Exam Evidence Informed Decision Making Flashcards
Why do we need evidence infomed decisin making
So we dont carry out treament based on asking others only
Contraversy around a procedure
Not sure about best course of treatment
Unexpected patient outcomes
When patients suggest prefers treatment
What research method is positivist and deductive
Quantative
What research method tests hypothesis
Quantitative
What reasearch method has big number
Quantitative
What research method is objective and casual relationships
Quantitative
What research method is interpretive and humanistic
Qualitative
What research method is an inductive process and advances theory
Qualitative
What research method can knowledge be constructed in social/historical context
Qualitative
What research method is based on fact
Quantitative
What reseach method is based on pragmatic criteria
Qualitative
What research method is non experumental
Qualitative
What research method is exploratory/examine phenomena
Qualitative
What research method is useful to explore patient/staff experice
Qualitative
What research method is used to gain undertanding of heath issues
Qualitative
What research method draws themes from data collection and iterperates them to give meaning
Qualitative
What research method is less ridid
Qualitative
What research method has random contolled trials
Quantitative
What research method is quasi experimental
Quantitative
What research method is case control
Quantitative
What research method is cohort study
Quantitative
Hierarchy of evidence is quantitative
1) systematic reveiws
2) clinical trials
3) observational studies
4) case reports, case series
5) anecdotal findings, opinions, ideas
Hierarchy of evidence qualitative
1) generalisable studies
2) conceptual studies
3) descriptive studies
4) single case studies
Evidence informed decision making benefits
Improve patient care
More effective yse of resources
Improve health overall
Lessen gap between effective reseach and practice
Improved info for patients
Professional development/attitudes of enquiry
Drive practice development
Opportunity to identify further areas of research
Evidence informed decision making barriers
Time
Inability to access research
Inability to understand language
Lack of critical apraisal skills
Lack of confidence in making change based of research evidence
Lack of sense of control over practice
Cultural resistance to change
What components does evidence informed decison making miss within evidence based practice
Use of clinical expertise in decision making
Integration of the patients desires
What tool is used for formulating a question for searching in quantitative research
PICO(T)
What tool is used for formulating a question for searching in qualitative research
SPIDER
What does PICO(T) stand for
Population/problem, intervention, comparrison, outcome, timeframe
What does SPIDER stand for
Sample, phenomenon of interest, design, evaluation, research type
Databases to use
CINAHL
AMED
cochrane
JBI
medline
NICE
open grey
Internurse
Whats truncation
A searching technique
A word ending is replaced by a symbol (atrisk , qmark ?, dollar $)
E.g. nurs (nurse, nurses, nursing, nursed)
What are wildcards
A searching method to look for alternative spellings
E.g. hospitali*ation (hospitalisation and hospitalization)
What ate the boolean terms
AND, OR, NOT
What does AND do (boolean)
Decreases the search (fines fewer)
What does OR do (boolean)
Increases the search (finds more)
What does NOT do (boolean)
Excludes things - use carfully
What limiters can you apply when searching
Dates
Age ranges
Publication type (journal article, review)
Counrty
Language
Author
Study design (RCT, systematic reveiw)
Can adding limiations to searches be seen as an increasing bias?
Yes
What research method is interested in peoples experiences, perceptions, thoughts, ideas
Qualitative
What are paradigms
Ontology, epistemology, methodology
What is ontology
What is the truth/reality
What is epistemology
What and how can i know reality/knowledge
How can we find out about it
What is methodolgy
What procedure can we use to aquire knowledge
How do we find out what we ate looking for? What data is required?
