantics
Syntax
Morphology
Phonology
Prahpgmatics
Speech involves activation of muscles in four systems which are :
Respiratory, phonation, articulation, resonance
Feeding / swelling disorders include
Adult dysphagia
Pediatric feeding/ swallowing problems
An audiologist will ____, ____ and ___ disorders of auditory, balance and neural system
Identify, asses, and manage
Classification of communication disorders are differentiated into four broad categories, which include:
Disorder of language
Hearing loss
Speech disorder
Feeding/ swallowing
A three dimensional depiction of speech signal carried by movement of air particles into human ear. Also includes frequency, time and intensity
Spectrogram
The process by which two or more people share information including facts, thought, ideas and feelings
Communication
Sound fundamentals four essential steps include:
- Creation of sounds by source
- Vibration of air particles
- Reception by ear
- Comprehension by brain
Exhalation of breath (speech disorder can result from inability or brain stream)
Breathstream
Strong and even voice, loudness and pitch
Voice
Precision in phoneme production, consistency of omission or distortion can lead to problem
Articulation
Speech is most functional when it’s produced effort and smooth, with few hesitation, interjections
Fluency
The building blocks of effective speech include
- Breathstream
- Voice
- Articulation
- Fluency
Ideas being communicated using set of symbols
Code
Following specific systematic conventions; rule gov code
Conventional system
Represent thoughts and ideas, language —> brains store info in cognitive —> reasoning, planning
Representational tool
____ is the meaning of the language
Content
___ is how language is arranged and/or organized
Form
___ is how language is functioned
Use
A three domain system used to represent and organize the major dimensions of language
Language domain
Three domains of language include:
Content
Form
Use
Rules of language government the meaning of individual words and word combinations (content)
Semantics
Three basics of communication
Request
Reject
Comment
Two main players are
Senders and receivers
Senders ___ and ___ information being conveyed
Formulate and transmit information being conveyed
Receivers ___ and _____ information
Receives and comprehends information
Pulling together one’s thoughts ideas before sharing them
Formulation
Coveys ideas by writing, gesturing, singing and speaking
Transmission
Receives information is -
Reception
Making sense of information is -
Comprehension
The four processors include
- Formulation
- Transmission
- Reception
- Comprehension
Feedback corresponds to senders and receivers in order to be effected communication both must maintained active and dynamic communication
Seven communication factors include
- Instrumental
- Regulatory
- Interactional
- Personal
- Heuristic
- Imaginative
- Informative
We communicate by using
Linguistic, non-linguistic and paralinguistic
What is the correct term for children who show delay in the earliest stage of language development?
Later talkers
Which of the following is a correct way of expressing that a child has a language disorder?
Language disability
What percentage of children are affected by a primary language disorder?
7 to 10%
A language disorder affects a persons language abilities with respect to ____, _____, and ____ of language
Form, content, and
___ involves the planning and programming. In which the lesion occurs on the frontal cortex surrounding Broca’s area
Apraxia
___ is related to execution disorders. Most commonly found in Parkinson’s disease
Dysarthria
Vocal characteristics that make our voice unique are
Frequency (pitch)
Intensity (loudness)
Quality(combination factors)
The ___ system provides the necessary breath support by pushing air out of the lungs through the trachea
Respiratory system
The acoustic measurements of “prosody” are
Pitch
Loudness
Rhythm
Resonating regulates the ___ of the airflow as it moves from the ___ into the ___ and ____
Regulates the vibration of the airflow as it moves from pharynx into oral and nasal cavity
Electroglottography (EEG) provides an objective measurement of:
Vocal fold contact
Paralysis of the tongue will impede speech production at the level of:
Motor execution
Which of the following processes describes when humans volitionally set their vocal folds into vibratory pattern?
Phonation
When experts group voice disorders together based on etiological classification, what are they basing their grouping on?
Cause
An impairment of which subsystem would result in the presence of hypernasality?
Resonation
The most serious outcome of vagus nerve damage is:
Vocal fold paralysis
Intensity is measured in:
Decibels (dB)
Frequency is measured in ___ and is called ___
Hz ; pitch
Intensity is also called ___
Loudness
Which is not a kinematic aspect of movement that, when disturbed causes dysarthria?
