Exam Definitions Flashcards
What does PIES-M stand for
Physical, Intellectual, Emotional, Social and Moral
What are the two types of physical skills
Fine motor and gross motor
Define Fine Motor
requires the use of hands and fingers
Define gross motor
requires the use of large muscle groups
define intellectual skills
involves thinking and language skills (following directions, solving problems, writing name)
define emotional skills
helping children to control and regulate their emotions
define social skills
helps children to get along and interact positively with others
define moral skills
teaching preschoolers right from wrong according to our culture
what is schedualling
having an organized daily schedule that children are able to follow (using photos and visual cues)
define rules
show children what is expected and how they should act
define rituals
song/rhythm/pattern repeated in a predictable pattern to communicate to children
define routine
(like the daily schedule) allows the children to know what’s next and should be similar everyday
cephalocaudal principle
development tends to proceed from the head downward. Child first gains control of its head, then neck, then arms and then legs
proximodistal principle
development proceeds from the center of the body, outward. Child’s spinal cord develops before other parts. Arms develop before hands and then fingers
maturation
sequence of biological changes in children which gives them new abilities. It depends on the development of the brain and nervous system. The changes help children improve their thinking abilities and fine motor skills.
Developmental theories
provide insights into how children learn and grow
schemata
(Piaget) mental representations or consepts
adaptation
(Piaget) when children mentally organize what they perceive (understand) in their environment. If info doesn’t fit, a state of imbalance occurs.
What is used to return to a state of balance in the brain
Assimilation & Accommodation
assimilation
(Piaget) taking in new info and adding it to what is already known
accommodation
(Piaget) adjusting to what is already known to fit the new info (how thoughts are organized)
object permanence
(Piaget: sensorimotor) learning objects still exist even when they are out of sight
egocentric
(Piaget: Preoperational) assuming others see the world the same way they do
conservation
(Piaget: Preoperational) knowing even if physical apperance changes, the amount doesn’t change
scaffolding
(Vygotsky) the help from a knowledgeable peer or adult to complete a task
windows of opprotunities
specific span of time for the normal development of certian types of skills
plasticity
the ability of an infant’s brain to change according to stimulation
cortisol
a steroid that is produced when under stress. High levels of it wash over the brain like acid and over time can lead to memory loss and issues regulating emotions
brain wiring
when new links of specialized nerve cells are formed
sensory stimulation
when one of the child’s senses are stimulated causing new connections
overstimulation
a flood of sounds and sights which causes harmful stress to infants
conseption
when egg and sperm meet
HCG (Human Chronic Gonadotropin)
hormone from the placenta appearing in he blood/urine conforms pregnancy
colostrum
first milk
hemorrhoids
sores
Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory - shows a learning scale where one end is tasks at child’s development level and the other end is too hard, even with help. The center is tasks that can by completed with help. The “zone” is constantly changing
Options for an infertial couple
Adoption, artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, ovum transfer, surrogate mother
In vitro fertilization
Happens when a mother has damaged fallopian tubes. Egg and sperm are combined and then zygote is placed in unterus
Artificial insemination
Doctor injects sperm into women’s uterus with needle
Ovum transfer
Egg is taken from female donner and placed in women’s uterus
Surrogate mother
A mother who becomes pregnate for another couple (carries a couple’s fertilized egg)
Labor
The process by which the baby gradually moves out of the uterus to be born
Delivery
The birth itself
Pruning
When unused neural circuits are eliminated. It is also the selection of active neural circuits
Neural tube
Is the earliest nervous tissue that looks like a fat earthworm stretched out along the entire back of the embryo. It transforms into the brain and the spinal cord.
How many chromosomes do each child receive?
46 - 23 from each
frontal lobe
thinking, planning, problem solving, emotions, behavioral control and decision making
temporal lobe
memory, understanding language, facial recognition, hearing, vision, speach, emotion
parietal lobe
preception, object classification, spelling, knowledge of numbers, visuospatial processing
occipital lobe
vision, visual processing, color identification
cerebellum
gross and fine motor skills, hand eye coordination, balance
brain stem
regulate body temperature, heart rate, swallowing, breathing
fetal alcohol syndrome
a term for a range of disorders. these disorders can be mild to severe and can cause a wide range of mental and physical birth defects
What causes FAS
When a mother drinks while pregnate and the alcohol travels through the placenta and into the baby
Signs of FAS
Small head, abnormal facial features, below average height and weight, delayed development and problems with speech, thinking, movement, and social skills, learning disabilities and intellectual disables