What are methods used for in reasearch
To know What tools can be used to acquire knowledge
What are sources in research
What data can we collect
When would you use research methods (qualitative)
Captire personal experiences and develop deeper understanding
Explore new contwct
Explore and understand a particular phenomenon
Develop a theory to explain an existing process
Intensive study of an individual/event
Verify something that is taking place in a real world setting
Evaluate a practice ot approach
What are qualitative methodologies
Ethnography
Narrative inquiry
Phenomenology
Grounded theory
Case study
Generic qualitative approach or qualitative descriptivw studies
What does ethnography focus on (qual)
Understanding context or culture
Why people behave the way they do
What data collection is ethnography (qual)
Observation or interveiws
What is emic etic is ethnography (qual)
Emic - insiders veiw
Etic - observers veiw
What does narrative inquiry focus on (qual)
Individual experice or sequence
What the story of the person is
How an individual makes sense of events in thwir life
What elements ate being emphasised (why they are telling it in that way)
What data collection us used for narrative inquiry (qual)
Stories from individuals or documents
What does phenomenology focus on (qual)
People who have experienced a phenomenon (Lived experience)
Understand peoples perspective, perception, experiences or understandings
What data collection is used for phenomenology (qual)
Interveiws
What does grounded theory focus on (qual)
Develop a theory from grounded feild data
More objective way of conducting research
Generating a theory from data
Theoratical sampling (endorse or refuse categories)
What data collection is used in groundwd theory (qual)
Interveiws and generating concepts and themes
What does a casw study focus on (qual)
Individual or event
Hollistic understanding in real world case
Useful in gaining knowledge about experience
What data collection is used in case studies (qual)
Interveiws, documents, reports or observations
What does generic qualitative approach or qualitative descriptive studies focus on
Straightforward description to capture elements of an experience or situation
What data collection does generic qualitative approach or qualitative descriptive studies use
Interviews, focus groups, open surveys
What reseach method would have a sample that is purposive or purposeful
Qualitative
(Picking out people who know alot about what you’re studying)
What reseach method would have a sample that is theoretical
Qualitative
(Talk to the person who most likely to give us info if our theory fits or not)
What reseach method would have a sample that is snowball
Qualitative
(Studying population thats hard to reach, hard to find participants)
What reseach method would have a sample that is maximum variation
Qualitative
(Trying to understand a phenomenon from a range of perspectives)
What reseach method would have a sample that is convenience
Qualitative
(Pragmatic approach, talking to someone thats in a particular place at a particular time)
How long do you sample data fir in qualitative research
Until data saturation/theoratical saturation
What reseach methods are used in qualitative data collection
Interviews
Participat observation (ethnographic studies)
Focus groups
Texts, documents, field notes, stories
Whats an interactive process
When new insight is gained that warrants deeper exploration
What process is data analysis in qualitative research
Inductive process - generating/understanding knowledge from data
Interactive process
When can data analysis in qualitative research happen
During data collection and after
What is reflexivity in qualitative
Point out our perspective
Knowledge and experience of researcher is valued but needs to be clear this didnt affect the data
What is triangulation in qualitative
Using more than 1 method/source of data
Looking at different ways of understanding behaviour
Looking ar different perspectives
Looking at things from different angles
Whst are critical appraisals
Asking questions of tye study
How was it conducted
What research meathod is a scientific approach
Quantitative
What research meathod is bu augste comte
Quantitative
What research meathod is positivism
Quantitative
What research meathod emphasises the use of s scientific method through observation
Quantitative
What research meathod tests hypothesis
Quantitative
What research method explains and predicts what, where, why, how and when phenomena occurred
Quantitative
What is quantitative research
Positivist, deductive, test hypotheses
Numbers, objectiv, casual relationships
True beilfe corresponds to fact
What research method has a high number of participants
Quantitative
What are the types of research methodologies in quantitative
Random contolled trials
Quasi-experimental
Case control
Cohort study
What is randomised conrolled tiral (quant)
Scientific experiment with random assigned participants
Gold standard
Looks at a treatment/prevention can be efficiently and objectively tested
What type of quantitative research has trial arms
Random conrolled trials
What type of quantitaive reswarch used blinding and why
Random conrolled tirals
Wo they dont know the type od treatment
What is single blinding
The patient has no idea what type of treatment they are receiving
What is double blinding
The patient and investigator don’t know what type of treatment is being received
What is tripple blinding
The patient, investigator and the person responsible for analysing the data don’t know the type of treatment
What does tripple blinding ensure
That data analysis is as objective as possible and further reduces the influence of the placebo effect
What is quasi-experimental in quantitative research
Non randomised
Manipulation of the independant variable
Can include comparison of groups
What is case contol (quant)
Compres groups
Someone that has the disease to soemone that doesnt
Looks back retrospectively to compare potential exposure and frequency to identified risk factor
What type of quant research identifies the relationship between the risk factor and the disease progression
Case control
What is cohort study (quant)
Samples a group of people are defining characteristics
Doing the same thing at the same time
Studying them for a long period of time (can be longitudinal)
What are survey designs
Obtain information from a large number of respondents
Aims to answer questions about prevalence, distribution and into relationships of variables
What do survey designs get information about
Practices
Opinions
Attitude/belief
Knowledge
Characteristics of groups/people
What do survey designs not look at
They answer whether one thing affects another but doesn’t look to see what’s causing it
What types of surveys are there (quant)
Longitudinal and cross-sectional
What are longitudinal surveys
Over a period of time
What are cross-sectional surveys
At a single point in time (most common)
Usually based on self report data collected face-to-face, by telephone, post, Internet
When sampling, what do probability methods do (quant)
Increase the representativeness of the sample
Sample is obtained randomly