Muscle tone
During which step of the assessment process does evidence -based practice play the largest role?
Treatment recommendations
Treatment of fluency disorders include:
Direct methods & indirect methods
Abnormal loudness, soft sounds can not hear, loud sounds are too too loud
Recruitment
Ringing noise in the ear
Tinnitus
Poor ability to hear speech when in a noisy environment
Signal - to - noise ratio loss
Presbycusis is the degeneration of the ___ and other auditory structures as a results of the normal ___
is the degeneration of the inner ear and other auditory structures as a results of the normal aging process
Hypersensitive ears and are unable to tolerate ordinary levels of noise
Which of the following refers to the softest level at which a person can detect a pure tone sound during a hearing test?
Threshold
What percentage of the American population is affected by hearing loss?
Which of the following types of hearing loss reappears periodically?
Fluctuating
In decibels, what is the difference between the threshold of sound and the threshold of pain?
140 dB
Which of the following professions does not play a role in the diagnosis and treatment of children with hearing loss?
A. Speech language pathology
B. Gastroenterologist
C. Teacher
D. Audiologist
Gastroenterologist
What is the most common communication mode for children who are deaf or hard- of- hearing ?
Both speech and sign
Types of hearing tests include:
Pure tone Audiogram
Otoacoustic emission
Evoked auditory potentials / auditory evokes response audiometer
Middle ear testing
What is the most common type of communication impairment affecting children?
Language disorder
What is the term called when a person tries to avoid a potential disfluency by talking around it?
Circumlocution
Which is not one of the main cause for acquiring psychogenic stuttering?
A. Emotional trauma
B. Stress
C. Psychiatric disorder
D. Metabolic disorder
description of body structures
Anatomy
Functions of body structures
Physiology
a scientific study of the nervous system
Neuroscience
brain controls ____ and ____ systems for _____, _____ and ___
brain controls sensory and motor systems for speech, language, hearing, and swallowing
Central nervous system includes the ___ and ___
Central nervous system: Brain and Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system includes ____ and ___
Peripheral nervous system: cranial and spinal nerves
4 major components of AAC system
symbols, form aided/unaided, strategy, selection techniques
when individuals cannot communicate their needs through verbalization.
Complex communication needs
something used to represent an object, action, concept, or idea
Symbol
Symbols include
A. Acoustic symbols
B. Graphic symbols
C. Manual symbols
D. Tactile symbols
Which type of symbol is known as sounds
Acoustic symbols
Which type of symbol is known as printed symbols
Graphic symbols
Which type of symbols is known as body
Manual symbol
Which type of symbols is known to be physically manipulated
Tactile symbols
a method to send and receive message
Form
Two types of forms or assistive devices used include
unaided, aided
referred to the type of assistive device that is used to send or receive messages
Aid
Type of assistive device that used no-tech
Unaided
Type of assessment device which used low- light tech/ high- tech
Aided
way symbols are effectively and efficiently conveved
Strategy
Way in which message is transmitted
Technique
Two types of technique used
Direct and indirect
way in which message is transmitted through physical contact
Direct
way in which message is transmitted through no physical contact such as eye scanning
Indirect
4 major purposes of communication
- Need and wants
- Information transfer
- Social closeness
- Social etiquette
AAC users include individuals with ____ ______ communication disorders include impairment in _____, _____, _____, and ____.
Individuals with severe expressive communication disorders include impairment in speech, language, reading, and writing.
Long term goal for AAC users to _____ ____ and _____ communication between individuals who use AAC and their communication partners
Long term goal: to maximize effective and successful communication between individuals who use AAC and their communication partners
ELL stands for
English language learner
ability to speak standard American English in school and African American English at home is a sample of
Code switching
the systematic process of gathering information about an individual’s background, history, skills, knowledge, perceptions, and feeling
Assessment
How are assessments induments categorized?
Professionals use a variety of instruments to identify an individual’s strengths and needs in communication and to develop an assessment protocol that is sensitive, comprehensive, and nonbiased
is the extent to which a particular instrument measures what is says it measures
Validity
Means the test is dependable
Reliability
3 types of assessment
- Norm-referenced test
- Criterion-referenced test
- Dynamic assessment
compares an examinee’s performance to that of other examines
Norm-referenced test
Each examinee’s performance is compared to a pre-defines set of criteria or a standard
Criterion- referenced test
A term used to describe food after it has been chewed and mixed with saliva.