What are the four probability methods when sampling
Simple random systematic, stratified, cluster
What are simple random probability methods (quant)
Research are randomly selected elements from sampling frame
What are systematic probability methods (quant)
Research selects every kth element from sampling frame
What are stratified probability methods (quant)
Researcher creates subgroups then randomly selects elements from each subgroup
What are cluster probability methods (quant)
Researcher randomly select clusters then randomly selects elements from selected clusters
What is non-probability when samping (quant)
Not every element of the population has an opportunity to be selected
Can decrease the representatives of a population
What are the 2 non-probability methods when sampling (quant)
Convinience (accidental)
Quota sampling
What is convenience in non-probability (quant)
Subjects happened to be in the right place at the right time to be recruited
What is quota sampling in non-probability (quant)
Like convenience sampling with added feature – a strategy to ensure inclusion of likely to be underrepresented if just convenience sampled i.e. ethic, minorities, female, elderly, rich, poor
What are the types of data collection in quantitative
Experiments,
clinical trials,
surveys,
questionnaires (closed questions)
Interviews (if collecting numerical data e.g.scales) (or using closed ended q’s that count data)
Data is collected and record it systematically – aids computer/data sheet and true
What type of research results in a numerical value
Quantitative
Where do you put data analysis (quant)
Excel spreadsheets, Microsoft access, SPSS (statistical package for social sciences)
What do you measure in quantitative
Variables: qualities, properties or characteristics of persons, things and situations that change and vary
What is an independent variable (quant)
A stimulus or activity that is manipulated or varied by the researcher to create an effect on the dependent variable (can be called the treatment of experimental variable) 
What is the dependent variable (quant)
The response, behaviour or outcome that the researcher wants to explain or predict. Changes within the dependent variable are presumed to be caused by the independent variable
What is the dependent variable in this example
“ oxygen delivery via nasal cannula of up to 6 litres per minute doesn’t affect oral temperature“
Temperature
What is the independent variable in this example
“ oxygen delivery via nasal cannula of up to 6 litres per minute doesn’t affect oral temperature“
Oxygen as it’s administered at 2, 4 or 6 litres per minute
What type of variables are there
Categorical variable
Binary variable
Nominal variable
ordinal
continuous
Ratio
What are categorical variables
Made up of categories i.e. species – dog, cat, human, fruit bat
What are binary variables
Two distinct types of things, (male or female)
What are nominal variables
Data such as ethnicity, marital status for diagnosis. No one thing is higher than another
What is ordinal variable
Designed to rank the data, can be defined i.e. pain score 1-3
What is continuous variable
Provides a score for a person e.g. age, number of pets, number of siblings 
What is ratio variable
Temperature, height, weight
What is odds ratio
Likelihood of someone doing something in comparison to something
What is descriptive statistics (quant)
Describes and summarises the data
Percentages mean, median, mode
what is the mean
Implies an average
What is the median
The mean of the two middle numbers
What is the mode
the value that appears most often
What is standard deviation (quant)
How much the participants in the group differ from the mean of group i.e. disperation of the data around the mean
What do inferential statistics determine
Types of data collected determine which group of statistical tests to use
Parametric
Non parametric
What is used to determine the statistical significance of any observed differences between groups
Inferential statistics
What is parametric
Normally distributed interval or ratio data
What is non parametric
Non-normally distributed interval or ratio data
ordinal or normal data
What does hypothesis suggest (quant)
That an affect will be present
Denoted by H1
What does null hypothesis suggest (quant)
States the effect is absent
Denoted by H0
What is the conventional clutter in P values (quant)
0.05 or 5%
What does it mean if P value is greater than 0.05 (quant)
Results are not statistically significant and there is insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis
What does it mean if the P value is less than or equal to 0.05
Results are statistically significant and there is sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis
What does P<0.05 mean
Less than p
What dues P>0.05 mean
More than P
What Are P values
Computing probabilities to evaluate evidence
Illustrates a statistically significant difference between results
What are confidence intervals
Sit within a normal curve
What is good for critiqing
CASP
JBI
Whats bias in quant
Numbers can say exactly what you want to see:
- respondant (how people respond to data)
- social desirability (survey answers)
- habituation
- sponsor
- culture
- question order
- leading q’s and words used
- the halo affect
- sources of bias (sample selection, size, analysis of results)
What is validity (quant)
Approximate truth of conclusions
What is internal validity (quant)
Relevant studies considering casual relationships
What is external validity (quant)
Approximate truth of conclusions that include generalisations
There are well defined steps in the evidance based practice process that require new skills to be developed. What do these skills include
Constructing clinical questions
Searching for research
Evaluating clinical literature
Whats a bias
Anything in the design ir undertaking of yhe study that causes an untruth to occur in the study potentially affecting its outcome
What is single blinding
Where the research particupant doeant know which arm of the Study they are allocated to
What is double blinding
Where the research participant and researchers don’t know which arm of the research the participant is allocated to
What’s another word for blinding
Masking
Blinding is usually used in randomised controlled trials
Whats bracketing
The process where the researchers put their preconceptions about a topic to one side to allow them to explore the topic as if they were naive about it
What type of research can bracketing be used in
Phenomenological research
What does causality mean
Cause and effect
Whats a closed question
A question that allows for a limited response such as a yes or no answer
What’s confounding mean
This occurs when alternative explanations for an outcome in the study are not accounted for
Confounding variables are always independently associated with both the exposure and outcome being measured 
What does control arm mean
The arms of a randomised controlled trial intervention studies not applied
Allows us to be sure that will be studied causes the outcome they ate measuring
Whats a convenience sample
A sample of individuals who are easily accessed
Whats correlation mean
A relationship between two variables.
Whats a positive corrrelation
Positive correlation occurs in situations when a rise in the independent variable causes an increase in the dependent.
What is negative correlation
I’m negative correlation occurs when a rise in the value of the independent variable causes a decrease in the dependent
What is credible/credability
A term used in qualitative research to suggest that the research undertaken answers what it was set out to answer because of the quality of the way in which the research has been done
Whats critical appraisal
The structured and thoughtful examination of the quality of something
Whats data saturation
The point during the data collection for qualitative study at which no more new ideas or observations are emerging from the people being studied
Whats deductive mean
Research that sets out to prove an existing idea or hypothesis. The research sets out to explore the truthfulness of the original idea
Whats a dependant variable
The outcome variable of the study that occurs as a result of the independent variable having occured 
Whata descriptive statistics
Statistics used to describe the frequencies and patterns of numbers within the dataset
Whata emic mean
Taking the insiders view
Seeing the world from someone elses point of veiw 
Whats empirical mean
The notion of discovering new things using the research different methods 
What’s epidemiology mean
The study of diseases and their treatments from a population perspective
Whats epistemology mean
The philosophy of knoweldge
Whats equivalence study
Comparative studies that compare a new treatment to the current best treatment rather than placebo
Whats ethnography/ethnographic study mean
The study of cultures, beliefs and practice of a group
Whats etic mean
The outsiders veiw of something
Whats experimental mean
A way of testing hypothesis through comparison
Whats fixed cohort mean
The name guven to one of the groups in an experimental atudy recruited according to set criteria which are ot changeable later in the study
Whats gatekeeper mean
Someone from withing a group who helps a researcher gain access to the group in order to undertake a study
What’s generalisability mean
The ability of the findings of a study to be extrapolated to the wider population
Whata grounded theory mean
A systematic qualitative research methodology whuch generates a theory of understanding of a phenomenon
What’s hawthorn effect
Occurs when people respond in the manner in which they belive they should when confronted by a researcher asking questions
Can bias a study
What’s hypothesis mean
An idea that quantitative research sets out to prove
Whats incidnece mean
The number of instances of an event, the number of times something occurs in a given period of time
What does independent variable mean
The casual variable in the study, which may be manipulated. May be referred to as the exposure
Whats inductive mean
The process of developing a theory or hypothesis by first collecting and examining the evidence and seeint whete this leads
Whats inferential statistics mean
Statistics that are used to draw conclusions about the level of association between two or more variables in a study
Whats inter-rater reliability mean
Ability of a research tool to show the same rating when used by more than one person
Whats interventional mean
Generally applied in quantitative research when an intentional intervention us applied to research subject in order to measure the effect of the intervention
Whats iterative mean
A sort of trail and error approach where each attempt at doing something learns fromt the previous attempt, so that a clear and uaeful mentod for undertaking the task emerges
Whats median mean
The middle value of an ordered set of observations
Whata member checking mean
The process of checking the interpretation of the content of the interview with focus group with the participant to establish the trustworthiness or validity of the understanding the researcher has come about
Whats menatal capacity mean
The ability to retain and understand the information needed to make a decision
Whats meta analysis mean
The process of collecting the statistics of a number of studies and reanalysing is as one data set
What’s methodologies mean
The broad approach to research that provide the general framework of the enquiry
What are methods
The tools used to collect data during the research process e.g. a questionnaire
Whats mixed methods research
Research which uses a variety of methods to collect data and an attempt to increase validity and reliability
Whats mode mean
The most frequent occuring number in a data set
Whats non experimental mean
Research which does not use a comparison to test cause and affect
Whats non maleficence mean
The ethical principal of avoiding doing harm
Whats null hypothesis mean
A term whereby a hypothesis is posed as the opposite of what the researchers actually expext to find
What afe observational studies
Studies that involve observation, which in quantitative research is usually quite structured and qualitative research much less so
Does not involve an intervention on the part or the researcher
Whats a paradigm
The pilosophical position that is taken within the research
Whats peer reveiwed mean