Bolus
A circuitous description of a word that cannot be recalled.
Circumlocution
Encapsulated blood from a broken blood vessel.
Hematoma
Bleeding from a broken artery or vein.
Hemorrhage
A reduced ability to meet daily living needs.
Disability
The ability to understand the words that someone else is producing.
Intelligibility
An area of dead tissue resulting from interruption of the blood supply
Infarct
Disorders that have a physical cause.
Organic disorders
The place of construction during the production of phonemes.
Place of articulation
A small opening, such as the mouth; an artificial opening between cavities or canals, or between such and the surface of the body.
Stoma
Posterior part of first temporal gyrus important for auditory processing and comprehension.
Wernickes area
Surgical removal of the larynx.
Laryngectomy
The process of learning a second culture.
Acculturation
Any exchange of meaning, whether intended or unintended.
Communication
Difficulty in swallowing or an inability to swallow.
Dysphagia
Sounds and syllables of a word are articulated correctly but are substituted or transposed (e.g., bork for fork).
Literal paraphasia
A new word that may be meaningless.
Neologism
The meaning of individual words (lexical semantics) or the meanings that are expressed when words are joined together (relational semantics).
Semantics
Vocal fold movement away from each other.
Abduction
A morpheme that cannot stand alone as a separate word.
Bound morpheme
The cranial nerve (VIll) devoted to carrying information about hearing and balance to and from the auditory nervous system. The eighth nerve in humans is made up of about 30,000 individual neurons.
Eighth nerve
The structure of language, including syntax, morphology, and phonology.
Form
The amount and type (e.g., oral versus nasal) of constriction during the production of phonemes.
Manner of articulation
Articulation errors or phonological processes that are often seen in younger, normally developing children.
Speech delay
Ringing, roaring, or other sounds heard in the absence of an external sound.
Tinnitus
Hearing loss in both the right and the left ears.
Bilateral hearing loss
Speech that is easy, rhythmical, and evenly flowing.
Fluency
The percentage of individuals in a given population who report that they have, at one time or another, exhibited a particular disorder or condition.
Number of individuals who experience a disorder during their lifetime.
Incidence
Lack of nasal resonance for the three phonemes /m/, /n/, and /ng/ resulting from a partial or complete obstruction in the nasal tract.
Hyponasal (Denasal)
Abnormalities in the use of the nasal cavity during speaking. Individuals can be hypernasal (excessive nasality) or denasal (insufficient nasality)
Resonance disorders
Devices that transfer an acoustic message over distance so that the listener can hear the signal with greater intensity and signal-to-noise ratio.
Assistive listening device (ALD)
Refers to the meaning of language, known as semantics.
Content
Hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve.
Sensory/ neural hearing loss
A pressure/compliance function that reveals the status of the middle ear.
Tympanometry
A hearing loss in the right or left ear, but not both.
Unilateral hearing loss
A mental dictionary of words.
Lexicon
Disorders that occur after speech and language skills have been acquired.
Acquired disorders
Pictures, photographs, line drawings, or icons that aid communication.
Graphic symbols
A morpheme that can stand alone as a word.
Free morpheme
A combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss in the same ear.
Mixed hearing loss
An articulation error in which a child leaves out a speech sound (e.g., tip is produced as “ti”).
Omission
A speech sound that can change meaning (e.g., pan versus fan).
Phoneme
An unusual amount of tense, within-word disfluencies that interfere with the continuity of speech.
Stuttering
A graph depicting the threshold of audibility (in decibels) as a function of different frequencies.
Audiogram
A loss of hearing sensitivity caused by damage to the outer or middle ear.
Conductive hearing loss
The lowest frequency (first harmonic) of a complex periodic waveform.
Fundamental frequency (F0)
The part of grammar that concerns the study of morphemes (the smallest units of meaning).
Morphology
Articulation errors or phonological processes that are rarely seen in normally developing children.
Speech disorder
Communicative abilities that differ from those of other individuals in the same environment in the absence of an impairment.