A common practice in good quality journals whereby aubmitted articles are reveiwed by suject experts for their accuracy
Peer reveiw is usually undertaken without the identity of research are being disclosed to the reviewers to avoid bias
Whats prevalence mean
The amount of cases of disease in a given population over a specific time
Whats phenomenology mean
A qualitative research methodology which seeks to understand an experience from the point of veiw of someone experiencing the phenomenon of interest
Whats placebo mean
An inactive form of treatment used as a comparison in experimenta involving new treatments or interventions
Whats probaiblity mean
A term uswd in inferential statistics
A measure of the likelihood of something occurring by chance
Whats probability sampling
Sampling that given everyone in the study population the samw chance of bwing selected for the study, as long as they meet the inclusion criteria. When large enough thia type of sampling can produce results that ar generalisble to the population ftom which the sample is taken
Whats prospective mean
Going forward in time
Whata purposive mean
A qualitative research something method where people are chosen for inclusion because they need the purpose of the research. This means they have experience of the phenomenon being studies 
Whats randomised controlled trail mean
A specific form of experiment that us used in the clinical setting in order to compare the usefulnessor two or more intervention
Whata range mean
The difference between the largest and smallest onservations of a data set
Whata recall bias mean
Bias that occurs when individuals in a study have to rely on their memory in order to answer certain questions
Whata reflexivity mean
The conscious engagement on the part of the research are in being open to and expressing his or her own biases and opinions that may affect the carry out and interpretation of the research
Whata relevance mean
In qualitative research, this refers to the extent to which the findings of the study might be applied outside the context of the original research
Whata representative mean
The amount of similarity between a study sample and the population from which it is drawn 
Whats research process mean
A structured approach to asking a research question that is them addressed in a methodical, structured way
Whats responce bias
Bias that occurs when individuals respond to a question in a study in a certian way because they think the answer they are giving is ahat the researcher wants to hear
What’s retrospective mean
Looking back in time
Whata rigour mean
A term used in qualitative research that suggests the research process has been undertaken in a well thought out, well explained and transparent manner
Whats sampling bias mean
Bias that occurs when the selection of a sample for a study may exclude certain groups of people in a systematic manner.
Whata selection bias mean
Bias as a result of an action occurring on one side of the study and not the other
Whata semi structured interview mean
An interview that is partially guided using something like a tapic guide or a list of predetermined questions
Whats sensitivity mean
A measure of the ability of a test to detect a positive result when a result is in truth positive
Whats subjective mean
A word use to demonstrate that people see the world in different ways, from their own personal perspective
What’s systematic reveiw mean
A review of literature on a given topic which is undertaken using a defined process covering a predetermined number of years of the literature
What’s tacit knowledge
A knowledge so deeply embedded, they often forget they have it. It is known to people within a group and does not need explanation within the context of that group, but may be unknown to outsiders
Whats theoratical sampling
A method of sampling that occurs as research is built new series and ideas from the data they have collected and testes theories by interviewing more subjects to see if the new series still holds true
What theory uses theoretical sampling
Grounded theory
What’s theory mean
An understanding about an issue that has been derived by collecting evidence
Whats transferability mean
The applicability of qualitative research findings to other similar situations
Whats transcript mean
An interview transcript would be written words providing an account of the word spoken during the interview
Whats triangulation
The use of more than one methodology or method for the collection of research data and an attempt to increase the validity and reliability of a study
Whats an unstructured intweveiw
An interview that is conducted with you, if any guided questions. This type of interview is usually exploratory and nature
Whats validity mean
The ability of a method to measure what it is supposed to be measuring
Whats variable mean
Something that varies. An example of a variable in a population might be age
What dors authenticated mean
Checked for accuracy
What is the indication that experts in the feild have critiqued the quality of a research paper before publication
Peer reveiw
A summary or condenced version of a research report is what
The abstract
Why do researcher conduct a reveiw of relevant literature
To get a picture of what is known and not known about a problem
Qual or quant:
The prevalence of depression in nursing home
Quantitative
Qual or quant:
Predictors of length of stay in hospital following a total hip replacement
Quantitative
Qual or quant:
A lived experience of parental caregivers of a dying child
Qualitative
Qual or quant:
The meaning of hope for patients waiting for a doner organ
Qualitative
Qual or quant:
Surviving covid-19: insiders perspective
Qualitative
Qual or quant:
Demographic factors that contribute to risk taking behaviours in low income adolescents
Quantitative
What best describes the importance of including confidence intervals with research results
They indicate potential clinical significance when results are not statistically significant
What does this statement describe
“ these are used to determine the statistical significance of any observed differences between groups“
Inferential statistics
Whata a cohort study
Medical research used to investigate The causes of disease, establishing links between risk factors and health outcomes
What are ethics 
Ways of understanding and examining moral life, or of the right and wrong human conduct
What is research ethics
Providing a guideline or set of principles that support researchers in conducting research so that it is done justly and without harming anyone in the process
What’s the difference between maleficence and nonmaleficence
Maleficence is deliberately causing harm and non-maleficence is avoiding causeing harm 
What types of possible harm are there
Physical
Psychological (research bring up bad memories cause upset)
Social and economic (damage abilty to earn or work)
Legal
Whats beneficence mesn
Doing good
What justice mean
How fair something is
What’s competence mean
Ability to do something
What do you need to make sure in consent 
that its volontary
valid consent
What is valid consent (3 elements)
Enough Information to make a decision
Person concenting must have capacity
Must be no duress to make a deicsion
What’s the standard of concent required in law in the UK
Valid consent
Why is anonymity important
Cansel protect privacy say that research participants can reveal information that cannot be identified to them
Whats Confidentiality
The principle of keeping secure and secret from others, information given by or about an individual in the course of a professional relationship
Breaches of confidentiality resunt in 
Harm to research participant e.g. psychological and social harm
Doparticipants have the right to withdraw
Yes, is consistent with the principle of voluntary participation, participants must know that they can withdraw from the research and have their data already recorded removed from the analysis where possible
Whats autonomy
The right for an individual to make their own choice
What tests cause and affect
Randomised control trial
Whats the difference in quasi experimental and randomised controlled tiral
There is no ramdomiszation in quasi experimental
Whats interperativism mean
Qualitative
Understanding and interpretation of the meaning of human behaviour
Whats pragmiatism
Merging positivist and interpretivist pillosophies
Whatdors pragmatism reject
Subjectivism and objectivism and acknoledges that different or conflicting theories and perspectives can be valuable in comprehending the world
Whats is is called when neither quantitative and qualitative methods alone will deliver sufficiant findings
Pragmatism
Mixed method approaches (4)
Explanatory sequantial
Explotatiry sequential
Parallel
Multphase
Wants a explanatory sequential
Do quantitative part first then qualitative part second
Qualitative data helps explain quantitative data
Whats exploratory sequential
Do qualitative first then quantitative second
Qualitative data informs quantitative
Whats parallel
Qual and quant are collected and analysed concurrently (at same time)
Focus group findings support findings from a survey to give greater understanding
Whats multiphase
Data collection from quant and qual perspectives
Numerous projects conducted over a period of time
Followed by synthesis of all the data
What are the benefits of using mixed methods research
There can be a boosting of the strength and a lessening of the weaknesses of individual methods of inquiry
What are the limitations of mixed method research
Time consuming
Expensive
Researcher has to learn mutiple methods (difficult yo find a researcher with skill on both)
Methodological purists believe that a reacher should choose one pradigm
MMR approached ted to dwell within positivism (quant)
What ate the 3 essential elements of valid consent
Capacity
Enough info upon whcih to make a decision
Absence of duress
Name 2 UK based organisations that provise advice and guidence on ethics in research
Research ethics service
NMC
What is the standard of consent required in law in the UK
Valid consent
What are beauchamp and childress’s 4 ethical principles
Autonomy
Non maleficence
Beneficence
Justice
What must be done before any research in healthcare settings or on patients, or tissue is carried out
National and local ethics committees must be approached and their advice and approvals sought and gained
Researchers Who failed to gain ethical approvals and carry out on ethical research may face disciplinary action from who?