Communication differences
The ability to produce language (the opposite of comprehension).
Expression
Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomic structure or function.
Impairment
Airflow through the nose, usually measurable or audible and heard most frequently during the production of voiceless plosives and fricatives; usually indicative of an incomplete seal between the nasal and oral cavities.
Nasal emission
Conventions related to the way words are ordered to create sentences.
Syntax
A disorder in the planning and programming of speech movements due to left frontal lobe brain damage.
Acquired apraxia of speech
Disturbed muscle tone; disturbed phonation.
Dysphonia
Phrase repetitions, interjections, or revisions.
Non-stuttering-like disfluencies
A “two-toned” voice resulting from simultaneous vibration of two structures with differing vibratory frequencies.
Diplophonia
A test consists of pictures of words. The pictured words usually sample all of the consonants at the initial, medial, and final positions of words. Children are asked to say the name of the object when they see it.
Single word articulation test
Conventions related to the use of language in various speaking situations.
Pragmatics
Expressive and receptive language skills in one’s native language and knowledge of linguistic code specific to AAC, such as line drawings and signs.
Linguistic competence
A device that is surgically placed in the cochlea and provides auditory stimulation for individuals with severe to profound hearing loss.
Cochlear implant
The flow and ease of speech is disrupted by repetitions, interjections, pauses, and revisions.
Disfluency
A significant difficulty with the acquisition and use of one or more of the following abilities: listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, mathematical computation, or mathematical problem-solving.
Learning disability
Percentage of individuals in a population who demonstrate a disorder at a given point in time.
Prevalence
A two-syllable word pronounced with equal emphasis on both syllables.
Used in testing the SRT.
Spondee
Communication that does not rely on any external aid or equipment, such as gestures, signs, vocalizations, or facial expression.
Unaided symbols
The score, expressed in percentage, that reveals the ability to discriminate among the sounds of speech.
Word-recognition score (WRS)
Movement toward the midline; vocal fold movement toward each other.
Adduction
A sound is termed “distorted” when the speaker does not achieve the intended articulatory target and the resulting production is not a recognizable phoneme in the child’s native language.
Distortion
The federal law that provides federal funding for special education and regulates special education procedures.
Individuals with disabilities education act (IDEA)
Measurable responses in the brainstem to a series of acoustic stimuli
Auditory brain stem response (ABR)
Stuttering that typically occurs suddenly in adulthood after trauma to the brain.
Acquired stuttering
An acoustic theory of speech production that states a sound energy source is modified by the filter characteristics of the vocal tract.
Source-filter theory
The study of the organization of sounds; language rules that govern how sounds are combined to create words.
Phonology
When the clinician examines the structures used to produce speech sounds and assesses adequacy of movement of those structures for speech production.
Oral-peripheral examination
Sometimes used as a synonym for impairment, and other times as a synonym for disability.
Communication disorder
Stuttering that continues into adulthood.
Chronic stuttering
A disorder that reduces the control of movements for speech. The adult developed speech and language before the onset of the disorder. Therefore, primitive reflexes do not contribute significantly to the speech deficits that are observed.
Acquired dysarthria
The ability to understand language (the opposite of expression).
Comprehensibility
The ability to hear differences between sounds; the second level in auditory processing
Discrimination
Reduced vocal capacity resulting from prolonged overuse, muscle fatigue, tissue irritation, or general laryngeal or specific problems relating to the opening and closing of the glottis; characterized by air loss and sometimes hoarseness and pitch breaks.
Hypofunction
A plosive sound made by stopping and releasing the breath stream at the level of the glottis; may be a compensatory behavior in the presence of inadequate velopharyngeal closure.
Glottal stops
Language characterized by predominance of content words (nouns, verbs) and absence of functors (articles, prepositions); characteristic of Broca’s aphasia.
Agrammatism
Two or more consonants spoken together without an intervening vowel (e.g., spoon, tree, blue, string).
Consonant cluster
Prespeech vocalizations.
Babbling
A slow-motion video image of vocal fold vibration.
Stroboscopy
Babbled sequences in which the syllable content varies.
Variegated babbling
A new growth.
Neoplasm (tumor)
An integer multiple of the fundamental frequency.