The law
Professional bodies
Employers
Why is anonymity of participants important in research 
It enables participants to give full and frank responses to questions posed by researchers and still be protected from potential harm caused by them been identified
What sort of information might reasonably be considered as confidential
Any or all of info of a personal, intimate ot sexual nature
What stratagy does mix methods employ
Mixed methods research approach employs different data collection methods within one study in order to address the research questions and objectives
What does pragmatism mean
Merging of positivist and interperativist philosophies
What data does pragmatism publish
It only published the interpretivist data
Explanatory sequrntial means doing data collection which way round
Quantitative then qualitative
Ehat does triangulation in mixed methods research mean
Where there is a covergence of the results which increase their validity and minimises bias
Mixed methods research allows what
Deeper exploration of diverse viewpoints and perspective
Thematic analyisis includes what
P values
Inferential statistics
Coding
Thematic analysis doesnt include what?
Measurments
A nurse wants to explore the working culture in an accident and emergency department, which research methodology would be best suited to this study
Ethnography
Whats is the most likely consequence of implementing evidence based practice
The highest quality of carr and best possible outcomes are more likely to be achieved
Why might data collected from qualitative research be considered less important than data obtained from randomised controlled trails
The findings from qualitative research are not usually generalisable
Qualitative and quantitative research approaches have differnt underlying assumptions. Identified a key assumption made when undertaking qualitative research
Qualitative research is generally based on inductive reasoning
What does exploratory sequential mean in mixed methods research
Quantitativr research is undertaken first and this then informa the quantitative data collection
What type of clinical question would best be answered by positivist research designs
Questions about clinical outcomes
What is not a main function of evidence based practice, in terms of NMC standards regarding fitness to practice
Evidence based practice ensures clinical guidelines are always followed
What is the most important reason for using the framework such as SPIDER to formulate clinical questions
It increases the likelihood that the best evidence will be identified quickly and efficiently
What research design allows us to observe the same participants over a period of time
Longitudinal survey
What kind of bias is due to errors and systematic differences in relevant characteristics, between those that are included in a study and those who are not
Selection bias
How is statistical significance established at the outset of a research study
By agreeing on the level of the P value to be used when analysing the results
What best describes the importance of including confidence intervals with research results
They indicate potential clinical significance when results are not statistically significant
What test would be used to demonstrate association between nominal variables
ANOVA
what is most likely to reduce the likelihood of successfully implementing research findings into practice
Failing to identify appropriate stakeholders
What sort of bias is of concern with survey analysis
Sampling bias 
If you are measuring height as part of the study what kind of data would be collected
Ratio
If you are measuring humans as part of the study what kind of data would be collected
Categorical
If you are measuring dogs as part of the study what kind of data would be collected
Categorical
If you are measuring women as part of the study what kind of data would be collected
Binary
If you are measuring maried people as part of the study what kind of data would be collected
Nominal
If you are measuring ethnicity as part of the study what kind of data would be collected
Nominal
If you are measuring pain score as part of the study what kind of data would be collected
Ordinal
If you are measuring number of siblings as part of the study what kind of data would be collected
Continuous
If you are measuring age as part of the study what kind of data would be collected
Continuous
If you are measuring number of pets as part of the study what kind of data would be collected
Continous
Whats dors KTA stand for, when discussing frameworks for translation into practice
Knowledge to action framework
The PARIHS framework examines the interaction between 3 key elements for knowledge translation, these are?
Evidence, context, facilitation
What’s are the barries to change
Psychological, organisational, resource, staff information and skill set
Knowledge translation means
A broad paradigm to adress some of the challenges in translating evidence to practice and start closing the “know-do” gap
The strengths of the PARIHS framework are what?