Harmonic
Variation of a language that is understood by all speakers of the “mother’ language. May include sound, vocabulary, and grammatical variations.
Dialect
Disorder where pervasive and sustained difficulties with reciprocal social communication and social interaction are characterized by severe problems with conversation, sharing of interests or emotions, and initiating or responding to social interactions.
Autism spectrum disorder
Accumulation of an excessive amount of fluid in cells, tissues, or serous cavities; usually results in a swelling of the tissues.
Edema
The structure of language. Form relates to the linguistic systems of phonology, morphology, and syntax.
Language form
The opening between the middle ear and scala tympani of the cochlea. The round window membrane covers the opening.
Round window
Pertaining to or restricted to one side of the body.
Unilateral
A disorder with no known physical cause; the cause of difficulties with speech development cannot be determined precisely.
Functional disorder
Refers to injuries or structures within the brain.
Intracerebral
Infection of the middle ear
Otitis media
Mechanically neutral position of the respiratory system.
Resting expiratory level
Babbled sequences in which the same syllable is repeated.
Reduplicated babbling
The cone-shaped layer of tissue that separates the external auditory meatus from the middle ear cavity. The malleus is connected to the inner surface of the tympanic membrane.
Tympanic membrane
Two languages are acquired early in development.
Simultaneous bilingual
Axonal fibers that conduct impulses toward the central nervous system;
nerve impulses carried from the periphery to the brain.
Afferent
The percentage of stuttered words from the first to the second repeated reading of the same passage.
Consistency
A standardized set of symbols and the conventions for combining those symbols into words, phrases, sentences, and texts for the purpose of communicating thoughts and feelings.
Language
An instrument used to measure the acoustic correlate of nasality.
Nasometer
Fricative sounds produced by approximating the back of the tongue and the posterior pharyngeal wall and forcing air through the resultant constriction.
Pharyngeal fricative
The number of cycles of vibration completed in one second, measured in hertz (Hz).
Frequency
Tissue coverings overlying the central nervous system.
Meninges
The difference, in decibels, between the air conduction threshold and the bone conduction threshold.
Air bone gap
The sensory cells of hearing and balance that convert sound energy from one form to another.
Hair cells
Rhythmic involuntary movements resulting from basal ganglia disease/damage.
Tremor
Adaptations that stutterers make as they try to get through primary stuttering behaviors or to avoid them altogether. The most common secondary stuttering behaviors are eye blinks, lip pursing, arm movements, and head nods.
Secondary stuttering behaviors
Brodmann’s area 44 located on the third frontal gyrus anterior to the precentral face area. Functions to program speech movements.
Broca’s area
Withering or wasting away of tissues or organs.
Atrophy
The opening or space between the vocal folds.
Glottis
A collection of sensory and supporting cells that extends from the base of the cochlea to its apex.
Organ of corti
Middle bone in the ossicular chain, attached at either end to the malleus and stapes, respectively.
Incus
Either spontaneous or evoked sounds emanating from the inner ear.
Otoacoustic emission (OAE)
The distance an object moves from its resting position during vibration.
Amplitude
The pathway of sound that bypasses the conductive mechanisms of the outer and middle ears by vibrating the skull and stimulating the cochlea of the inner ear.
Bone conduction
Examination of the interior of a canal or hollow space; the insertion of a flexible scope through the nose to look at the anatomy of the pharynx and to observe the pharynx and larynx betore and after swallowing.
Endoscopy
Surgical repair of a palatal defect.
Palatoplasty
Meaningless words typical of Wernicke’s aphasia.
Jargon aphasia
The innermost bone in the ossicular chain. One end is attached to the incus; the other end, or footplate, occupies the oval window.
Stapes
Fissure that divides posterior frontal lobe from anterior parietal lobe.
Rolandic fissure
A lack of oxygen.
Anoxia
Someone who becomes bilingual as a result of living in a bilingual environment. May come about because of forced migration or for economic reasons such as traveling to another country to find work.
Circumstantial bilingual
A portion of the brain containing the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla.
Brain stem
A laryngeal speech in which the air supply for phonation originates in the upper portion of the esophagus, with the pharyngoesophageal segment functioning as a neoglottis.
Esophageal speech
A severe speech disorder with words dominated by simple syllable shapes (e.g., CV, CVC, VC), vowel errors, and sounds that develop early /m/, /p/, /b/).
Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS)
A fatty insulator covering the axon that speeds transmission of impulses.
Myelin
Unintended substitution of one word for another, usually from the same category (e.g., horse for cow).
Verbal paraphasia
The patterns of stress and intonation in a language.
Prosody
An area in the temporal lobe of the brain that is responsible for hearing.
Auditory cortex
A fluency disorder that is characterized by very rapid bursts of dysrhythmic, unintelligible speech.
Cluttering
Torn tissue caused by blunt trauma.
Lacerations
On the outer ear, the visible flap of skin attached to the head.
Pinna
Accumulation of material within an artery. When complete, it causes a stroke.
Thrombosis
A basic unit of speech production that must contain a vowel.
Syllable
The ability to identify a written word without having to sound it out
Word recognition
Major motor pathway from cerebral cortex to brainstem and spinal cord.
Pyramidal tract
The ability to understand that particular behaviors have particular consequences.
Awareness
Paralysis or weakness on one side of the body. Typically the side affected is opposite the side of the brain injury.
Hemiplegia
A disorder in the psychological processes involved in learning that may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations.
Specific learning disorder
Small cone-shaped process hanging from the lower border of the soft palate at midline.
Uvula
The three interconnected bones in the middle ear that conduct vibration from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea.
Ossicular chain
A system of canals connecting portions of the inner ear. The larger osseous labyrinth contains perilymph, and the smaller membranous labyrinth contains endolymph.
Labyrinth
Difficulty producing speech sounds and speech sound sequences.
Articulation disorder
Impairment that involves the nervous system.
Neurogenic disorders
Stuttering-like disfluencies (i.e., repetitions, prolongations, and blocks) that are sometimes referred to as “core behaviors.”
Primary stuttering behaviors
A graph that shows the amplitude or phase as a function of frequency.
Spectrum
The opening between the middle ear and scala vestibuli of the cochlea. The stapes footplate seals the opening.
Oval window
Space that separates the medial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres.
Longitudinal fissure
Bulge in the wall of an artery resulting from weakness.
Aneurysm
That part of the pharynx above the level of the soft palate that opens anteriorly into the nasal cavity.
Nasopharynx
Communication that does not rely on any external aid or equipment, such as gestures, signs, vocalizations, or facial expression.
Unaided symbols
The lowest intensity at which speech can barely be heard.
Speech recognition threshold (SRT)
Vocal production in which the vocal folds do not completely touch each other during vibration, resulting in excess air escaping through the glottis.
Breathy
Deterioration of intellectual abilities such as memory, concentration, reasoning, and judgment resulting from organic disease or brain damage.
Emotional disturbances and personality changes often accompany the intellectual deterioration.
Dementia
A certificate issued by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association in either speech-language pathology or audiology that affirms the individual has met the minimal standards for practice in the profession.
Certificate off clinical competence (CCC)
Speech and language disorders that occur after birth (during childhood).
Developmental disorders
Abnormalities in the pitch, loudness, or quality of the voice.
Phonatory disorders
Making assessment and treatment decisions by integrating the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values.
Evidence-based practice
A tacky yellow or brown substance secreted by oil glands in the external auditory meatus. This substance is commonly known as earwax.
Cerumen
The pathway of sounds that includes the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, and structures beyond.
Air conduction
focuses on one or two specific language goals. The clinician selects the activities and materials rather than following the child’s lead and responds to the child’s communication to model and highlight the specific forms that are being targeted for intervention.
Hybrid approach
Lists of 50 words that are supposed to contain all the phonetic elements of English speech. These lists are used for testing word recognition.
Phonetically balanced (PB)
The coiled tube in the inner ear that houses the sensory cells for hearing; a structure in the inner ear that converts the mechanical energy received from the middle ear into an electrochemical code for transmission to the brain.
Cochlea
Excessive forcing and straining that usually occurs at the level of the vocal folds but also may occur at various points along the vocal tract.
Hyperfunction
To spread or invade by metastasis, usually from cancer.
Metastasize
Conduction away from a central structure; nerve impulses carried from the brain to the periphery.