It promotes diagnostic analysis, helps select implementation strategy and emphasises successful implementation
Whats does knowledge translation mean
A way to adresss some of the challenges in translating evidence into practice and start closing the “know-do” gap
What might be a barrier to how we want to change something in clinical practice
Psychosocial barriers
Resorce barriers (lack of)
Organisational barriers
Satff info and skills deficits
Whts are the psychosocial barriers to change
Attitudes
Belifes
Values and previous experience effecting practice
Individual willingness to change
Whats ate the resource barriers to change
Lack of required tools
Lack of equipment
Lack of Staff needed to achieve change
Lack of time
What atr organisational barriers to change
System and process that creates organisational culture unresponsive to change
Whats are staff information and skills deficits barriers to change
Lack of knowledge regarding current recommendations and guidelines ot results of clinical research
Lack of skills in accessing and applying research findings
What are the human factors that influence professional behaviour
Work flow
The pace of work
Ones peers
Managers in the clinical area/organisation
Culture of the workolace
Communication flow and awareness
Comfort zone
How knowledge translation changes behaviour
Untick old habits
Collaborative planning
Feeback
Persistnece
Facilitation
Evidence base
Culture
What ate the steps in a knowledge translation model
Awareness
Agreement (come to an agreement)
Adoption (people adopt onto it)
Adherence (keeping to it)
Whats PARIHS stand for
Promoting action on research implementation in heath servives
Where does evidnece based practice come from
Research
Clincial experinece
Patient experience
Local information
Whats would be weak research evidence (PARIHS)
Anecdotal evidence, descriptive
Whats would be strong research evidence (PARIHS)
RCT, evidence based guidlines
What would be weak clincal experience (PARIHS)
Divided expert opinion, limited tacit knowledge
What would be strong clincal experience (PARIHS)
Expert consensus, practical ‘know-how’ is explicit
What would be weak patient experience(PARIHS)
Patients not involved
What would be strong patient experience(PARIHS)
Patient partnership
What would be weak local information (PARIHS)
Irrelevant to the area of practice, inconsiderate of local priorities
What would be strong local information (PARIHS)
Relevant to practice area, considers local priorities
What do you consider in the context of evidence
Culture
Leadership
Evaluation
What is a weak culture (context PARIHS)
Task driven, low staff morale
What is a strong culture (context PARIHS)
Patient centred, innovative practitioners, openness to learning
What is a weak leadership (context PARIHS)
Inefficient organisation, dispersed roles
What is a strong leadership (context PARIHS)
Clearly defined roles, effiecient organisation
What is a weak evaluation(context PARIHS)
Absent or limited audit and feedback
What is a strong evaluation(context PARIHS)
Routine and well received audit and feedback
What are facilitators (PARIHS)
Facilitators help people understand what they have to change and how to change it to achieve the desired outcome
What is a weak purpose (facilitation PARIHS)
Low respect, limited credability, lacking empathy
What is a strong purpose (facilitation PARIHS)
High respect, cedible, demonstrates empathy
What is a weak role (facilitation PARIHS)
Lack of clarity in role
What is a strong role (facilitation PARIHS)
Clear and concise role
What is a weak style (facilitation PARIHS)
Erratic, chaotic, inflexible
What is a strong style (facilitation PARIHS)
Flexible, consistent
Key to successful implementation (PARIHS)
strong evidnece relevent to context
Strong leadership and facilitation
PARIHS framework strengths
Promotes diagnostic analysis
Helps select implementation strategy
Emphasises successful implementation
PARIHS framework weaknesses
Lack of conceptual clarity and specificity
Difficult to operationalise
How to define successful implementation
Whats KTA stand for
Knwoledge to action framewrok
Whats are the 2 framewoks to use to implement reserach into parctice
The knowledge to action framework (KTA)
PARIHS framework
What is transferable
Qualitative
What is generalisable
Quantitative
What subjective
Qualitative 
What research design does the research I have an influence
Qualitative
What does methodology mean
What type of qual/quant research am I going to use
Study design best suited to questions
What does methods mean
What and who is involved
How will we get this knowledge
What does ontology mean
The science for study of being 
What’s epistemology mean
The theory of knowledge
What research is theoretical
Qualitative
What does Peer review allow
Allows us to have info that is rigour(trustworthy)
What research is positivism
Quantitative
What research design generates theory
Qualitative
What research design tests hypothesis
Quantitative
Whats inductive mean
Generates theory
Whsts deductive mean
Tests hypothesis
What research design uses statistical tests
Quantitative
What research design uses text based analysis
Qualitative
E.g. thematic analysis
What’s grounded theory do
Developing theory based on results youve found
What looks back retrospectively
Case control
What bias is survey analysis
Sampling bias
Whsts selection bias
Dont use randomisation to select sample
What bias looks at data and analyses
Sampling bias
What is ordinal
Descriptive info not neumerical
What is continuous
Numerical
What is nominal
Describing something
What is ratio
Numerical
Can have minus numbers
Whats binary
On and off
Whsts descriptive statistics
Descriving the data infront of you e.g. percentages, mean, median, mode
What’s inferential statistics
Using observed differences between groups to show statistical significance
What statistics can be clinically small
Statistical significats
What are cinfidence intervals
The confidence you have that a result will lie between a pre determined range of value
Whats cohens koppa coefficient
Measured inter-rater reliability
E.g. performing GCS, assessing is agreement is by chance
Whsts standard deviation
Where something lies within the distribution of that population
(How far away from the mean the set of results are)
What tyoe of distibution would height in the room is 6ft 5
Narrow distribustion
Whats non parametric mean
Doesnt fit into distribution curve
Got a theory and select sample on what that theory is
Theoratical (qual)
What’s reliability mean
Dependability (quant)
Whats internal validity mean
Cerdability (quant)
Whats generalisability mesn
Transferability (quant)
What compares someone who has the disease to someone who doesnt?
Case control