Efferent
Overlapping of articulatory and acoustic patterns of speech production caused by anticipation or retention of a speech feature.
Coarticulation
Loss of voice.
Aphonia
An early language intervention approach in which the clinician and child engage in conversation during play to increase the number and type of words that the child uses during conversational turns.
Child-centered approach
Phonation that sounds both harsh and breathy. Hoarseness results fro irregular vocal fold vibrations.
Hoarse
A specialized cell that conducts bioelectrical messages in the nervous system.
Neuron
Single-syllable-word repetitions, syllable repetitions, sound repetitions, prolongations, and blocks.
Stuttering-like disfluencies
Language use refers to the social aspects of language, which are also called pragmatics.
Use
The eighth cranial nerve that carries information about hearing and balance from the inner ear to the brain.
Auditory nerve
Structure at the back of the brainstem; important for motor control.
Cerebellum
A type of metalinguistic awareness. Knowledge of the sequence of sounds that make up words (e.g., soup starts with an /s/). The ability to identify the phoneme structure of words (e.g., ball begins with a /b/).
Phonological awareness
A syndrome of deficits in visual, auditory, intellectual, and motor functions in the critical early development period for speech and language.
Cerebral palsy
A type of dysfluency in which a sound is held out or prolonged for an unusually long time.
Prolongations
Neuromuscular speech disorder.
Dysarthria
The lower part of the brainstem that contains many of the motor nuclei important for swallowing.
Medulla
An alternative communication technique that displays items that are tactually discriminable such as real, partial, or artificially associated objects.
Tactile selection set
Temporary interruption of blood flow to an area of the brain. The effects typically resolve within 24 hours.
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
The physical ability to produce speech sounds. A speaker needs to be able to manipulate the articulators, including the tongue, lips, and velum, to produce all of the required place and manner distinctions.
Articulation
A moving clot from another part of the body that may lodge and interrupt the blood supply.
Embolus
The use of years and months (e.g., 2;3 means 2 years, 3 months) to determine a child’s age and to compare the child with other children of the same age.
Chronological age
Choices that speakers, signers, and writers make about the words and sentence structures that will best express their intended meanings. These choices are made with respect to the formality of the speaking situation.
Language use relates to the linguistic system of pragmatics.
Language use
A representation of the signal intensity compared with the background noise intensity calculated by subtracting the intensity of the noise from the intensity of the signal (in decibels).
Signal-to-ration (SNR)
A therapy approach in which the clinician teaches the client to alter the way he stutters.
Stuttering modification
A graph that shows the amplitude as a function of time.
Waveform
The frequency at which an object vibrates best.
Resonance
The ability to initiate, maintain, and terminate conversations and build relationships using communication.
Social competence
The fluid found within the membranous labyrinth.
Endolymph
The reference that uses normal hearing in the scale of decibels.
Hearing level (HL)
Surgical procedure to aid in achieving velopharyngeal closure. A flap of skin is used to close most of the opening between the velum and the nasopharynx.
Pharyngeal flap surgery
Recovery from stroke resulting from physiological and reorganizational changes in the brain and not attributable to rehabilitation.
Spontaneous recovery
One of the seven bones that form the skull. The temporal bone contains the middle and inner ears.
Temporal bone
Language disorder affecting phonology, grammar, semantics, and pragmatics as well as reading and writing caused by focal brain damage.
Aphasia
Language proficiency at a level that requires low cognitive load in situations that are highly contextualized.
Basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS)
The meaning of an utterance or word. Content relates to the linguistic system of semantics.
Language content
Difficulties acquiring language in the absence of any other mental, sensory, motoric, emotional, or experiential deficits.
Specific language impairment
The area of clinical and educational practice that aims to support communication for people who require adaptive support and assistance for speaking and/or writing.
Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)
An early language intervention model in which the clinician provides more structure and aims to teach a certain form, function, or pragmatic skill
Clinician-centered models
Dysarthria that is present from birth and can co-occur with other disorders.
Congenital dysarthria
The canal that connects the middle ear cavity to the back of the throat. The Eustachian tube opens briefly to equalize pressure in the middle ear.
Eustachian tube (ET)
Communication that incorporates an external aid, such as a real objects, photographs, or line drawings.
Aided symbols
alternating use of two languages at the word, phrase, and sentence levels with a complete break between languages in phonology. In African American English (AAE), code switching refers to alternations in intonation, prosody, and specific grammatical features determined by the situational context. More formal settings typically result in “switches” toward Standard American English, and more informal situations typically yield switches toward AAE grammatical and intonational patterns.
Code switching
Simplifications of adult-like productions of words. Some of the more common processes are weak syllable deletion, final consonant deletion, and velar fronting (substitution of a /t/ or /d/ for a /k/ or /g/). Descriptions of variations in the way sounds are produced when they co-occur with other sounds. For example, vowels become more nasal when they are followed by a nasal consonant in words.
Phonological processes
Furrows of the cerebral cortex
Sulci
A hollowed out portion of the temporal bone that encases the inner ear.
Osseous labyrinth
Fiber pathways joining the cerebral hemispheres.
Corpus callosum
Use and comprehension of two languages; speakers with some competence speaking one or more secondary languages but a different primary language. Level of proficiency in each language may be different across situations and communicative demands, and over time.
Bilingual
Muscles originating or acting from outside of the part where they are located.
Extrinsic laryngeal muscles
The outermost bone in the ossicular chain. One end is attached to the tympanic membrane; the other end is connected to the incus.
Malleus
A speech error in which the child substitutes one sound (usually a sound that is developmentally earlier than the target) for the target sound. Common substitutions are /t/ for /s/ and /w/ for /r/.
Substitution
A therapy strategy for stuttering in which persons who stutter are taught to ease their way out of repetitions, prolongations, and blocks.
Pull-out
The fluid found within the bony labyrinth.
Perilymph
Excessively undesirable amount of perceived nasal cavity resonance during phonation.
Hypernasality
When describing a person with a communication disorder, professionals should refer to the individual first, and then the disorder that the person presents. For example, it is better to say “children with autism” than “autistic children.” Similarly, “He has aphasia” is preferred over “He is an aphasic.
Person-first language
Vibration of the vocal folds during the production of a phoneme
Voicing
Structure located at either side of the third ventricle; responsible for sensorimotor integration and sensory projection to the cerebral cortex.
Thalamus
A device used for the measurement of hearing.
Audiometer
Understanding of a communicated message in context regardless of the modality used for expression.
Comprehension
A flexible sac found within the osseous labvrinth that houses the structures of the inner ear.
Membranous labyrinth
A middle ear muscle that is attached to the stapes. This muscle contracts in response to intense sound.
Stapedius muscle
Difficulty understanding and implementing the language conventions for producing speech sounds and speech sound sequences.
Phonological disorder
A resonance of the vocal tract.
Formant
Two major parts of the cerebrum joined by the corpus callosum.
Cerebral hemispheres
A stroke. Interruption of blood supply to an area of the brain.
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Chemical messengers of the nervous system; a substance released by hair cells or neurons that affects neighboring neurons.
Neurotransmitters
Horizontal fissure superior to the temporal lobe.
Sylvian fissure
Plosive sounds produced by contacting the back of the tongue to the posterior pharyngeal wall, building up air pressure behind that obstruction, and rapidly releasing it to produce a popping or (ex)plosive sound.
Pharyngeal stops
A discipline that consists of two professions (speech-language pathology and audiology). The professions are composed of people who study the nature of communication and communication disorders and who assess and treat individuals with communication disorders.
Communication sciences and disorders (CSD)
Surgical procedure to aid in achieving velopharyngeal closure; the posterior faucial pillars are raised and used to form a bulge that reduces the size of opening between the velum and the nasopharynx.
Superior sphincter pharyngoplasty
A second language is introduced after the primary language is established.
Sequential bilingual
A social, educational, or occupational disadvantage that is related to an impairment or disability. This disadvantage is often affected by the nature of the person’s impairment and by the attitudes and biases that may be present in the person’s environment.
Handicap
The set of beliefs and assumptions shared by a group of people that guide how individuals in that group think, act, and interact on a daily basis.
Culture
Unusual disruptions in the rhythm and rate of speech. These disruptions are often characterized by repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables plus excessive tension.
Fluency disorder
